Variation and change in the Degree Phrase

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Oxford

Abstract This squib investigates syntactic variation and change in the Degree Phrase (DegP) using three modifiers in the semantic field of ‘different’ as a case study: English different and other and French différent. The squib makes two main claims. The synchronic claim is that these modifiers display extensive microsyntactic variation, spanning a range of positions from A in the DegP to D in the DP. The diachronic claim is that items in this class display a tendency to move to higher syntactic positions in a way that is familiar from better-studied syntactic domains. Data from the DegP is thus compatible with, and useful for, generative theories of syntactic variation and change.

2021 ◽  
pp. arabic cover-english cover
Author(s):  
لعبيدي بو عبد الله ◽  
شيماء عبد الله عبد الغفور

تُعَدُّ ظاهرةُ الاشتراكِ الدلاليّ ظاهرة مركزية في جميع اللغاتِ الإنسانيّةِ، فهي تستمدُ كينونتها من الهيكل المفاهيمي للإنسان، ومن تفاعل إدراكه مع العالم الخارجي. وقد جاءَتْ هذه الورقة لتقارب ظــاهرة الاشتراك الدلاليّ إدراكيًّا في المعجم العربي -وفق منهج وصفي تحليلي-، متخذةً من كلمة (الرأس) أنموذجًا. وتهدفُ هذه الدراسة للإجابة عن التساؤلات الآتية: ما البنية الإدراكية الكامنة وراء حدوث ظاهرة الاشتراك الدلاليّ في ألفاظ أجزاء الجسد عامة وكلمة (رَأْس) خاصةً؟ وما الحقول الدلاليّة التي امتد إليها واتساعاتها الاستعارية والكنائية؟ كما تعمل الدراسة على الكشف عن البنية الإدراكية التي تجمع المعاني المتعددة للفظ (الرأس) بالإضافة إلى الكشف عن شبكة العلاقات الدلاليّة بين المعاني المتعددة التي يضمها. وقد خَلُصَتْ هذه الورقة البحثية إلى كون التوسعاتِ الدلاليّةِ، والاستعمالاتِ الاستعاريّةِ، والكنائيّةِ لكلمة (رَأْس) تتصلُ بنسقنا التصوّري، وبالتفاعل الدائم بين تجاربنا اليوميّة مع رؤوسنا والعالم الخارجي. الكلمات المفتاحية: (الاشتراك الدلاليّ، اللسانيات الإدراكية، تاريخ اللسانيات الإدراكية، الجسد، رأس) Abstract Polysemy is a central phenomenon in all languages. It shows the interaction between human cognition and human environment. This paper aims to answer the following questions: what is the language mechanisms that is used among Arabs and makes sense of body part terms extend to a new semantic domain? And What are the semantic domains that the word ‘head’ extended to? To achieve the objectives this paper, the researchers adopted the cognitive approach. As well as the descriptive and analytical approaches using the word ‘head’ as a case study and traced its meaning as it developed through metaphor and metonymy. Also, it crossed over from one semantic field to another. It will show that demonstrate of ‘head’ and its semantic extensions derive directly from conceptual patterns that were created as a result of experiences and interaction between our heads, and the outside world. Key words: (polysemy, cognitive linguistics, the history of cognitive linguistics, body, head).


