Het Aanpassen Van Informatieve Schoolboekteksten In Groep Vijf Van Het Basisonderwijs

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 31-45
Author(s):  
Mark Wouters
Keyword(s):  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Level Of Difficulty ◽  
The Difference

This article describes research which has focused on the level of difficulty of texts and questions as an explanation for the difference in text comprehension between non-native and native pupils. The degree to which text comprehension in native and non-native pupils could be facilitated by means of controlling texts and questions was investigated. From the results the following conclusions were drawn: 1) Non-native pupils scored significantly lower than native Dutch pupils in all tests that dealt with text comprehension; 2) When the test questions were controlled by changing a number of factors which supposedly made understanding more difficult, the scores of both non-native and native pupils improved significantly; 3) When the texts of the tests were rewitten, the non-native pupils improved in their scores and the native pupils did not; 4) When both the texts and questions were controlled, the results seemed to show that the non-native pupils had caught up for a great part where they were found to have "lagged behind".

The Effect of Vocabulary Intervention on Text Comprehension: Who Benefits?

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawna Duff
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Classroom Instruction ◽  
Vocabulary Instruction ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Vocabulary Knowledge ◽  
Vocabulary Intervention ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Purpose Vocabulary intervention can improve comprehension of texts containing taught words, but it is unclear if all middle school readers get this benefit. This study tests 2 hypotheses about variables that predict response to vocabulary treatment on text comprehension: gains in vocabulary knowledge due to treatment and pretreatment reading comprehension scores. Method Students in Grade 6 ( N = 23) completed a 5-session intervention based on robust vocabulary instruction (RVI). Knowledge of the semantics of taught words was measured pre- and posttreatment. Participants then read 2 matched texts, 1 containing taught words (treated) and 1 not (untreated). Treated texts and taught word lists were counterbalanced across participants. The difference between text comprehension scores in treated and untreated conditions was taken as a measure of the effect of RVI on text comprehension. Results RVI resulted in significant gains in knowledge of taught words ( d RM = 2.26) and text comprehension ( d RM = 0.31). The extent of gains in vocabulary knowledge after vocabulary treatment did not predict the effect of RVI on comprehension of texts. However, untreated reading comprehension scores moderated the effect of the vocabulary treatment on text comprehension: Lower reading comprehension was associated with greater gains in text comprehension. Readers with comprehension scores below the mean experienced large gains in comprehension, but those with average/above average reading comprehension scores did not. Conclusion Vocabulary instruction had a larger effect on text comprehension for readers in Grade 6 who had lower untreated reading comprehension scores. In contrast, the amount that children learned about taught vocabulary did not predict the effect of vocabulary instruction on text comprehension. This has implications for the identification of 6th-grade students who would benefit from classroom instruction or clinical intervention targeting vocabulary knowledge.

KARAKTERISTIK BUTIR SOAL TRY OUT UJIAN NASIONAL SMA MATA PELAJARAN MATEMATIKA Se-KOTA MATARAM DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PROGRAM ITEMAN

Jurnal Varian ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Habib Ratu Perwira Negara ◽  
Kiki Riska Ayu Kurniawati
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Answer Sheet ◽  
Senior High School ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
National Examination ◽  
School Year ◽  
Level Of Difficulty ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Answer Choice ◽  
Answer Option

The purpose of this research was to know how characteristic items of Try Out National Exam Year 2010/2011 at Senior High School on Mathematics Subject in Mataram City that analyzed by using Iteman Program. The characteristic in question was whether the item can be used or not based on the difficulty level of the item, the difference in power, and the functioning of the answer option. The research method used was descriptive. Techniques of collecting data in the form of documents. Source of data in the form of answer sheet of computer package 61 of Try Out National Exam Year 2010/2011 at Senior High School on Mathematics Subject in Mataram City. Aspects analyzed by using this Iteman Program include the level of difficulty item, different power, and the function of whether or not the answer choice. Based on the results of Item of Analysis Try Out National Examination of School Year 2010/2011 Senior High School on Mathematics Subjects in Mataram City by using Iteman Program, it can be concluded that for the level of difficulty Package 61 was classified. Different power for package 61 has a good category. For the reliability of having a high category and a matter of Try Out Package 61 there are 23 problems received with the improvement of 4, 5, 8, 9, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, and 40. Improvements need to be made on the less functioning effluent. There are 15 accepted questions: 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 27, 29, 33, 37, 38, and 39. And there are 2 rejected questions 6 and 25.

