Sociological formation and reception of translation

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minhui Xu ◽  
Jing Yu

Abstract This study draws on Bourdieu’s conceptualization of the international circulation of ideas to examine the sociological formation process of a translation. Taking the translated Chinese novel Border Town as an example, this study investigates the three phases of that process: selection; labeling and classification; and reading and reception. It discovers that the first two phases have created favorable conditions for the reception of the translated novel, but the translation was not well received. This article argues that the reception of a translation depends on the success of every phase of the sociological formation process. The reception of a translation is constructed and consecrated through the joint efforts of different agents in each phase. Only through a holistic sociological consideration of the dynamics of the formation process can we reach a real understanding of the reception of a translated work.

Author(s):  
FAN WANG ◽  
NING SHI ◽  
BEN CHEN

Reviewer Assignment Problem (RAP) is an important issue in peer-review of academic writing. This issue directly influences the quality of the publication and as such is the brickwork of scientific authentication. Due to the obvious limitations of manual assignment, automatic approaches for RAP is in demand. In this paper, we conduct a survey on those automatic approaches appeared in academic literatures. In this paper, regardless of the way reviewer assignment is structured, we formally divide the RAP into three phases: reviewer candidate search, matching degree computation, and assignment optimization. We find that current research mainly focus on one or two phases, but obviously, these three phases are correlative. For each phase, we describe and classify the main issues and methods for addressing them. Methodologies in these three phases have been developed in a variety of research disciplines, including information retrieval, artificial intelligence, operations research, etc. Naturally, we categorize different approaches by these disciplines and provide comments on their advantages and limitations. With an emphasis on identifying the gaps between current approaches and the practical needs, we point out the potential future research opportunities, including integrated optimization, online optimization, etc.


Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingjun Huang ◽  
Bo Li ◽  
Yanjun Tan ◽  
Xinguo Mao ◽  
Siguo Zhu ◽  
...  

For a high-power static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), a full-power pre-operation test in the factory is necessary to ensure the product quality of a newly manufactured one. But owing to the hardware limitation and cost of test platform, such test is currently too difficult to conduct in the factory, thus it poses great risk to the on-site operation and commissioning. To address this issue, this paper proposes an individual phase full-power testing method for STATCOM. By changing the port connection, three-phase STATCOM was reconstructed into a structure that two phases are in parallel and then in series with the third-phase, and then connected to two phases of the rated voltage grid. Then by rationally matching the voltage and current of three phases, the parallel phases can get a reactive current hedging under both the rated voltage and rated current, meanwhile three phases maintain their active power balance. As a result, STATCOM gets a phase full-power tested phase by phase. The simulation results in Matlab/Simulink show that, under the proposed test system, both the voltage and current of the parallel two phases get their rated values while the grid current is only about 3% of the rated current, meanwhile the DC-link voltage of each phase converter is stabilized. Compared with other testing methods for STATCOM, this method requires neither extra hardware nor high-capacity power supply to construct the test platform, but it can simultaneously examine both the entire main circuit and a large part of the control system in STATCOM. Therefore, it provides a cost-effective engineering method for the factory test of high-power STATCOM.


1969 ◽  
Vol 115 (527) ◽  
pp. 1185-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Platman ◽  
R. R. Fieve

This paper examines the degree of electroencephalogram abnormality among the three phases of manic-depressive disease and the changes brought about by lithium carbonate. The earlier investigators (Berger, 1931; Lemere, 1936) reported no abnormalities in the EEGs of manic-depressive patients. Later workers (Davis, 1941; Hurst et al., 1954; Hes, 1960) found prominent changes between the two phases. However, Harding et al. (1966) noted no common pattern in their three cases when analysed for mean abundance, harmonic mean and variability of alpha rhythm.