Diachronica ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Walkden

While considerable swathes of the phonology and morphology of proto-languages have been reconstructed using the comparative method, syntax has lagged behind. Jeffers (1976) and Lightfoot (2002a), among others, have questioned whether syntax can be reconstructed at all, claiming that a fundamental problem exists in applying the techniques of phonological reconstruction to syntax. Others, such as Harris & Campbell (1995) and, following them, Barðdal & Eythórsson (2012), have claimed that the problem does not arise in their frameworks. This paper critically examines the isomorphism between phonological and syntactic reconstruction, made possible by an ‘item-based’ view of syntactic variation as assumed within Minimalist theories of syntax as well as Construction Grammar and others. A case study dealing with the ‘middle voice’ suffix -sk in early North Germanic is presented in support of the approach. While the conclusion drawn is not as pessimistic as that of Lightfoot (2002a), it is argued that the ‘correspondence problem’ is real and that reconstruction of syntax is therefore necessarily more difficult, and speculative, than that of phonology. Resume Si des pans entiers de la phonologie et de la morphologie des proto-langues ont pu etre reconstruits grace a la methode comparative, la syntaxe est restee, elle, peu touchee. Jeffers (1976) et Lightfoot (2002a), entre autres, ont emis des doutes sur la possibilite de reconstruire veritablement toute syntaxe, avancant un probleme fondamental dans l’application a la syntaxe des techniques de la reconstruction phonologique. D’autres, tels que Harris & Campbell (1995), et, par la suite, Barddal & Eythorsson (2012), ont fait valoir que ce probleme ne survenait pas dans leur systeme. Nous faisons ici un examen critique de l’isomorphisme entre les reconstructions phonologique et syntaxique, en nous appuyant sur la vision ‘par item’ de la variation syntaxique telle qu’elle est concue dans le cadre des theories de la syntaxe du programme minimaliste, des grammaires de construction et de bien d’autres encore. Afin d’etayer cette demarche, nous presentons une etude de cas portant sur le suffixe -sk en vieux scandinave. Si nous n’en tirons pas une conclusion aussi pessimiste que celle de Lightfoot (2002a), nous n’en pensons pas moins que ‘le probleme de la correspondance’ est bel et bien reel, et que, necessairement, la reconstruction de la syntaxe est plus difficile et plus conjecturale que celle de la phonologie. Zusammenfassung Wahrend die Phonologie und Morphologie von Proto-Sprachen zu einem bemerkenswert grosen Teil unter Anwendung der komparativen Methode rekonstruiert worden sind, hinkt die Syntax hinterher. Nicht nur Jeffers (1976) und Lightfoot (2002a) haben Bedenken daruber geausert, ob Syntax uberhaupt rekonstruiert werden kann, da es problematisch sei, Techniken, die fur die phonologische Rekonstruktion entwickelt wurden, auf die Syntax anzuwenden. Andere Forscher wie Harris & Campbell (1995) sowie Barddal & Eythorsson (2012) haben behauptet, dass dieses Problem in ihrem Framework nicht auftauche. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird die Isomorphie zwischen phonologischer und syntaktischer Rekonstruktion einer kritischen Prufung unterzogen. Ermoglicht wird dies durch eine ‘Item-basierte’ Sicht auf die syntaktische Variation, wie sie beispielsweise innerhalb minimalistischer und konstruktionsgrammatischer Syntaxtheorien und vergleichbaren Ansatzen vertreten wird. Eine Fallstudie zum Suffix -sk im fruhen Nordgermanischen wird zugunsten dieser Herangehensweise angefuhrt. Obwohl die Schlussfolgerung nicht so pessimistisch ausfallt wie diejenige von Lightfoot (2002a), ergibt sich doch, dass das ‘Korrespondenzproblem’ tatsachlich existiert und dass die Rekonstruktion der Syntax daher notwendigerweise schwieriger und spekulativer ist als die der Phonologie.


Author(s):  
Olga Yu. Strizhitskaya ◽  
◽  
Inna R. Murtazina ◽  
Lilia V. Babakova ◽  
Natalia Ch. Alexandrova ◽  
...  

Loneliness is one of the fundamental problems of modern people. However, loneliness is traditionally associated with negative expressions and characteristics, at the same time it may also have a resource function. The relevance of the study is associated with its focus on the multifaceted understanding of loneliness and identification of its resource mechanisms. The purpose of the study presented in the article is to compare the idea of loneliness among Russian and Bulgarian students. An assumption was made: firstly, there is much in common between two countries, which makes it possible to expect a common value-semantic field, and secondly, despite the semantic similarity of ideas about loneliness, expressiveness of its individual parameters will vary. The study was carried out on a sample (N = 442) of Russian (n = 229) and Bulgarian (n = 213) students aged 17 to 27 years old (M = 20.8 years, SD = 1.64; 359 women and 83 men), living in St. Petersburg (the Russian Federation), Sofia and Plovdiv (Bulgaria). All respondents were asked the question: “What does loneliness mean to you?”. The written answers were analyzed using the method of content analysis, followed by calculating the frequency of occurrence of the semantic group and subgroups, and performing a comparative analysis (Fisher angular transformation). It was noted that the answers of both Bulgarian and Russian students lie in approximately the same semantic field. It was demonstrated that in both groups both positive and negative characteristics of loneliness were present. We established that Russian students more often mention the positive properties of loneliness. They interpret loneliness more often through the opportunities that it gives them. Bulgarian students often mention negative aspects; they express more fear related to loneliness. Similar results confirm our hypothesis about the general semantic field, and, at the same time, demonstrate particular nature of ideas about loneliness in these two groups. The results can be used to develop programs aimed both at reducing negative impact of loneliness, and on development of its resource functions.


