Copula use in the Spanish of Venezuela

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Díaz-Campos ◽  
Kimberly L. Geeslin
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Socioeconomic Level ◽  
Curve Pattern ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Analysis Of Change ◽  
S Curve ◽  
Grammatical Change ◽  
Predicate Type

This investigation extends the research on the use of Spanish copulas ser and estar in Venezuela to all [copula + adjective] contexts (see De Jonge 1993; Malaver 2000 for work on expressions of age). Findings reveal that resultant state, adjective class, predicate type, experience with the referent, susceptibility to change, socioeconomic level, age and frame of reference are included in the statistical model as strong predictors of estar. The analysis of the social factors shows that copula choice in Venezuelan Spanish does not show the typical S-curve pattern to strongly support an analysis of change in progress. The history of copula choice in the language suggests a development with long periods of stability and the strong conditioning of linguistic factors. Copula choice in Venezuelan Spanish shows signs that it is slowly advancing and that younger and older speakers are at different stages in this grammatical change.

Some Familial and Social Factors in Depressive Illness

1966 ◽  
Vol 112 (486) ◽  
pp. 429-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair Munro
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Family History ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
The Other ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

This article presents the results of a study in which a number of social, familial and demographic aspects of primary depressive illness were examined under carefully-controlled conditions. The following factors are particularly considered: 1.The size of the sibship in the depressive's family of upbringing;2.the ordinal position of the depressive in that sibship;3.the depressive's position in the sibship relative to the other sibs;4.the age of the parents at the time of the depressive individual's birth;5.the presence of a family history of severe mental illness;6.celibacy and marriage in depressive individuals;7.the fertility of depressives;8.the social class distribution of depressive illness.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive Holes
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early History ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Linguistic Change ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Arabic Dialects ◽  
Early Occurrence

This chapter outlines the scholarly background of the study of Arabic historical dialectology, and addresses the following issues: the early history of Arabic: myth and reality; the definition and exemplification of ‘Middle Arabic’ and ‘Mixed Arabic through history’; evidence for the early occurrence of certain Arabic dialectal features; examples of substrates and borrowing in Arabic dialects; the dialect geography of Arabic and its typology, especially the ‘sedentary’ and ‘bedouin’ divide; how and why dialects have undergone change, large-scale and small-scale, and the causative social factors; a classification of the typology of internal linguistic change in Arabic; causes of the social indexicalization of dialectal features of Arabic; examples of the pidginization and creolization of Arabic, and the reasons for the apparent rarity of this phenomenon.

Socio-Economic Level and Maternal Attitudes Toward Parent-Child Relationships

1957 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 44-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mildred Kantor ◽  
John Glidewell ◽  
Ivan Mensh ◽  
Herbert Domke ◽  
Margaret Gildea
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Socioeconomic Level ◽  
Maternal Attitudes ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
Health And Illness ◽  
Parent Child Relationships

In recent years, there has been an upsurge of interest in the social aspects of medicine, with medicine and sociology cooperating in a number of studies of social factors in health and illness.1 Many of these studies2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 have presented data suggesting that there is a relationship between socioeconomic level and the incidence, prevalence, and treatment of mental illness. Further, in the preventive as well as in the treatment programs, similar relationships have been observed.

scholarly journals Editorial: Actual politics and the need of conceptual clarity

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. v-xx
Author(s):  
Laurent J.G. van der Maesen
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
The Past ◽  
2030 Agenda ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Current Characteristics ◽  
Quality Approach

The challenge of sustainability of all forms of life on this planet concerns directly the actors, agencies, and other forms of the sociopolitical/legal dimension of societies. This has been confirmed by all members of the BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) in the past decade, who said to follow the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development of the UN (2015). As argued by Marco Ricceri (2019), with the Paris Agreement in mind, these member states presented a self-imposed and relevant assignment, which will or should function as their frame of reference. His analysis of the recent history of this platform was also based on the current characteristics of the social quality approach which also are relevant for this editorial (IASQ 2019).

Language death among Australian languages

1987 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.D. Fesl
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Language Death ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Australian Languages

Abstract This paper looks at the history of language policy formulation and implementation in conjunction with social factors influencing attitudes to both Koorie1 people and their languages. It endeavours to trace the process of enforced language shift, with consequent language death, in the social history of Australia. Factors which aid or are hastening language death in the contemporary period are also discussed. Attention is drawn to the rapidity with which language death has occurred and will continue to occur if measures are not taken to curb the current trends.

scholarly journals Vaccine Development and Collaborations: Lessons from the History of the Meningococcal A Vaccine (1969–73)

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-453
Author(s):  
Baptiste Baylac-Paouly
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of

Based on a wide range of historical sources, including published scientific literature and archives (Institut Mérieux, WHO and IMTSSA), this article examines the history of the development of the meningococcal A vaccine between 1969 and 1973. It explores the social factors of vaccine development including various collaborations, informal discussions, the circulation of products and materials, formal meetings, trials and setbacks to highlight the complex reality of the development, production and use of the vaccine. Inscribed in a ‘Golden Age’ of vaccine development and production, this episode not only adds to the scholarship on the history of vaccines, which has tended to focus on a narrative of progress, but also considers the sharing of knowledge through collaborations, and the risks involved in the development of a vaccine. Finally, this perspective reveals the uncertainties and difficulties underlying the production of an effective vaccine.