1961 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 253-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Trump

For many years down to 1953, our knowledge of Maltese prehistory could be summed up succinctly if rather unkindly in the phrase—‘Neolithic 3,000 B.C., Bronze Age 2,000, Punic 1,000.’ In that year, J. D. Evans's researches were published in these Proceedings. These at last provided a framework for his Period I, no longer called ‘Neolithic’ because the overlap of its later phases with metal-using cultures in nearby Sicily made it unlikely that metal was quite unknown. It was assigned a duration from the mid-second to mid-first millennium B.C. The absolute chronology will need revision in the light of the C-14 dates not then available and the correlations with the Sicilian development have met with some criticism. In any case, the isolation of the different phases was an enormous advance on which all further work in Malta will have to be based, even if, as at the time of writing begins to seem likely, certain amendments to the sequence become necessary. The later prehistoric Period II, lasting down to the 9th century when the Phoenician settlement opened Period III, was described in much less detail.Enormous quantities of material of the first period, megalithic buildings as well as pottery and small finds, were available for study: the material remains of Period II were much more scanty, there being in effect at that time only a single site known of each of its three phases, which were correspondingly named after the Tarxien Cemetery, Borġ in-Nadur and Baħrija. In 1956, Evans published a more detailed study of the first of these phases bringing forward evidence for attributing to it the local dolmens. Phases II B and C were not ready for such treatment as the only excavations were at Borġ in-Nadur in 1881 (a sketch plan found in a Valletta photographer's shop twenty years later being the only record) and 1921-7 (disturbed levels overlying a Period I temple); and at Baħrija in 1909 (three days' work). These two phases therefore remained the most urgent problem in the prehistory of Malta. Accordingly, further excavation was undertaken on their type sites by the Museum Department of the Maltese Government in the spring and autumn of 1959.


Electrum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 245-276
Author(s):  
Achim Lichtenberger ◽  
Torben Schreiber ◽  
Mkrtich H. Zardaryan

The paper deals with the first results of the Armenian-German Artaxata Project which was initiated in 2018. The city of Artaxata was founded in the 2nd century BC as the capital of the Artaxiad kingdom. The city stretches over the 13 hills of the Khor Virap heights and the adjacent plain in the Ararat valley. The new project focusses on Hill XIII and the Lower city to the south and the north of it. This area was investigated by magnetic prospections in 2018 and on the basis of its results, in total eleven 5 × 5 m trenches were excavated in 2019. On the eastern part of Hill XIII several structures of possibly domestic function were uncovered. They were laid out according to a regular plan and in total three phases could be determined. According to 14C data, the first phase already dates to the 2nd century BC while the subsequent two phases continue into the 1st/2nd century AD. In the 2019 campaign, the overall layout and exact function of the structures could not be determined and more excavations will be undertaken in the forthcoming years. North of Hill XIII the foundations of piers of an unfinished Roman aqueduct on arches were excavated. This aqueduct is attributed to the period 114–117 AD when Rome in vain tried to establish the Roman province of Armenia with Artaxata being the capital.


2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soubhik Chakraborty ◽  
Rayalla Ranganayakulu ◽  
Shivee Chauhan ◽  
Sandeep Singh Solanki ◽  
Kartik Mahto

The notes which play the most important and second most important roles in expressing a raga are called Vadi and Samvadi swars respectively in (North) Indian Classical music. Like Bageshree, Bhairavi, Shankara, Hamir and Kalingra, Rageshree is another controversial raga so far as the choice of Vadi-Samvadi selection is concerned where there are two different opinions. Rather than ruling out any school of thought, the paper aims at identifying scientifically the particular school supported by a given recording. Thus the problem investigated here is one of classification in nature. In the present work, a two minute vocal recording of raga Rageshree is subjected to a careful statistical analysis. Our analysis is broken into three phases: first one minute, middle one minute and last one minute. Under a multinomial model set up holding appreciably in the first two phases, only one opinion is found acceptable. An interesting musical cocktail is proposed embedding several ideas like melodic property of notes, note combinations and pitch movements between notes, using some weighted combination of psychological and statistical stability of notes along with watching carefully the sudden shoot of one or more notes whenever there is enough evidence that multinomial model has broken down.. 