2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nengah Arnawa

This study aimed at developing a model of learning Balinese vocabularies by implementing Natural Semantic Meta-language (NSM) and semantics field theory. This finding was expected to establish a natural atmosphere of Balinese learning based on semantics primes. Semantics primes development on the basis of semantic field can overcome abstractness meaning of certain words. To prove the truth of the theory construction, the researcher modified a research and development which refers to Borg and Gell models. Data were collected before and after the development of model with certain indicators: the rapid in understanding words meaning, skill in using the word in natural sentence structure, and students’ learning creativity. Significance was measured by using t-test formula for correlated samples. Based on statistical analysis, it was proved that the implementation of NSM and semantic field theory was very effective (significant) in learning Balinese vocabularies on students grade 1, 2, and 3. Effectiveness of learning was achieved because the materials adhering to the natural principle of language acquisition and the availability of direct meaning comparison between words were intuitively related. Direct comparison could overcome the cognitive limitations of students grade 1, 2, and 3 in primary school.


Author(s):  
Avishek Ray

How we perceive a certain concept is grounded in the ‘language game’: the values, prejudices, dispositions, and cultural baggage among its interpretive communities. In other words, there is no ‘true meaning’ inherent in a word per se; rather the meaning is derived out of what Derrida (1993) calls the ‘chain’ of signifi cation: the context, history, contingency, and often semantic contradictions that render a word polysemic. Taking off from here, this paper seeks to unpack the social ‘constructivism’ immanent in the a priori assumptions that cloak the idea of the ‘vagabond’. While invoking the contingency in the genesis and semantic history of ‘vagabond’ as a case study, this paper illustrates how meanings of certain heuristic concepts – in this case, ‘vagabond’, without a fixed referent – are often (re)confi gured, not because of reasons entirely linguistic, but rather due to changes in the prevailing epistemic paradigms.


Glottotheory ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Albrecht Greule

AbstractThe Historic German Valency Dictionary should not be only a synchronic description of the valency of a selection of Old High German, Middle High German and Early Hew High German verbs, but also illustrate the history of valency (diachronic) of these verbs within a semantic field. This paper gives an overview of the previous research undertaken in the field of the history of valency. Based on a case study, it develops a method to illustrate the history of valency by the comparison of synchronic historic cross-sections.


2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanne Louise Christiansen

The Qur'an contains various types of repetition. One of them is the formula, a sequence of words or roots that occurs more than once in a text corpus. The formula as a literary feature is applied differently throughout the Qur'anic text. In the later material, for example, formulae often function as so-called clausulae, i.e. concluding rhymed phrases of a long verse or passage that transform the discourse to a metatextual level. In this study, I suggest, through formulaic and semantic field analysis, that the Qur'an strategically uses such repeated formulae and clausulae as a versatile rhetorical tool to persuade its listeners of fundamental tenets that form part of the Qur'anic worldview: the formula is an indicator of a specific worldview, a carrier of this worldview's key messages. Through a case study of the 40 yuḥibbu/ lā yuḥibbu ( God loves/does not love) formulae in the Qur'an, the article shows that this short repeated phrase is used continually to remind the listeners of God's love (or lack of love) and the means by which it can be either obtained or lost. Even though the formula occurs in a multitude of thematic contexts, each time it is read or recited it transcends the message to a metatextual level, thereby engaging the listeners to make a choice regarding their own status. The Qur'anic employment of formulae should therefore be discussed not only as a stylistic characteristic of the text but also as part of a deliberate didactic and rhetorical strategy.


2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-299
Author(s):  
Judith Stander-Dulisch

The case study focuses on how the semantic field sacred is linguistically and visually taken up in the German weekly print magazines Stern and Spiegel. Both magazines are defined by the use of visual material. Therefore, the analysis is based on theoretical concepts of image linguistics, which deal with the effect and functions of the connection of language and image in mass media.


2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
EMILY M. BENDER

In this article, I investigate the implications of socially meaningful sociolinguistic variation for competence grammar, working from the point of view of HPSG as a kind of performance-plausible sign-based grammar. Taking data from African American Vernacular English variable copula absence as a case study, I argue that syntactic constraints and social meaning are intertwined. I present an overview of the literature on social meaning, discuss what grammars are models of, and argue that in order to model socially meaningful variation, competence grammars need to be extended to include social meaning, precompiled phrases, and probabilistic or frequentistic information. I then explore different heuristics for defining the boundaries of competence grammar and discuss the commonalities between the proposed additions and the kind of linguistic knowledge which is generally assumed to comprise competence grammar.


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