scholarly journals Influence of ambiguity resolution during auditory language comprehension on executive control processes: a dual-task paradigm

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel El Bouzaïdi Tiali ◽  
Elsa Spinelli ◽  
Fanny MEUNIER ◽  
richard palluel-germain ◽  
Marcela Perrone-Bertolotti
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Ambiguity Resolution ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Facilitatory Effect ◽  
Control Load ◽  
Dual Task Paradigm ◽  
The Impact

In the present preregistered study, we evaluated the impact of linguistic ambiguity processing on non-verbal inhibitory processing in a dual-task paradigm. We assessed whether a shared mechanism is involved during verbal and non-verbal conflict resolution. To do so, we constructed a dual-task paradigm including an auditory language comprehension and a non-verbal Flanker task. The language comprehension stimuli included sentences with French homophones presenting a temporary ambiguity (ambiguous sentences) or not (control sentences). The Flanker task included congruent (low executive control load) and incongruent (high executive control load) trials that were synchronized or not with the homophone in the sentence. We hypothesized that if the homophone meaning selection requires executive control this would interfere with executive control performance of the concomitant Flanker trials. This would be reflected by a performance cost during incongruent Flanker trials for the ambiguous sentences only. Surprisingly, we observed a facilitatory effect during ambiguous sentences on incongruent Flanker trials suggesting better non-verbal inhibitory performances when homophone conflict resolution was simultaneously performed. Exploratory data analysis suggests that this effect is not only related to ambiguity resolution processing but also to the previous (n-1) Flanker trial. Indeed, results showed that incongruent n-1 Flanker trials led to a facilitation of the incongruent target Flanker trials only when ambiguous sentences were conjointly presented. This result, even if it remains to be corroborated in future studies, suggests that the recruitment of executive control mechanisms facilitates subsequent executive control implication during difficult language processing. The present study supports the view of a common executive control mechanism during conflict resolution in verbal and non-verbal tasks.

scholarly journals Influence of homophone processing during auditory language comprehension on executive control processes: A dual-task paradigm

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254237
Author(s):  
Samuel El Bouzaïdi Tiali ◽  
Elsa Spinelli ◽  
Fanny Meunier ◽  
Richard Palluel-Germain ◽  
Marcela Perrone-Bertolotti
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Facilitatory Effect ◽  
Ambiguous Sentence ◽  
Verbal Tasks ◽  
Dual Task Paradigm

In the present preregistered study, we evaluated the possibility of a shared cognitive mechanism during verbal and non-verbal tasks and therefore the implication of domain-general cognitive control during language comprehension. We hypothesized that a behavioral cost will be observed during a dual-task including both verbal and non-verbal difficult processing. Specifically, to test this claim, we designed a dual-task paradigm involving: an auditory language comprehension task (sentence comprehension) and a non-verbal Flanker task (including congruent and incongruent trials). We manipulated sentence ambiguity and evaluated if the ambiguity effect modified behavioral performances in the non-verbal Flanker task. Under the assumption that ambiguous sentences induce a more difficult process than unambiguous sentences, we expected non-verbal flanker task performances to be impaired only when a simultaneous difficult language processing is performed. This would be specifically reflected by a performance cost during incongruent Flanker items only during ambiguous sentence presentation. Conversely, we observed a facilitatory effect for the incongruent Flanker items during ambiguous sentence suggesting better non-verbal inhibitory performances when an ambiguous sentence was simultaneously processed. Exploratory data analysis suggests that this effect is not only related to a more difficult language processing but also to the previous (n-1) Flanker item. Indeed, results showed that incongruent n-1 Flanker items led to a facilitation of the incongruent synchronized Flanker items only when ambiguous sentences were conjointly presented. This result, even if it needs to be corroborated in future studies, suggests that the recruitment of executive control mechanisms facilitates subsequent executive control implication during difficult language processing. The present study suggests a common executive control mechanism during difficult verbal and non-verbal tasks.