1913 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 36-39
Author(s):  
G. H. Gulliver

In a simple class of ternary alloys the solid phases are the three component metals, each holding in solution a relatively small proportion of the other two. Any one of the three phases may be present as a separate constituent, any two may be associated together as a binary eutectic, and the three together form a ternary eutectic. The structural constituents of such a ternary alloy are—(1) Primary crystals of one phase,(2) Binary eutectic of two phases,(3) Ternary eutectic of three phases.


Author(s):  
C. Laroche ◽  
T. Leroux ◽  
C. Giguère ◽  
P. Poirier

The project aims to single out an audible traffic signal or a pair of audible traffic signals that would enable blind pedestrians to cross intersections safely. This is carried out in three phases: 1) measuring walking alignment and crossing time of blind pedestrian subjects within a simulated corridor, with four different simultaneous traffic signals (cuckoo, peep-peep, 4-note melody and neo-cuckoo) presented in a quiet environment, 2) measuring alignment with audible traffic signals alternating on each end of the simulated corridor, in a quiet environment and 3) measuring alignment at a busy real intersection. This paper reports on the results of the first two phases. The 4-note melody originally proposed by Hall et al. (1996) and modified in a recent study (Laroche et al., 1999) gave better results in terms of localization and perception of safety than any other signals specified in the Canadian standard (Transportation Association of Canada, 1992). Audible traffic signals alternating back and forth on each side of the corridor gave better results than signals presented simultaneously from both sides.


Irriga ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 95-106
Author(s):  
Eduardo Luiz de Oliveira ◽  
Antonio Evaldo Klar