Reliability Analysis of Jack-Up Platforms Based on Fatigue Degradation

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naser Shabakhty ◽  
Pieter van Gelder ◽  
Hotze Boonstra
Keyword(s):  
Service Time ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Fatigue Reliability ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Stress Fluctuation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Offshore Industry ◽  
Jack Up ◽  
Load Conditions

Generally, jack-up structures are used for production drilling and exploration of hydrocarbons. The combination of mobility and the behavior as a fixed structure in operational conditions has made it an important structure in the offshore industry over the last 40 years. When a jack-up structure has been in operation for a great part of its original design-life and intention is there to extend the usage of this structure at a specific location, an investigation on fatigue degradation of the structure is an essential factor that has to be carried out before taking any decision. Fatigue is the process of damage accumulation in material due to stress fluctuation caused by variation of loads in service time. The fatigue failure occurs when accumulated damage has exceeded a critical level. In this paper, the remaining fatigue capacity of the jack-up structure is considered as an indicator for adequate use of the structure. It can be specified based on the difference between design-fatigue and fatigue experienced by the structure. The design-fatigue can be determined based on fluctuation of loads during the lifetime of the structure and experienced fatigue is specified by the load conditions, which the structure has experienced during its service time. When the information on the load conditions which the structure has experienced in its service time is available or known precisely, determination of the remaining fatigue capacity could be carried out by using the Palmgren–Miner’s rule. In practice, uncertainties are present in loads and characteristics of material. Hence it will be reasonable to determine the remaining fatigue reliability of the structure by the reliability methods. In this paper, based on a crack propagation approach and achieved information from inspection, it is shown that the remaining fatigue reliability of jack-up structures could be determined and updated by using a Bayesian procedure in the duration of the service time.

HYPOCHROMIC MICROCYTIC ANEMIA OF INFANCY: IRON DEPLETION AS A FACTOR

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 959-978
Author(s):  
Hugh W. Josephs
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Microcytic Anemia ◽  
Severe Anemia ◽  
Iron Depletion ◽  
Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia ◽  
Premature Babies ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Insight Into

In this work the author has attempted to gain insight into the significance of iron depletion by the use of 4 simple calculations, justification for which is found in recent articles. These are: (a) iron with which the infant is born; (b) iron retained from the food; (c) iron being used by the tissues and therefore unavailable for hemoglobin, and (d) iron combined with the total mass of hemoglobin. With these 4 figures it is possible to estimate the iron still potentially available for use (the "reserves" or "stones"). When the difference between a + b and c + d has reached about zero, depletion is considered to exist. The following characteristics of depletion may be emphasized: Depletion is the result of gain in weight and maximum possible usage of iron. It is therefore a normal result of growth and need not be associated with anemia. As soon as depletion has occurred, the organism is thereafter dependent on current absorption of iron. This is ordinarily sufficient, even with a diet of milk alone, to maintain an adequate concentration of hemoglobin after about 8 to 10 months of age. Severe anemia due to depletion alone is practically confined to premature babies whose relative gain in weight is rapid. Severe anemia in other than premature babies is the result of a number of factors by which iron becomes unavailable or is actually diverted from hemoglobin to storage. Response to iron medication is considerably better in infants with depletion than in those in whom some factor is present that interferes with iron utilization, and which is not connected by the mere giving of iron. The dependence on current absorption, whether the result of depletion or non-availability, introduces a certain precariousness which is apparently characteristic of this time of life. The organism gets along from day to day if nothing happens, but may not be able to meet an emergency, whether this appears as a rapid gain in weight, or a necessity to repair damage done by severe infection. If we consider iron deficiency as the cause of anemia, we can think of deficiency as due to a number of factors of which depletion is only one. The development and characteristics of depletion have been considered in this paper; other factors in iron deficiency will be considered in subsequent papers.

scholarly journals Imperialismo en el siglo XXI

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 49-74
Author(s):  
John Smith ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Capitalist Development ◽  
Neoliberal Globalization ◽  
The North ◽  
Foreign Labor ◽  
Economic Foundation ◽  
The Difference

The globalization of production and its spread to low-income countries is the most notable transformation of the neoliberal era. Its driving force is the efforts by companies in Europe, North America and Japan to cut costs and raise profits, replacing relatively well-paid domestic labor for cheaper foreign labor. The gap in global wages, in great part the result of the suppression of the free movement of labor, provides a distorted view of the global differences in the rate of exploitation (simply, the difference between the value generated by the workers and what they are paid) upon which profits, prosperity and social peace in Europe, North America and Japan are ever-more reliant. Thus, neoliberal globalization should be seen as a new imperialist stage in capitalist development, where «imperialism» is defined by its economic foundation: the exploitation of labor in the South by capitalists from the North.

scholarly journals On the Number of Witnesses in the Miller–Rabin Primality Test

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 890
Author(s):  
Shamil Talgatovich Ishmukhametov ◽  
Bulat Gazinurovich Mubarakov ◽  
Ramilya Gakilevna Rubtsova
Keyword(s):  
Positive Integer ◽  
Euler’S Totient Function ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Primality Test ◽  
Average Probability ◽  
Test Errors ◽  
The Difference

In this paper, we investigate the popular Miller–Rabin primality test and study its effectiveness. The ability of the test to determine prime integers is based on the difference of the number of primality witnesses for composite and prime integers. Let W ( n ) denote the set of all primality witnesses for odd n. By Rabin’s theorem, if n is prime, then each positive integer a < n is a primality witness for n. For composite n, the power of W ( n ) is less than or equal to φ ( n ) / 4 where φ ( n ) is Euler’s Totient function. We derive new exact formulas for the power of W ( n ) depending on the number of factors of tested integers. In addition, we study the average probability of errors in the Miller–Rabin test and show that it decreases when the length of tested integers increases. This allows us to reduce estimations for the probability of the Miller–Rabin test errors and increase its efficiency.

