Studies on pH, number of protozoa and microbial ATP concentrations in rumen-incubated nylon bags with different pore sizes

1984 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 501-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Lindberg ◽  
A. Kaspersson ◽  
P. Ciszuk
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Pore Sizes ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
In Sacco

A number of factors affect predictions of rumen degradability of feedingstuffs when using thein saccotechnique (Lindberg, 1983). One factor which exerts a great influence is the bag cloth aperture (Lindberg & Knutson, 1981; Lindberg & Varvikko, 1982). Without doubt part of the difference in degradation between pore sizes can be explained by differences in particulate matter losses (Lindberg & Knutsson, 1981; Lindberg & Varvikko, 1982). It has, however, also been suggested that the differences between pore sizes are due to the combined effect of differences in liquid exchange between the bags and the rumen contents and on the selection of microbes entering the bags (Lindberg & Varvikko, 1982).

COMBINATORIAL POLYNOMIALLY COMPUTABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBSTITUTIONS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
VLADIMIR NIKONOV ◽  
◽  
ANTON ZOBOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Expectation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Computational Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bijective Function ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Element Base ◽  
Selection Of

The construction and selection of a suitable bijective function, that is, substitution, is now becoming an important applied task, particularly for building block encryption systems. Many articles have suggested using different approaches to determining the quality of substitution, but most of them are highly computationally complex. The solution of this problem will significantly expand the range of methods for constructing and analyzing scheme in information protection systems. The purpose of research is to find easily measurable characteristics of substitutions, allowing to evaluate their quality, and also measures of the proximity of a particular substitutions to a random one, or its distance from it. For this purpose, several characteristics were proposed in this work: difference and polynomial, and their mathematical expectation was found, as well as variance for the difference characteristic. This allows us to make a conclusion about its quality by comparing the result of calculating the characteristic for a particular substitution with the calculated mathematical expectation. From a computational point of view, the thesises of the article are of exceptional interest due to the simplicity of the algorithm for quantifying the quality of bijective function substitutions. By its nature, the operation of calculating the difference characteristic carries out a simple summation of integer terms in a fixed and small range. Such an operation, both in the modern and in the prospective element base, is embedded in the logic of a wide range of functional elements, especially when implementing computational actions in the optical range, or on other carriers related to the field of nanotechnology.

scholarly journals Age-dependency in mortality of Finnish family caregivers: a nationwide register-based study

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
T M Mikkola ◽  
H Kautiainen ◽  
M Mänty ◽  
M B von Bonsdorff ◽  
T Kröger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Family Caregiver ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Lower Mortality ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Caregiver Role ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Purpose Mortality appears to be lower in family caregivers than in the general population. However, there is lack of knowledge whether the difference in mortality between family caregivers and the general population is dependent on age. The purpose of this study was to analyze all-cause mortality in relation to age in family caregivers and to study their cause-specific mortality using data from multiple Finnish national registers. Methods The data included all individuals, who received family caregiver's allowance in Finland in 2012 (n = 42 256, mean age 67 years, 71% women) and a control population matched for age, sex, and municipality of residence (n = 83 618). Information on dates and causes of death between 2012 and 2017 were obtained from the Finnish Causes of Death Register. Flexible parametric survival modeling and competing risk regression adjusted for socioeconomic status were used. Results The total follow-up time was 717 877 person-years. Family caregivers had lower all-cause mortality than the controls over the follow-up (8.1% vs. 11.6%) both among women (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.61-0.68) and men (HR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.70-0.77). Younger adult caregivers had equal or only slightly lower mortality than their controls, but after age 60, the difference increased markedly resulting in over 10% lower mortality in favor of the caregivers in the oldest age groups. Caregivers had lower mortality for all the causes of death studied, namely cardiovascular, cancer, neurological, external, respiratory, gastrointestinal and dementia than the controls. Of these, the lowest was the risk for dementia (subhazard ratio=0.29, 95%CI: 0.25-0.34). Conclusions Older family caregivers have lower mortality than the age-matched controls from the general population while younger caregivers have similar mortality to their peers. This age-dependent advantage in mortality is likely to reflect selection of healthier individuals into the family caregiver role. Key messages The difference in mortality between family caregivers and the age-matched general population varies considerably with age. Advantage in mortality observed in family caregiver studies is likely to reflect the selection of healthier individuals into the caregiver role, which underestimates the adverse effects of caregiving.

scholarly journals A microfluidic device enabling drug resistance analysis of leukemia cells via coupled dielectrophoretic detection and impedimetric counting

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yağmur Demircan Yalçın ◽  
Taylan Berkin Töral ◽  
Sertan Sukas ◽  
Ender Yıldırım ◽  
Özge Zorlu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
K562 Cells ◽  
Leukemia Cells ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Resistant Cells

