Was heißt es: Einen philosophischen Text historisch lesen?

Author(s):  
Kurt Flasch

Abstract In his later thought, Martin Heidegger disclaimed the possibility of a philosophical history of philosophy. In his view, the history of philosophy tends to remain bound to a specißc philosophical orientation and offer merely a philosophical position, not philosophy itself, presenting at best nothing more than an assemblage of doctrinal positions. In contrast, Heidegger developed in his early Freiburg lectures of 1919-1923 an historical-phenomenological program of philosophical history directed against the historical school of Dilthey, whose objekthi-storisch perspective he meant to replace with his own vollzugshistorisch method. For Heidegger, there is no perfected subject at the basis of historical investigation, but rather it is the temporality of the observer which makes possible historical knowledge in the ßrst place. Heidegger's later abandonment of this notion is a significant reason for the lack of a philosophical approach to writing the history of philosophy after 1945 in Germany.

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-244
Author(s):  
Marina N. Volf

The views of M. Mandelbaum on the historiography of philosophy have undergone a certain evolution. The paper shows the epistemological foundations of Mandelbaum’s historical and philosophical position. From the standpoint of critical realism and its application to social sciences Mandelbaum shows the advantages and disadvantages of the monistic or holistic approaches, partial monisms and pluralism. He considers A. O. Lovejoy's history of ideas to be the most reasonable pluralistic conception, although its use as a historical and philosophical methodology is limited. Intellectual history, which replaced it, should be called a partial monism, however, according to Mandelbaum, it gets a number of advantages if it begins to use a pluralistic methodology. In this version of methodology, the history of philosophy and intellectual history can be identified. The paper also presents some objections of analytic philosophers against this identification.


Author(s):  
Julio Quesada

Mi ensayo ha querido explicar genealógicamente y de forma contextualizada el desencuentro entre Ernst Cassirer y Martin Heidegger en Davos, y la deriva de éste hacia el nazismo desde los presupuestos de su filosofía existencial. ¿Qué papel juega el antisemitismo espiritual en la crítica heideggeriana al neokantismo y la fenomenología trascendental? ¿Por qué la fenomenología de Edmund Husserl es "una monstruosidad"? ¿Por qué Kant se convierte en batalla y campo de batalla de la Kulturkampf? ¿Por qué se lee a Heidegger como se lee? ¿Qué sentido tiene la práctica de la historia de la filosofía en el “final” de la filosofía?My essay wanted to explain genealogically and in a contextualized way the disagreement between Cassirer and Heidegger in Davos, and its drift towards Nazism from the budgets of their existential philosophy. What role does spiritual anti-Semitism play in the Heideggerian critique of neo-Kantianism and transcendental phenomenology? Why is Husserl's phenomenology "a monstrosity"? Why does Kant become the battle and battlefield of the Kulturkampf? Why do you read Heidegger as you read? What is the meaning of the practice of the history of philosophy in the “final” of philosophy?


Author(s):  
Richard Moran

In addition to his contributions to the history of philosophy, Bernard Williams’s later work is concerned with more explicit reflection on the role of history in the constitution of the discipline of philosophy, the fact that, unlike the case of the natural sciences, the great figures of philosophy are part of the contemporary discussion in philosophy. In addition these reflections became increasingly concerned with what is distinctive about history as a form of knowledge, a form of knowledge which does not attract the attention of analytic philosophers. Historical knowledge is at once empirical and evidence-based but also, insofar as it concerns human affairs and institutions, obliged to make sense of and reconstruct the perspective of the practices and participants themselves. Part of the importance of historical understanding for Williams lies in its position as a model for humanistic knowledge that is non-reductionist while also being non-ideal, empirical, and “impure.”