De Moeilijkheidsgraad Van Tekstbegripvragen In Nederlands En Engels

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 97-104
Author(s):  
P. Edelenbos ◽  
Pieter Loonen ◽  
Herman Wekker
Keyword(s):  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Test Score ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Single Item ◽  
Final Exams ◽  
General Test ◽  
Factual Content ◽  
Level Of Difficulty ◽  
The University

The final exams for English in Dutch secondary schools contain a multiple choice component for text comprehension. The questions in this component are mainly about factual content but progressively also about communicative aspects such as opinions and style. It is usually assumed that the latter add to the level of difficulty of the test in general. But is this really the case? In a (limited) project caried out by the University of Groningen this assumption has been tested in six pre-final forms at three grammartype schools, by setting the same test in Dutch and in English within a six-week interval. At the same time the influence of vocabulary command was mapped out against the overall test results. The communicative questions did not turn out to be more difficult in English than in Dutch and there appeared to be a strong correlation between the overall (not: single item) vocabulary command and general test score. The average test results were considerably higher (4.0) for the Dutch test than for the equivalent English one.

scholarly journals Estimation of the Contribution of Intrinsic Currents to Motoneuron Firing Based on Paired Motoneuron Discharge Records in the Decerebrate Cat

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 292-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall K. Powers ◽  
Paul Nardelli ◽  
T. C. Cope
Keyword(s):  
Firing Rate ◽  
Motor Units ◽  
Unit Discharge ◽  
Decerebrate Cat ◽  
Persistent Inward Currents ◽  
Quantitative Estimates ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Inward Currents ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Synaptic Drive

Motoneuron activation is strongly influenced by persistent inward currents (PICs) flowing through voltage-sensitive channels. PIC characteristics and their contribution to the control of motoneuron firing rate have been extensively described in reduced animal preparations, but their contribution to rate modulation in human motoneurons is controversial. It has recently been proposed that the analysis of discharge records of a simultaneously recorded pair of motor units can be used to make quantitative estimates of the PIC contribution, based on the assumption that the firing rate of an early recruited (reporter) unit can be used as a measure of the synaptic drive to a later recruited (test) unit. If the test unit's discharge is augmented by PICs, less synaptic drive will be required to sustain discharge than required to initially recruit it, and the difference in reporter unit discharge (Δ F) at test recruitment and de-recruitment is a measure of the size of the PIC contribution. We applied this analysis to discharge records of pairs of motoneurons in the decerebrate cat preparation, in which motoneuron PICs have been well-characterized and are known to be prominent. Mean Δ F values were positive in 58/63 pairs, and were significantly greater than zero in 40/63 pairs, as would be expected based on PIC characteristics recorded in this preparation. However, several lines of evidence suggest that the Δ F value obtained in a particular motoneuron pair may depend on a number of factors other than the PIC contribution to firing rate.

Suicidal Attempts in an Outer Region of Metropolitan Melbourne and in a Provincial Region of Victoria

1975 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kessell ◽  
A. Nicholson ◽  
G. Graves ◽  
J. Krupinski
Keyword(s):  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Psychiatric Care ◽  
Outer Region ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Seasonal Distribution ◽  
Distribution Method ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Suicidal Attempts ◽  
The Difference

A two year study of attempted suicide was undertaken in two Victorian regions. Incidence rates of 16.7 and 22.1 per 10,000 population were found in the metropolitan and provincial regions respectively. A number of factors were considered and found relevant to the difference in incidence. In addition, other parameters including multiple attempts, seasonal distribution, method used, association with alcohol and referral to psychiatric care were considered. Our findings are compared with those of earlier studies reported in Australia.

Studies on pH, number of protozoa and microbial ATP concentrations in rumen-incubated nylon bags with different pore sizes

1984 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 501-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Lindberg ◽  
A. Kaspersson ◽  
P. Ciszuk
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Pore Sizes ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
In Sacco

A number of factors affect predictions of rumen degradability of feedingstuffs when using thein saccotechnique (Lindberg, 1983). One factor which exerts a great influence is the bag cloth aperture (Lindberg & Knutson, 1981; Lindberg & Varvikko, 1982). Without doubt part of the difference in degradation between pore sizes can be explained by differences in particulate matter losses (Lindberg & Knutsson, 1981; Lindberg & Varvikko, 1982). It has, however, also been suggested that the differences between pore sizes are due to the combined effect of differences in liquid exchange between the bags and the rumen contents and on the selection of microbes entering the bags (Lindberg & Varvikko, 1982).

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