Two essays about E. D. Polivanov’s linguistic activity (to the 130th anniversary of the birth)

The paper analyses two episodes of the Russian and Soviet scientist Evgeny Dmitrievich Polivanov’s versatile activity: his opposition to N. Ya. Marr’s ‘science of language’ and attempts to standardise the nomenclature of the linguistics of the beginning of the XXth century in a dictionary of linguistic terms. The research presents E. D. Polivanov’s arguments made against the erroneous doctrine which dominated Soviet linguistics in the 1930–40s. At that time, N. Ya. Marr’s theory was advanced as the only correct direction of scientific development in national linguistics. E. D. Polivanov’s pioneering work to organise national science resulted in the compilation of a new dictionary of linguistic and literary criticism terms. This book was not published and only came out at the end of the XXth century. The paper analyses the definitions of several terms obtained from the edition. Additionally, it is suggested that in E. D. Polivanov’s dictionary one can see a ‘snapshot’ of the evolution of the national linguistics at the beginning of the XXth century.

Review of Experience in Recent Studies on the Dynamics of Land Urbanisation

Urbanisation rapidly accelerated in the 20th century. Along with the increasing dynamics of this phenomenon, the desire to know its origins and its course as well as to anticipate its effects is also growing. Investigations into the mechanisms governing urbanisation have become the subject of numerous studies and research projects. In addition, there has been a rapid increase in the number of tools and methods used to track and measure this phenomenon. However, new methods are still being sought to identify changes in space caused by urbanisation. Some of the indicators of urbanisation processes taking place include quantitative, qualitative and structural changes in land use, occurring at a certain time and place. These processes, related to human activity at a given time and in a given area, are determined by spatial diffusion, usually spreading from the city center towards the peripheral zones. Changes in land use involve the transition from less intensive to more intensive forms of land use. The constant effort to acquire new land for development, the search for alternative solutions for the location of investments and the need to determine the correct direction of development generates the need to constantly apply newer methods in the study of the dynamics of urbanisation processes. This paper presents an overview of recent studies and the most interesting—in the authors’ opinion—methods used in research into the dynamics of urbanisation processes. The main objective of the authors was to produce a compendium to guide the reader through the wide range of topics and to provide inspiration for their own research.

AN OVERVIEW OF GEOINFORMATICS STATE-OF-THE-ART TECHNIQUES FOR LANDSLIDE MONITORING AND MAPPING

Natural hazards such as landslides, whether they are driven by meteorologic or seismic processes, are constantly shaping Earth’s surface. In large percentage of the slope failures, they are also causing huge human and economic losses. As the problem is complex in its nature, proper mitigation and prevention strategies are not straightforward to implement. One important step in the correct direction is the integration of different fields; as such, in this work, we are providing a general overview of approaches and techniques which are adopted and integrated for landslide monitoring and mapping, as both activities are important in the risk prevention strategies. Detailed landslide inventory is important for providing the correct information of the phenomena suitable for further modelling, analysing and implementing suitable mitigation measures. On the other hand, timely monitoring of active landslides could provide priceless insights which can be sufficient for reducing damages. Therefore, in this work popular methods are discussed that use remotely-sensed datasets with a particular focus on the implementation of machine learning into landslide detection, susceptibility modelling and its implementation in early-warning systems. Moreover, it is reviewed how Citizen Science is adopted by scholars for providing valuable landslide-specific information, as well as couple of well-known platforms for Volunteered Geographic Information which have the potential to contribute and be used also in the landslide studies. In addition to proving an overview of the most popular techniques, this paper aims to highlight the importance of implementing interdisciplinary approaches.

Divine Evolution: Empedocles’ Anthropology

Purpose. Reconstruction of Empedocles’ doctrine from the point of view of philosophical anthropology. Theoretical basis. Methodological basis of the article is the anthropological comprehending of Empedocles’ text fragments presented in the historical-philosophical context. Originality. Cognition of nature in Ancient Greece was far from the ideal of the objective knowledge formed in modern times, cognition of the world as it exists before man and independently of him. Whatever the ancient philosophers talked about, man was always in the center of their attention. I proposed an anthropological version of the interpretation of the doctrine of Empedocles, within the framework of which various elements of his concept fit into a consistent model. Conclusions. Empedocles’ anthropology is based on the recognition of several fundamental things. First of all, there is no death. Second, there is no fundamental difference between human and celestial. This line is conventional and under certain conditions one can overcome it. Cod can become a human (for example, for a deed unworthy of a deity), and a human can become God. Teaching of evolution is also double. Not only physical shell evolves, keeping only the most adapted species, but the soul too. The latter can both ascend to the gods and go down to the bushes and fish. Purification of the soul and mastering the magic of the elements gives an impetus for a correct direction of evolution. Empedocles is an anthropologist-practitioner, who shows by his example that a human can cope with all the elements and reach divinity. He chose (or convinced himself that he chose) the elemental ingredients for penetrating the Fortunate Isles, leaving the instructions on how to become God.