AbstractWe report the development of a lab-on-a-chip system, that facilitates coupled dielectrophoretic detection (DEP-D) and impedimetric counting (IM-C), for investigating drug resistance in K562 and CCRF-CEM leukemia cells without (immuno) labeling. Two IM-C units were placed upstream and downstream of the DEP-D unit for enumeration, respectively, before and after the cells were treated in DEP-D unit, where the difference in cell count gave the total number of trapped cells based on their DEP characteristics. Conductivity of the running buffer was matched the conductivity of cytoplasm of wild type K562 and CCRF-CEM cells. Results showed that DEP responses of drug resistant and wild type K562 cells were statistically discriminative (at p = 0.05 level) at 200 mS/m buffer conductivity and at 8.6 MHz working frequency of DEP-D unit. For CCRF-CEM cells, conductivity and frequency values were 160 mS/m and 6.2 MHz, respectively. Our approach enabled discrimination of resistant cells in a group by setting up a threshold provided by the conductivity of running buffer. Subsequent selection of drug resistant cells can be applied to investigate variations in gene expressions and occurrence of mutations related to drug resistance.

scholarly journals Exploring the Use of PlanetScope Data for Particulate Matter Air Quality Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2981
Author(s):  
Jeanné le Roux ◽  
Sundar Christopher ◽  
Manil Maskey
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Spectral Response ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Land Cover Types ◽  
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Geolocation Accuracy

Planet, a commercial company, has achieved a key milestone by launching a large fleet of small satellites (smallsats) that provide high spatial resolution imagery of the entire Earth’s surface on a daily basis with its PlanetScope sensors. Given the potential utility of these data, this study explores the use for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air quality applications. However, before these data can be utilized for air quality applications, key features of the data, including geolocation accuracy, calibration quality, and consistency in spectral signatures, need to be addressed. In this study, selected Dove-Classic PlanetScope data is screened for geolocation consistency. The spectral response of the Dove-Classic PlanetScope data is then compared to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data over different land cover types, and under varying PM2.5 and mid visible aerosol optical depth (AOD) conditions. The data selected for this study was found to fall within Planet’s reported geolocation accuracy of 10 m (between 3–4 pixels). In a comparison of top of atmosphere (TOA) reflectance over a sample of different land cover types, the difference in reflectance between PlanetScope and MODIS ranged from near-zero (0.0014) to 0.117, with a mean difference in reflectance of 0.046 ± 0.031 across all bands. The reflectance values from PlanetScope were higher than MODIS 78% of the time, although no significant relationship was found between surface PM2.5 or AOD and TOA reflectance for the cases that were studied. The results indicate that commercial satellite data have the potential to address Earth-environmental issues.

scholarly journals Strain Accommodations among Twin Variants in Ti and Mg

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 453
Author(s):  
Ping Zhou ◽  
Guo-Zhen Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Property ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Local Strain ◽  
Deformation Texture ◽  
Variant Selection ◽  
Slip Systems ◽  
Twinning Shear ◽  
Active Variant ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Selection Of

The selection of twin variants has a great influence on deformation texture and mechanical property in hcp metals where slip systems are limited and twinning types are abundant during deformation. Local strain accommodations among twin variants are considered to shed light on variant selection rules in Ti and Mg alloys. Five kinds of strain accommodations are discussed in terms of different regions that are affected by the twinning shear of primary twin. These regions contain (I) the whole sample, (II) neighboring grain, (III) adjacent primary twin in neighboring grain, (IV) adjoining primary twin within the same parent grain, and (V) multi-generation of twinning inside the primary twin. For a potentially active variant, its operation needs not only relatively higher resolved shear stress but also easily accommodated strain by immediate vicinity. Many of the non-Schmid behaviors could be elucidated by local strain accommodations that variants with relatively higher SFs hard to be accommodated are absent, while those with relatively lower SFs but could be easily accommodated are present.

Potential of enzymes or a centrifuged rumen fluid to estimate proteolysis of foods

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 120-122
Author(s):  
A. S. Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Food Proteins ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ruminal Digestion ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
In Sacco

The need to develop an in vitro method to simulate ruminal digestion of protein foods has long been recognized. An in vitro method must be more rapid, consistent and convenient than in sacco methods. Purified enzymes have been examined in the past to estimate in vitro degradability of protein foods (Poos-Floyd et al., 1985; Aufrere et al., 1991; Luchini et al., 1996) or their fractions (Chaudhry and Webster, 1994). However, the selection of an appropriate enzyme for a range of foodstuffs remains to be realized. This study examined the potential of two enzymes and a centrifuged rumen fluid (CRF) to estimate proteolysis of food proteins.

scholarly journals Weightage Effect during Back-Calculation of Rock-Mass Quality from the Installed Tunnel Support in Rock-Mass Rating and Tunneling Quality Index System