Varieties of social constructionism and the problem of progress in psychiatry

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth F. Schaffner ◽  
Kathryn Tabb
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Social Constructionism ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Medical Settings ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

Chapter 11 discusses how the debates over the relationship between social factors and progress in psychiatry have been muddied by confusion over how the term “social construction” has been, and should be, used. It covers how one option is to move away from the language of social construction, like many in the literature have done since the 1990s. But this move risks obscuring the continued importance of attending to the role of the social in psychiatric progress. This chapter aims to clarify the different positions taken by social constructionists about psychiatric disorders and to advocate for what it calls “inclusionary social constructionism.” Through a comparison between the history of HIV/AIDS and the present state of schizophrenia in research and medical settings, the chapter illustrates and evaluates the space of possible characterizations of social construction by psychiatrists and philosophers of psychiatry.

Zero that-clauses in the history of English. A historical sociolinguistic approach (1424–1681)

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Camilo Conde-Silvestre ◽  
Javier Calle-Martín
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Social Origin ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
S Curve ◽  
Early English

AbstractThe present paper traces the history of zero and that as competing links for object clauses in the history of English from chronological and sociolinguistic perspectives. Even though the zero link is sporadically attested in Old English, the rise of the zero complementizer takes place in late Middle English and is well-established in the second half of the sixteenth century, becoming more frequent in speech-based text types (trials, sermons) or in texts representing the oral mode of expression (fiction, comedies). The use of this construction is then observed to diminish drastically in the eighteenth century, plausibly as a result of the prescriptive bias of grammarians (Warner 1982; Fanego 1990; Rissanen 1991, Rissanen 1999; Finegan and Biber 1995). Our analysis is based on five high frequency verbs, to know, to think, to say, to tell and to hope, and their syntactic behaviour in the Parsed Corpus of Early English Correspondence, especially in the periods 1424–1499, 1500–1569, 1570–1639 and 1640–1681. Our approach aims at showing progress of the zero link along the S curve in these four periods, before it became thwarted in the eighteenth century. We also aim at plotting the diffusion of zero that-clauses against the social hierarchy of the period in order to detect (i) the existence of social stratification for this variant, and, if such be the case, (ii) the social group or groups that were leading the diffusion of the change in the different chronological stages, thus (iii) tracing the social origin and direction of the change as diffusing from below or from above in sociolinguistic terms.

Social History of European Integration

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-82
Author(s):  
Hartmut Kaelble
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Social History ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
European Economic ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

In theory, the social history of European integration could be written in three different ways.l The first method would be to adopt the perspective of political historians and political scientists, who would apply social history to learn about new, neglected, but powerful factors affecting European integration. They might, for instance, try to identify those social factors underlying the founding of the European coal and steel community in 1950 or discuss the social background behind the creation of the European Economic Community in 1957.

The Social Origins and Provenance of the English Bishops during the Reign of Edward II

1959 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 51-79
Author(s):  
K. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Early Career ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Origins ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Edward Ii ◽  
The Social ◽  
Complete Study ◽  
History Of

During the last twenty or twenty-five years medieval historians have been much interested in the composition of the English episcopate. A number of studies of it have been published on periods ranging from the eleventh to the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. A further paper might well seem superfluous. My reason for offering one is that most previous writers have concentrated on analysing the professional circles from which the bishops were drawn, and suggesting the influences which their early careers as royal clerks, university masters and students, secular or regular clergy, may have had on their later work as bishops. They have shown comparatively little interest in their social background and provenance, except for those bishops who belonged to magnate families. Some years ago, when working on the political activities of Edward II's bishops, it seemed to me that social origins, family connexions and provenance might in a number of cases have had at least as much influence on a bishop's attitude to politics as his early career. I there fore collected information about the origins and provenance of these bishops. I now think that a rather more careful and complete study of this subject might throw further light not only on the political history of the reign, but on other problems connected with the character and work of the English episcopate. There is a general impression that in England in the later middle ages the bishops' ties with their dioceses were becoming less close, and that they were normally spending less time in diocesan work than their predecessors in the thirteenth century.

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