L5 nerve root injury caused by anterolateral malpositioning of loosened S1 pedicle screws: illustrative cases

BACKGROUND Although malpositioning of pedicle screws into the spinal canal and intervertebral foramen can cause spinal nerve root injuries, there are few reports of L5 nerve root injuries when S1 pedicle screws have been inserted anterolaterally. The authors report two cases of L5 nerve root injury caused by anterolateral malpositioning of loosened S1 pedicle screws. OBSERVATIONS In both patients, S1 pedicle screws were inserted toward the outside of the S1 anterior foramen, and the tip of the screws perforated the anterior sacral cortex. L5 nerve root impairment was not observed immediately after surgery. However, severe leg pain in the L5 area was observed after the S1 pedicle screws became loosened. In case 1, the symptoms could not be controlled with conservative treatment. Reoperation was performed 3 months after the initial surgery. In case 2, the symptoms gradually improved with conservative treatment because the area around the loosened S1 screw was surrounded by newly formed bone that stabilized the screws, as observed with computed tomography 1 year after surgery. LESSONS Surgeons should recognize that anterolateral malpositioning of S1 pedicle screws can cause L5 nerve root injury. The screws should be inserted in the correct direction without loosening.

Seashells in Dutch Still-Life Painting of the 17th Century

Dutch still-life is a distinctive cultural phenomenon of the 17th century. Collecting of rarities, curiosities, plants, paintings, sculptures and many other rare things was characteristic for that period. Seashells which were brought from the exotic countries attracted the attention and love of collectors and artists. J. Hoefnagel was one of the first who took an interest to seashells in the emblems. In the early Dutch flower still-life shells were found occasionally but from the beginning of the first quarter of the 17th century artists started to add these graceful creations almost into all compositions with flower bouquets and fruits. New type of still-life with seashells appeared abundantly in painting of Balthasar van der Ast, Jan Davidsz de Heеm, Abraham Beyeren, Willem Kalf and others. While the naturalism in still-life painting brought to the maximum, there was a problem of veracity in depicting shells in the engravings, for example, in Rembrandt’s work. This problem was eventually solved only in the second half of the 17th century, so engravings and zoological illustrations began to show the curl of the shells in its correct direction, exactly clockwise. This research poses problems of the appearance of shells as collectibles and Dutch still-life’ motifs, visual traditions and shells’ classification in the paintings. The article is relevant with interdisciplinary method; some mollusks zoological names with indication of their origin place are given; the cultural and historical context is generalized; the stylistic analysis takes into account the emblematics’ traditions.

Validation of AML-Score in older adults receiving daunorubicin/cytarabine liposome intensive induction chemotherapy for treatment of secondary acute myeloid leukemia.

e19000 Background: The AML-Score has been validated to predict complete remission (CR) and early mortality (EM) in patients receiving traditional induction chemotherapies but not daunorubicin/cytarabine liposome (Vyxeos; Jazz Pharmaceuticals; Palo Alto, CA). We conducted a retrospective analysis to evaluate, among patients with newly diagnosed secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML) who received intensive induction with daunorubicin/cytarabine liposome, how accurately the AML-Score predictions associate with observed 1) CR after intensive induction and 2) EM within 60 days after induction initiation. Methods: We abstracted demographic and clinical data from consecutive patients receiving daunorubicin/cytarabine liposome at the Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital between September 2017 and November 2020. We used descriptive statistics with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and receiver operating curves to characterize the associations between AML-Score predictions and observed rates of CR and EM. Results: In total, 40 patients were included for analysis. 27 (67.5%) were male, 27 (67.5%) were white, 36 (90.0%) were not Hispanic or Latino, and 28 (70.0%) were aged 60-72 years. Twenty-seven patients (67.5%) had a CR, and 4 (10%) experienced early mortality. Observed rates of CR and EM generally increased with increasing predicted risk (Table). The area under the curve was 0.75 (95% CI 0.60-0.90) for CR and 0.82 (95% CI 0.68-0.96) for EM. Conclusions: The AML-Score tool trends in the correct direction in terms of predicting rates of CR and EM, and thus may contribute to oncologist prognostication and treatment planning for patients receiving daunorubicin/cytarabine liposome. However, its clinical utility is limited by the fact that it may underestimate the risk of CR and overestimate the risk of EM. Further study in a larger cohort is needed to update the AML-Score to give accurate point estimates of CR and EM risk in this population. Predicted CR and EM versus Observed CR and EM.[Table: see text]