2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (127) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Lorenz B. Puntel

A palavra ‘metafísica’ na filosofia contemporânea tem um uso equívoco, mais exatamente: caótico. Em consequência disso, usos derivados como ‘não-metafísico’, ‘antimetafísco’ e ‘pós-metafísico’ não têm um sentido claro. O presente artigo não intenciona criar clareza sobre esta situação complicada. Com vista à sua finalidade, ele só focaliza o sentido que Habermas confere à palavra ‘metafísica’ e ao seu pensamento, ao qualificá-lo como ‘pós-metafísico’. O artigo mostra que Habermas essencialmente identifica metafísica com a filosofia moderna da subjetividade e da consciência, tanto na perspectiva transcendental como na perspectiva do idealismo alemão absoluto. Assim, a palavra ‘pós-metafísico’, aplicada a Habermas, significa o que está além da metafísica, como esta é entendida por ele; não pode significar o que, na longa história da filosofia, foi chamado de “metafísica”. O artigo primeiramente investiga e critica detalhadamente os dois caminhos seguidos por Habermas para chegar à sua postura pós-metafísica. O primeiro é um enfoque histórico-filosófico que faz certa violência aos autores interpretados e que conduz Habermas à conclusão que o pensamento metafísico é claramente obsoleto. Este enfoque, repetidamente por ele exposto, parte sempre de Kant e tem como seu ponto de chegada a postura filosófica de Habermas mesmo. O outro enfoque tem um caráter temático baseado em duas assunções fundamentais e de grande alcance. Segundo a primeira assunção, de caráter metodológico, a razão e a racionalidade são entendidas e aplicadas com um sentido puramente e estritamente procedural (razão/ racionalidade comunicativa). A segunda assunção, relativa ao conteúdo, estatui que o único objeto temático apropriado da filosofia é a dimensão da interacão entre sujeitos humanos ou seja da práctica social ou comunicativa própria do mundo-da-vida. A mais importante secção do artigo, a secção 3, apresenta uma crítica mais pormenorizada do pensamento pós-metafísico de Habermas. Nela se investigam três temas centrais da filosofia habermasiana e se evidenciam três falhas fundamentais da sua postura pós-metafísica. O artigo mostra que se trata de posicionamentos ou temas filosóficos, para os quais Habermas, devido à sua posição pós-metafísica, não está capacitado a elaborar uma solução esclarecedora. O primeiro posicionamento ou tema é a não-elaboração de um conceito de Mundo (com “M” maiúsculo) como a dimensão que unifica e possibilita a relação entre a dimensão da verdade e a dimensão do mundo-como-a-totalidade-dosobjetos. O segundo posicionamento ou tema é o naturalismo fraco” defendido por Habermas em base de uma distinção não-esclarecida entre o “mundo natural” e o “mundo-da-vida”. O terceiro tema ou posicionamento, ao qual Habermas se tem dedicado especialmente nos últimos anos, é a conjunção ou conexão ambígua e obscura entre a rejeição incondicional da metafísica e a (re)avaliação da religião. Estes três temas ou posicionamentos constituem três dicotomias que permanecem sem esclarecimento no pensamento do filósofo alemão. Uma tentativa de esclarecê-las consistiria em elaborar um conceito irrestrito de razão ou racionalidade e de teoria e de tematizar um conceito de Mundo como a dimensão que abarca os dois polos de cada uma das dicotomias. A execução desta tarefa teria como resultado uma teoria, à qual, em termos tradicionais, se deveria atribuir um estatuto metafísico.Abstract: The term ‘metaphysics’ is used in contemporary philosophy equivocally or, more precisely, chaotically. As a consequence, uses of such derivative terms as Anonmetaphysical”, “antimetaphysical” and “postmetaphysical” are also chaotic. This paper makes no attempt to bring order to this chaos. Its focus is only on Habermas’s understanding of metaphysics and of his own thinking as postmetaphysical, in his sense. It shows that he often comes close to identifying metaphysics with the modern philosophy of subjectivity or consciousness. This makes clear that the term “postmetaphysical,” as Habermas uses it, means only, “beyond what Habermas calls ‘metaphysics’”— hence, most importantly, “beyond Kantian and post-Kantian philosophies of subjectivity.” It cannot mean, “beyond everything that, in the history of philosophy, has been called ‘metaphysics.’” The paper first examines and criticizes in detail Habermas’s two ways of arriving at and characterizing and explaining his postmetaphysical position. The historico-philosophical path takes the form of severely truncated considerations of the history of philosophy that lead him to conclude that metaphysical thinking is utterly obsolete; these considerations almost always begin with Kant and end with Habermas himself. The thematic path consists of two fundamental and far-reaching assumptions. According to his methodological assumption, reason and/ or rationality has a purely procedural character. His contentual assumption is that the dimension of social interaction and communicative practices, the human lifeworld, is the only real subject matter for philosophy. Section 3, the most important section of the paper, presents more narrowly focused critiques of Habermas’s postmetaphysical thinking. It addresses three central problems in his philosophy, and reveals highly significant shortcomings of his postmetaphysical philosophical position. It shows extensively that his treatments of these problems put him on paths that he cannot follow to their ends because of the narrow limits of his postmetaphysical approach. The first problem is the lack of a concept of World (with a capital “W”) as the unity of the dimension of truth and the dimension of world-as-the-totality-of-objects43.3.2.3 The missing concept of World (capital-W)) as the unity of truth dimension and world-as-the-totalityof-objects; the second problem is his weak naturalism and his unclarified distinction between the natural world and the lifeworld; the third problem is his ambiguous and incoherent conjunction of the rejection of metaphysics and the (re)evaluation of religion. These three problems involve dichotomies Habermas leaves unexplained. Explaining them would require him to elaborate non-restricted concepts of reason/rationality and theory, and to thematize the World, i.e., the dimension encompassing both poles of the dichotomies. Such elaboration and thematization would yield a theory that would be, in traditional terms, metaphysical.