scholarly journals Effects of dense code-switching on executive control

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 648-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Hofweber ◽  
Theodoros Marinis ◽  
Jeanine Treffers-Daller
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Switching Frequency ◽  
Conflict Monitoring ◽  
Control Networks ◽  
Dense Code ◽  
Executive System ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Bilingualism is reported to re-structure executive control networks, but it remains unknown which aspects of the bilingual experience cause this modulation. This study explores the impact of three code-switching types on executive functions: (1) alternation, (2) insertion, and (3) dense code-switching or congruent lexicalisation. Current models hypothesise that different code-switching types challenge different aspects of the executive system because they vary in the extent and scope of language separation. Two groups of German-English bilinguals differing in dense code-switching frequency participated in a flanker task under conditions varying in degree of trial-mixing and resulting demands to conflict-monitoring. Bilinguals engaging in more dense code-switching showed inhibitory advantages in the condition requiring most conflict-monitoring. Moreover, dense code-switching frequency correlated positively with monitoring skills. This suggests that dense code-switching is a key experience shaping bilinguals’ executive functioning and highlights the importance of controlling for participants’ code-switching habits in bilingualism research.

scholarly journals Combining 3D-MOT With Sport Decision-Making for Perceptual-Cognitive Training in Virtual Reality

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 922-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Romeas ◽  
Romain Chaumillon ◽  
David Labbé ◽  
Jocelyn Faubert
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Cognitive Training ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Training Conditions ◽  
Additional Task ◽  
Dual Task Paradigm ◽  
The Impact

This study introduces a virtual life-sized perceptual-cognitive training paradigm that combines three-dimensional multiple object tracking (3D-MOT) with motor (Experiment 1) or perceptual (Experiment 2) sport decision-making tasks. We sought to assess the impact of training on task performance and determine optimal training conditions for improvement and learning. Fifty-seven participants were randomly assigned to one of four training conditions (isolated 3D-MOT, 3D-MOT combined with a decision-making task, consolidated 3D-MOT later combined with a decision-making task, and isolated decision-making task). We evaluated task performance using speed thresholds, success rate (%), and reaction time (s). Findings were that the dual-task paradigm was associated with performance beyond chance level on both 3D-MOT and decision-making tasks despite an important dual-task cost. Interestingly, the results seemed to favor consolidated 3D-MOT training over simultaneous 3D-MOT training when combined with a motor decision-making task but not when combined with a perceptual decision-making task. The number of shared attentional resources in the nature of the additional task (i.e., perceptual or motor decision-making) seems to be key in interpreting the dual-task interference. These findings must be considered when designing representative multitask perceptual-cognitive training.

scholarly journals Executive control is shared between sentence processing and digit maintenance: Evidence from a strictly timed dual-task paradigm

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 886-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maaike Loncke ◽  
Timothy Desmet ◽  
André Vandierendonck ◽  
Robert J. Hartsuiker
Keyword(s):  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Dual Task Paradigm

scholarly journals The impact of bilingualism on executive function in adolescents

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1278-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Chung-Fat-Yim ◽  
Cari Himel ◽  
Ellen Bialystok
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Mixed Block ◽  
Adolescent Population ◽  
Blue Arrow ◽  
The Impact

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: In early childhood and older adulthood, bilinguals generally demonstrate better performance on executive function tasks than their monolingual counterparts, but in the young adult population, these differences are infrequently observed. However, few studies have examined these effects in the adolescent population, so the trajectory of these changes is unclear. The objective of the study was to compare performance on a modified flanker task for monolingual and bilingual adolescents, a time when the executive functions are still developing. Design/methodology/approach: The flanker task was adapted by including a rule-switching component and contained three blocks: (1) rule; (2) flanker; and (3) mixed. In the rule block, a single red or blue arrow (indicated by light grey or medium grey in Figure 1) denoted a response rule; for example, a blue arrow signaled pressing the button indicating the direction the arrow was pointing but a red arrow signaled pressing the button indicating the opposite direction. The flanker block was a standard flanker task consisting of congruent and incongruent trials. The mixed block manipulated both congruency and rule conditions. Data and analysis: Mean reaction times and accuracy from 33 monolingual and 32 bilingual adolescents were analyzed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance with language group as the between-subjects variable and congruency and/or rule-type as the within-subjects variable depending on the block. Findings/conclusions: Bilingual adolescents outperformed monolingual adolescents but only on the block that was most similar to the standard flanker task. The blocks with the rule-switching component yielded equivalent performance. Originality: Unlike previous studies, the current study adapted a simple executive control task to require greater attentional resources by manipulating task demands. Significance/implications: Our findings add to the growing body of literature examining bilingualism and executive control in the adolescent population and fill in the gap in our understanding of the lifespan trajectory of these effects.