Wood ants express uncertainty when engaging with magnetic cues for directional guidance

Wood ants were trained indoors to follow a route in a chosen magnetic direction from the centre of a small, circular arena to find a drop of sucrose at the edge. The arena, surrounded by a white cylindrical wall, was in the centre of a 3D coil system that generated an inclined Earth strength magnetic field in any horizontal direction. Between trials, the chosen magnetic training direction was rotated to a new orientation. Tests were given without food and with fresh or reversed paper on the floor of the arena. In a significant number of tests, ants left the centre facing the goal, or in the opposite direction, but they mostly failed to reach the goal. Tests given early in the day, before any training, show that ants remember the magnetic route direction overnight. On some training trials, the position of the sucrose was also indicated by a black stripe. Not uncommonly, ants first moved in the opposite direction to the stripe before switching to the correct direction. Travel away from the reward seems to express the ant's uncertainty about the correct path to take. Tests show that this uncertainty may stem from competing directional cues linked to the room, suggesting that ants are reluctant to rely on magnetic information alone. We conclude that ants can remember a route direction defined by an Earth-strength magnetic field and that they express any uncertainty about the correct direction by moving for a stretch in the opposite direction. In a second experiment, an upright and an inverted triangle were fixed 90° from each other to the inside of the cylinder. Sucrose was placed beneath one of the triangles, dependent on the direction of the magnetic field. Ants failed to master this task and to approach the magnetically cued triangle. Instead, they preferred to approach the upright triangle. The ants were again uncertain of the correct direction and expressed this uncertainty through paths that had segments directed towards both the inverted and the upright triangles.

AYURVEDIC MANAGEMENT OF SUPEROTEMPORAL BRANCH RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION- A SINGLE CASE STUDY

Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO) is the second most frequent retinal vascular disorder. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are common predisposing factors, which typically lead to atherosclerosis. Superotemporal Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (STBRVO) is a major type of BRVO. In which retinal oedema and haemorrhages are limited to the area drained by the affected vein. Anti-VEGF injection is the treatment currently provided for the above said condition but it has high recurrent rate and expensive, thus Ayurvedic treatment will help in preventing further visual loss and improvement in visual acuity. Materials and methods: A patient of age 48 approached our OPD complaining of decreased and blurred vision especially at the lower part of visual field of right eye. He had developed the symptoms before 2 month and visited an ophthalmologist; he was diagnosed of STBRVO and took inj. Avastin, but didn’t have any satisfaction, thus he approached our OPD. He was under Ayurvedic treatment for 3 months. Results: There was improvement in visual field and acuity, reduction of macular oedema was found in OCT. Discussion: Here the condition occurred due to the Sanga (obstruction) in Raktha vaha srothas due to Kapha and leads to Vimarga gamana (reversed flow) of Vata, thus Srotho sanga hara treatment by reducing Kapha and making the flow of Vata in correct direction was adopted.

A Preliminary Study on the Intervention of Western Oil Painting Creation Imagery in College Art Teaching

With the development progress of modern technology and the continuous improvement of culture, each of us has become more tolerant of artistic expressions. Nowadays, the ways of expression in painting have become more diverse, different ways of expression in painting will converge with each other. Everyone is familiar with oil painting. It is a form of painting that originated in the West. In the process of growing up in our country for more than 100 years, the creation of oil paintings in university art education also has very significant characteristics. This has also determined a correct direction for the formation of the artistic style of the students in the future and laid a very good foundation. So how do we combine the creative image of Western oil paintings and guide students correctly in oil painting creation is very important. Based on my many years of teaching creation experience, I’d like to introduce the preliminary explorations in the following aspects of teaching, hoping to provide very good guidance for the majority of teachers and friends. We all know that the creation of works of art is a very high goal of art study, all the purpose is to make works of art and paintings with ideas come out. Then, this article will start with the enthusiasm of Western oil painting and traditional Chinese painting, it will conduct certain research and exploration of western oil painting creation image entering college art teaching.