Chapter 11. Effects of dense code-switching on executive control

2019 ◽  
pp. 161-180
Author(s):  
Julia Hofweber ◽  
Theodoros Marinis ◽  
Jeanine Treffers-Daller
Keyword(s):  
Executive Control ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Dense Code

scholarly journals Effects of dense code-switching on executive control

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 648-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Hofweber ◽  
Theodoros Marinis ◽  
Jeanine Treffers-Daller
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Switching Frequency ◽  
Conflict Monitoring ◽  
Control Networks ◽  
Dense Code ◽  
Executive System ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Bilingualism is reported to re-structure executive control networks, but it remains unknown which aspects of the bilingual experience cause this modulation. This study explores the impact of three code-switching types on executive functions: (1) alternation, (2) insertion, and (3) dense code-switching or congruent lexicalisation. Current models hypothesise that different code-switching types challenge different aspects of the executive system because they vary in the extent and scope of language separation. Two groups of German-English bilinguals differing in dense code-switching frequency participated in a flanker task under conditions varying in degree of trial-mixing and resulting demands to conflict-monitoring. Bilinguals engaging in more dense code-switching showed inhibitory advantages in the condition requiring most conflict-monitoring. Moreover, dense code-switching frequency correlated positively with monitoring skills. This suggests that dense code-switching is a key experience shaping bilinguals’ executive functioning and highlights the importance of controlling for participants’ code-switching habits in bilingualism research.

scholarly journals Code-Switching patterns differentially shape cognitive control: Testing the predictions of the adaptive control hypothesis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Gilaine Ng ◽  
Hwajin Yang
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Control ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Interference Control ◽  
Switching Patterns ◽  
Dense Code ◽  
Control Hypothesis ◽  
Language Context ◽  
Cue Detection ◽  
Opportunistic Planning

Abstract Bilinguals engage in qualitatively different code-switching patterns (alternation, insertion, and congruent lexicalization) to different degrees, according to their engagement in different types of interactional contexts (single-language context, dual-language context, and dense code-switching context). Drawing on the adaptive control hypothesis, we examined whether bilinguals’ code-switching patterns would differentially shape multiple aspects of cognitive control (interference control, salient cue detection, and opportunistic planning). We found that a dense code-switching context, which predominantly involves insertion and congruent lexicalization, was positively associated with verbal opportunistic planning but negatively associated with interference control and salient cue detection. In contrast, a dual-language context, which predominantly involves alternation, was not associated with interference control or salient cue detection, but with significantly reduced response times for opportunistic planning. Our findings partially corroborate the theoretical predictions of the adaptive control hypothesis. Altogether, our study illustrates the importance of bilinguals’ disparate code-switching practices in shaping cognitive control outcomes.

Degree of conversational code-switching enhances verbal task switching in Cantonese–English bilinguals

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 873-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
ODILIA YIM ◽  
ELLEN BIALYSTOK
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Verbal Task ◽  
Switching Frequency ◽  
Verbal Fluency Task ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fluency Task

The study examined individual differences in code-switching to determine the relationship between code-switching frequency and performance in verbal and non-verbal task switching. Seventy-eight Cantonese–English bilinguals completed a semi-structured conversation to quantify natural code-switching, a verbal fluency task requiring language switching, and two non-verbal switching tasks. Participants who engaged in more conversational code-switching showed smaller costs in verbal task switching than those who switched languages less frequently. Participants performed similarly to bilinguals in previous studies on non-verbal switching tasks, but in this case performance was not linked to the degree of conversational code switching. The difference in the influence of code-switching for verbal and non-verbal executive control tasks indicates a dissociation between domains for the mechanism of task switching.

scholarly journals How different code-switching types modulate bilinguals’ executive functions: A dual control mode perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 909-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Hofweber ◽  
Theodoros Marinis ◽  
Jeanine Treffers-Daller
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Control Mode ◽  
Dual Control ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Co Activation ◽  
Dense Code ◽  
Proactive Monitoring

AbstractMost existing studies on the relationship between code-switching and executive functions have focused on experimentally induced language-switching, which differs fundamentally from naturalistic code-switching. This study investigated whether and how bilinguals’ code-switching practices modulate different aspects of executive functioning. Our findings suggest that existing processing models of code-switching should be extended by a dual control mode perspective, differentiating between reactive and proactive monitoring. Bilinguals engaging in code-switching types that keep languages more separate (Alternation) displayed inhibitory advantages in a flanker task inducing reactive control. Dense code-switching, which requires bilinguals to constantly monitor cross-linguistic competition, explained performance in proactive monitoring conditions. Furthermore, a correlation between Dense code-switching and response inhibition suggests that linguistic co-activation may persist during articulatory stages of language processing. Crucially, bilinguals outperformed monolinguals at those aspects of the executive system that were trained by their most frequent code-switching habits. This underlines the importance of sociolinguistic variables in bilingualism research.

Code-switching and language control

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 883-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID W. GREEN ◽  
LI WEI
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Production Mechanism ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Interactional Context ◽  
Dense Code ◽  
Language Control

Bilingual speakers can use one of their languages in a given interactional context or switch between them when addressing different speakers during the same conversation. Depending on community usage bilingual speakers may insert single lexical forms from one language into the morphosyntactic frame of another or alternate between languages at clause boundaries. They may also engage in dense code switching with rapid changes of language within a clause during a conversational turn (Green & Li, 2014). These varieties of language use configure the same speech production mechanism and so a theory of code-switching must be part of a theory that accounts for the range of bilingual speech. Does the proposal described in Goldrick, Putnam and Schwartz (2016) meet these criteria?

Investor-State Dispute Settlement under NAFTA Chapter 11: The Shape of Things to Come?

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 263-290
Author(s):  
J. Anthony VanDuzer
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
The North ◽  
State Behaviour ◽  
Nafta Chapter 11 ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Right

SummaryRecently, there has been a proliferation of international agreements imposing minimum standards on states in respect of their treatment of foreign investors and allowing investors to initiate dispute settlement proceedings where a state violates these standards. Of greatest significance to Canada is Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which provides both standards for state behaviour and the right to initiate binding arbitration. Since 1996, four cases have been brought under Chapter 11. This note describes the Chapter 11 process and suggests some of the issues that may arise as it is increasingly resorted to by investors.

Code-switching

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope Gardner-Chloros
Keyword(s):  
Code Switching

MANUSCRIPT EVIDENCE FOR ALPHABET-SWITCHING IN THE WORKS OF CICERO: COMMON NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 498-516
Author(s):  
Neil O'Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
Current Interest ◽  
Reliable Transmission ◽  
Accurate Record ◽  
The Way

Of the hundreds of Greek common nouns and adjectives preserved in our MSS of Cicero, about three dozen are found written in the Latin alphabet as well as in the Greek. So we find, alongside συμπάθεια, also sympathia, and ἱστορικός as well as historicus. This sort of variation has been termed alphabet-switching; it has received little attention in connection with Cicero, even though it is relevant to subjects of current interest such as his bilingualism and the role of code-switching and loanwords in his works. Rather than addressing these issues directly, this discussion sets out information about the way in which the words are written in our surviving MSS of Cicero and takes further some recent work on the presentation of Greek words in Latin texts. It argues that, for the most part, coherent patterns and explanations can be found in the alphabetic choices exhibited by them, or at least by the earliest of them when there is conflict in the paradosis, and that this coherence is evidence for a generally reliable transmission of Cicero's original choices. While a lack of coherence might indicate unreliable transmission, or even an indifference on Cicero's part, a consistent pattern can only really be explained as an accurate record of coherent alphabet choice made by Cicero when writing Greek words.

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