scholarly journals Multiple sclerosis and bilingualism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fraibet Aveledo ◽  
Yolanda Higueras ◽  
Theodoros Marinis ◽  
Arpita Bose ◽  
Christos Pliatsikas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Monitoring Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

Abstract It has been suggested that bilingualism is beneficial for executive control and could have positive long-term effects by delaying the onset of symptoms of degenerative diseases. This research investigates, for the first time, the impact of bilingualism on executive control (monitoring and inhibitory control) in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a neurodegenerative disease which commonly causes deficiencies in the cognitive system. Bilingual and monolingual adults, with and without an MS diagnosis, performed a flanker task with two degrees of monitoring demands (high monitoring vs. low monitoring). Results showed that bilingual MS patients had inhibitory control and monitoring abilities that were similar to healthy bilingual controls. In contrast, monolingual MS patients showed similar inhibitory control but significantly worse monitoring abilities compared to monolingual healthy controls. We propose that the similar behaviour between bilingual groups suggests that bilingualism might counteract cognitive deficits related to MS, especially with respect to monitoring. The high monitoring cost observed in monolingual patients seems related to underlying deficits in monitoring and possibly switching, executive control abilities commonly impaired in MS patients from early stages. Our findings provide some preliminary evidence for the cognitive reserve hypothesis in bilingual MS patients.

scholarly journals Cross-language activation and executive control modulate within-language ambiguity resolution: Evidence from eye movements

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Palma ◽  
Veronica Whitford ◽  
Debra Titone
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Ambiguity Resolution ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Co Activation ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Language Activation ◽  
Cross Language ◽  
Multiple Languages

An important question within psycholinguistics is how knowledge of multiple languages impacts the co-activation of word forms and meanings during language comprehension. To the extent that a bilingual’s known languages are always partially active, as predicted by models such as BIA+ (Dijkstra & Van Heuven, 2002), cross-language activation should influence which meanings are accessed and in which order. Here, we monitored the eye movements of 48 French-English and 40 English-French bilingual adults as they read within-language homonyms embedded in more or less semantically constraining English sentences. The within-language homonyms were either cognate homonyms, whose subordinate meanings were also French cognates (e.g., sage, ‘herb’ or, less frequently, ‘wise man’ in English and, also, ‘wise man’ in French), or uniquely English (e.g., chest). French-English bilinguals processed cognate homonyms with subordinate meanings more quickly than uniquely English homonyms with subordinate meanings, and individual differences in executive control capacity modulated their processing of uniquely English homonyms only. In contrast, English-French bilinguals processed all within-language homonyms similarly, regardless of cognate status and executive control capacity. Our findings suggest that cross-language activation impacts within-language ambiguity resolution by changing the relative dominance of the meanings associated with a word form, and that cross-language activation varies as a function of the language tested (L1 or L2).

THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP PRACTICES TO TEAM MEMBERS’ SATISFACTION

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chalimah .
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Leadership Practices ◽  
Hotel Industry ◽  
Leader Behavior ◽  
Team Leader ◽  
Shop Floor ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Top Executives ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

eamwork is becoming increasingly important to wide range of operations. It applies to all levels of the company. It is just as important for top executives as it is to middle management, supervisors and shop floor workers. Poor teamwork at any level or between levels can seriously damage organizational effectiveness. The focus of this paper was therefore to examine whether leadership practices consist of team leader behavior, conflict resolution style and openness in communication significantly influenced the team member’s satisfaction in hotel industry. Result indicates that team leader behavior and the conflict resolution style significantly influenced team member satisfaction. It was surprising that openness in communication did not affect significantly to the team members’ satisfaction.

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