2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 239-261
Author(s):  
Vitalii Telvak ◽  
Vasyl Pedych ◽  
Viktoria Telvak

This article deals with the genesis and functioning of the Lviv Historical School of M. Hrushevsky. The plans to create a historical school of Ukrainian character at the University of Lviv were made by the initiators of the department of World History – specializing in with the history of the Western Europe – i.e.O. Barvinsky, V. Antonovych, and O. Koninsky, as well as by M. Hrushevsky. The school had a two-stage structure of formation and functioning: the historical seminar of the University of Lviv and the section for the history of philosophy of the Scientific Society of Shevchenko. It made it possible to gather creative young people on the first stage at the University of Lviv, and introduce them to the scientific work and to prepare and train the new employees on the second stage in the section for the history of philosophy of the Scientific Society of Shevchenko. The composition of the school were elaborated relying on the firstly determined criteria (taking part in the scientific seminar, the work in the sections and commissions of the Scientific Society Shevchenko, scholar maturity etc). It was determined that the Lviv school counted 20 young historians, among whom one was a woman. The Ukrainian Galician Center of Hrushevsky was characterized as a common school of the leadership type, whose didactic tasks were accompanied by the simultaneous creation of the new Ukrainian historical ideology. It was concluded that the Lviv Historical School was undoubtedly the most important humanistic phenomenon in the Ukrainian science, both in terms of effectiveness and the temporal range of influence. Its appearance marked the entry of Ukrainian science into a new level of professionalization.