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonguk Kim ◽  
Hafeezur Rehman ◽  
Wahid Ali ◽  
Abdul Muntaqim Naji ◽  
Hankyu Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Rock Mass ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Rock Bolt ◽  
Rock Mass Rating ◽  
Rock Mass Quality ◽  
Back Calculation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Bolt Spacing ◽  
Q System ◽  
Selection Of

In extensively used empirical rock-mass classification systems, the rock-mass rating (RMR) and tunneling quality index (Q) system, rock-mass quality, and tunnel span are used for the selection of rock bolt length and spacing and shotcrete thickness. In both systems, the rock bolt spacing and shotcrete thickness selection are based on the same principle, which is used for the back-calculation of the rock-mass quality. For back-calculation, there is no criterion for the selection of rock-bolt-spacing-based rock-mass quality weightage and shotcrete thickness along with tunnel-span-based rock-mass quality weightage. To determine this weightage effect during the back-calculation, five weightage cases are selected, explained through example, and applied using published data. In the RMR system, the weightage effect is expressed in terms of the difference between the calculated and back-calculated rock-mass quality in the two versions of RMR. In the Q system, the weightage effect is presented in plots of stress reduction factor versus relative block size. The results show that the weightage effect during back-calculation not only depends on the difference in rock-bolt-spacing-based rock-mass quality and shotcrete along with tunnel-span-based rock-mass quality, but also on their corresponding values.

HYPOCHROMIC MICROCYTIC ANEMIA OF INFANCY: IRON DEPLETION AS A FACTOR

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 959-978
Author(s):  
Hugh W. Josephs
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Microcytic Anemia ◽  
Severe Anemia ◽  
Iron Depletion ◽  
Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia ◽  
Premature Babies ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Insight Into

In this work the author has attempted to gain insight into the significance of iron depletion by the use of 4 simple calculations, justification for which is found in recent articles. These are: (a) iron with which the infant is born; (b) iron retained from the food; (c) iron being used by the tissues and therefore unavailable for hemoglobin, and (d) iron combined with the total mass of hemoglobin. With these 4 figures it is possible to estimate the iron still potentially available for use (the "reserves" or "stones"). When the difference between a + b and c + d has reached about zero, depletion is considered to exist. The following characteristics of depletion may be emphasized: Depletion is the result of gain in weight and maximum possible usage of iron. It is therefore a normal result of growth and need not be associated with anemia. As soon as depletion has occurred, the organism is thereafter dependent on current absorption of iron. This is ordinarily sufficient, even with a diet of milk alone, to maintain an adequate concentration of hemoglobin after about 8 to 10 months of age. Severe anemia due to depletion alone is practically confined to premature babies whose relative gain in weight is rapid. Severe anemia in other than premature babies is the result of a number of factors by which iron becomes unavailable or is actually diverted from hemoglobin to storage. Response to iron medication is considerably better in infants with depletion than in those in whom some factor is present that interferes with iron utilization, and which is not connected by the mere giving of iron. The dependence on current absorption, whether the result of depletion or non-availability, introduces a certain precariousness which is apparently characteristic of this time of life. The organism gets along from day to day if nothing happens, but may not be able to meet an emergency, whether this appears as a rapid gain in weight, or a necessity to repair damage done by severe infection. If we consider iron deficiency as the cause of anemia, we can think of deficiency as due to a number of factors of which depletion is only one. The development and characteristics of depletion have been considered in this paper; other factors in iron deficiency will be considered in subsequent papers.

scholarly journals A Robust Rerank Approach for Feature Selection and Its Application to Pooling-Based GWA Studies

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-Rou Liu ◽  
Po-Hsiu Kuo ◽  
Hung Hung
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Tuning Parameter ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Tuning Parameters ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Feature Based ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Gwa Studies ◽  
Selection Of

Large-p-small-ndatasets are commonly encountered in modern biomedical studies. To detect the difference between two groups, conventional methods would fail to apply due to the instability in estimating variances int-test and a high proportion of tied values in AUC (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) estimates. The significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) may also not be satisfactory, since its performance is sensitive to the tuning parameter, and its selection is not straightforward. In this work, we propose a robust rerank approach to overcome the above-mentioned diffculties. In particular, we obtain a rank-based statistic for each feature based on the concept of “rank-over-variable.” Techniques of “random subset” and “rerank” are then iteratively applied to rank features, and the leading features will be selected for further studies. The proposed re-rank approach is especially applicable for large-p-small-ndatasets. Moreover, it is insensitive to the selection of tuning parameters, which is an appealing property for practical implementation. Simulation studies and real data analysis of pooling-based genome wide association (GWA) studies demonstrate the usefulness of our method.

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