GOTEJADORES DE BAMBU PARA UTILIZAÇÃO EM SISTEMAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO SUBSUPERFICIAL: UMA SOLUÇÃO DE BAIXO CUSTO   Eduardo Luiz de OliveiraUNESP- Campus de Bauru - Faculdade de Engenharia e Tecnologia.Departamento de Engenharia Civil - Cx. Postal 473.Fone (014) 230-2111 - Bauru - SP - [email protected] Evaldo KlarUNESP- Campus de Botucatu - Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas.Departamento de Engenharia Rural - Cx. Postal 237.Fone (014) 821-3883 - Bauru - SP - [email protected]   1 RESUMO   O desenvolvimento de um sistema de irrigação de baixo custo, vem de encontro com as necessidades de dotar, com recursos técnicos, pequenos e médios agricultores, para que possam evoluir num mercado cada vez mais competitivo.Neste trabalho, procurou-se, na simplicidade de conhecimentos, colocando-se em prática recursos, até certo ponto, requintados e disponíveis geralmente a agricultores aculturados a estas técnicas.A pesquisa desenvolveu-se em 2 fases distintas: laboratorial e de campo.O experimento em laboratório abrangeu o estudo hidráulico de ‘hastes’ de bambu, para funcionarem como gotejadores subsuperficiais, determinando-se vazões e pressões. Investigaram-se vários aspectos construtivos, como maneira de serrar as ‘hastes’ e variação do furo no topo destas, determinando-se assim, condições favoráveis para a utilização como gotejadores. Desenvolveu-se meios de acoplagem segura entre eles, tubos de bambu e mangueira preta de polietileno(plásticos recicláveis).Os resultados da uniformidade dos gotejadores de bambu foram baixos, devido às altas variações das vazões, entre os gotejadores para uma mesma pressão.Verificaram-se, ainda, as possíveis relações entre o diâmetro externo, interno e o comprimento das ‘hastes’, nas vazões medidas, não tendo sido encontradas relações isoladas entre estes parâmetros. A execução artesanal e as características intrínsecas das ‘hastes’ de bambu foram as responsáveis pela não uniformidade das vazões dos mesmos.No experimento de campo, desenvolveram-se estudos comparativos entre o sistema de gotejamento superficial com Tubogotejadores Queen Gil e o sistema de gotejamento subsuperficial, utilizando-se no primeiro experimento tubos e gotejadores de bambu e, no segundo, mangueira preta de polietileno com gotejadores de bambu, para os cultivos de Cucumis sativus L. (pepino), e  Phaseolus vulgaris L (Feijão-vagem), respectivamente. Neste segundo experimento, aplicou-se fertirrigação, obtendo-se uma maneira simples de execução, tendo em vista a possibilidade de se trabalhar com baixas pressões (na ordem de 1,0 a 2,0 mca), para o sistema subsuperficial com gotejadores de bambu.Os parâmetros de planta estudados para comparação dos sistemas empregados foram: altura e produtividade das plantas e, para o sistema de irrigação subsuperficial, utilizando-se gotejadores de bambu; os valores obtidos para estes dois fatores foram estatisticamente superiores.Os resultados encontrados ultrapassou as expectativas, tendo-se em vista a baixa uniformidade de aplicação do sistema de irrigação subsuperficial com gotejadores de bambu, na qual, a forma de aplicação (subsuperficial) deste sistema pode ter compensado o efeito não uniforme da distribuição de água no solo.   UNITERMOS: irrigação; subsuperficial; bambu.   OLIVEIRA, E.L., KLAR, A. E.  BAMBOO DRIPPERS FOR SUBSURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEM APPLICATION: A LOW COST SOLUTION   2 ABSTRACT   The development of a low cost irrigation system is necessary in order to supply technical know how mainly to scale farmers, for their evolution into a competitive market which’ is increasing each day.The research was conducted in two phases: laboratory and field conditions.The laboratory work consisted of the hydraulic study of bamboo segments, to function as subsurface dripping irrigators, this establishes the rate of dripping with the variation of pressure applied to the bamboo segments.It was established different behavior for different situations such as the way the segments were sawed and the variation of the hole’s size, thus determining the favorable conditions for the drippers. Methods for safe coupling of the drippers were developed in the bamboo tubes and plypropylene black hose (recyclable plastics).The results of uniformity of the drippers were low due to the high variation of flow among the drippers for a single pressure. Possible relationships among the external and internal diameter and length of the bamboo segments were investigated in the flow localized in the drippers, while isolated relationships have not been found among these parameters. The rudimental execution and intrinsic characteristics of the bamboo segments were responsible for the lack of uniformity of the flow.In the field experiment comparative studies were performed between surface dripping system with polypropylene dripping Tubes and subsurface dripping system, using in the first experiment bamboo dripping tubes, and in the second polypropylene black hose with bamboo drippers evaluation of productivity of Cucumis sativus (cucumber) and Phaseolus vulgaris (green beans), respectively. In the second experiment, fertirrigation was applied, thus gaining a simple way of execution, having in mind the possibility of working with low pressures (in the order of 10 to 20 Mca) for the subsurface system with bamboo drippers.The studied parameters for comparison of the employed system were: the height of the plant and productivity, leading to the conclusion that the subsurface dripping system utilizing bamboo drippers was slightly superior. The statistical studies applied to the data confirm this slight superiority.These results were excellent considering the low uniformity of the subsurface irrigation system with bamboo drippers, considering that the way of application of the water in this system (subsurface) may have compensated the effect of lack of uniformity in the distribution of the water in the soil.   KEYWORDS: irrigation; subsurface; bamboo.


1993 ◽  
Vol 180 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Thesen ◽  
J. B. Steen ◽  
K. B. Doving

The ability to detect the direction of a track is of vital importance to animals of prey and is retained in many modern breeds of dogs. To study this ability, four trained German shepherd tracking dogs, equipped with head microphones to transmit sniffing activity, were video-monitored after being brought at right angles to a track where the position of each footprint was known. Three phases could be recognized in the dogs' behaviour: (1) an initial searching phase, during which the dog tried to find the track, (2) a deciding phase, during which it tried to determine the direction of the track and (3) a tracking phase, in which it followed the track. During ten tests on 20-min-old tracks on grass, and ten tests on 3-min-old tracks on concrete, the dogs always followed the track in the correct direction (i.e. in the direction the track was leading). During the deciding phase the dogs moved at half the speed and their periods of sniffing lasted three times as long as during the other two phases. The deciding phase lasted 3–5 s, while the dogs sniffed at 2–5 footprints. The dogs' ability to determine track direction in this time must rely on accurate methods of sampling air and a remarkable sensitivity for certain substances.


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