2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 207-238

In recent years the so-called Ritter School has received increasing attention in debates on the history of philosophy and political ideas in postwar Germany. Indeed, some of the country’s most important scholars and public intellectuals emerged from the circle around the philosopher Joachim Ritter in Münster, including philosophers such as Hermann Lübbe, Odo Marquard and Robert Spaemann, lawyers such as Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde and Martin Kriele, theologian Trutz Rendtorff, historian Rudolf Vierhaus, and art historian Max Imdahl. Many of Ritter’s disciples later held professorships at German universities and helped shape the academic landscape of the Federal Republic. Some of them also worked as publicists and consultants, held public office, served on university policy committees or in the legal and ecclesiastical systems and thus had a far-reaching influence on Germany’s public life and political culture. On closer inspection, however, classifying Ritter and his disciples as a philosophical school appears extremely questionable. Members of the presumed school itself as well as contemporary researchers question the label and prefer to regard the circle as a “forum for open thinking.” The article takes a closer look at the Ritter School and investigates to what extent the personal, theoretical and institutional connections between Joachim Ritter and his disciples can be adequately understood as a philosophical school. The author first provides an overview of the origins and development of the circle as it emerged from Ritter’s Collegium Philosophicum. Ritter’s own philosophical approach is then outlined, and its reception among his disciples is traced. Finally, a more detailed exposition of the principal characteristics of a philosophical school is the basis for a differentiated examination of the customary label “Ritter School” and an assessment of its significance for the philosophical discourse of West Germany.


Author(s):  
Mark Okrent

Although ‘being’ has frequently been treated as a name for a property or special sort of entity, it is generally recognized that it is neither. Therefore, questions concerning being should not be understood as asking about the nature of some object or the character of some property. Rather, such questions raise a variety of problems concerning which sorts of entities there are, what one is saying when one says that some entity is, and the necessary conditions on thinking of an entity as something which is. At least four distinct questions concerning being have emerged in the history of philosophy: (1) Which things are there? (2) What is it to be? (3) Is it ever appropriate to treat ‘is’ as a predicate, and, if not, how should it be understood? (alternatively, is existence a property?) (4) How is it possible to intend that something is? Twentieth-century discussions of being in the analytic tradition have focused on the first and third questions. Work in the German tradition, especially that of Martin Heidegger, has emphasized the fourth.


2021 ◽  
Vol - (4) ◽  
pp. 27-37
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Bugrov

The article raises the topic of the specifics of the process of institutionalization of scientific achievements of the H. S. Skovoroda Institute of Philosophy of the NAS of Ukraine, especially the ones of the «Kyiv School of Philosophy» of the second half of the XX century and early XXI century, in the contemporary educational practices of Ukrainian universities on the example of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. The celebration in 2021 of the 75th anniversary of the institute, which, together with the university, became the main centre of the Kyiv School of Philosophy, once again highlights the latter's role as a leading subject of institutionalization of the Ukrainian national philosophical tradition of late modern times. One of the most famous innovative academic, humanitarian projects and the first prototypes of an open society in the Ukrainian SSR, this institute was a major domestic participant in world philosophical life during the Cold War and became a centre of growth of the philosophical community in the independent Ukraine. An illustrative example of the introduction of new educational practices in classical universities of Ukraine in the context of digitalization of domestic higher education during the emergence of a global network society is an activity of philosophical societies and startups of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv and the H. S. Skovoroda Institute of Philosophy of the NAS of Ukraine. It unites their common high scientific and educational potential. The Student Society of Oral History of Philosophy of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv is one of the most famous. At the centre of its studies is initiated in T. Chaika’s “The Philosopher’s Oral Histories” project reconstruction of scientific biographies of the Kyiv School of Philosophy creators in the context of developing an oral history of philosophy as an alternative historical and philosophical approach/source/genre.


2021 ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
Michael Frede

This chapter investigates the philosophical history of philosophy. It begins with a short account of its history before considering it systematically. The philosophical history of philosophy is best understood as a viable enterprise if one looks at it as a certain kind of retrospective history. Thus understood, the philosophical historian adopts a certain contemporary philosophical position as philosophically the correct position to take. They then proceed to look back at the history of philosophy to see how philosophers, step by step, advanced in the direction of the favoured position. This kind of retrospective history has certain inherent dangers and considerable limitations. There is the inherent danger that one takes the picture of the history of philosophy, which one thus gets, to be a representative picture of the history of philosophy. The enterprise thus interpreted seems to suffer mainly from the limitation that it yields a highly selective, rather anachronistic, and somewhat distorted picture of the history of philosophy.


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