The stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci in sugar beet: a species of extremes.

2021 ◽  
pp. 388-393
Author(s):  
Sebastian Kiewnick
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Agricultural Plant ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Quarantine Species ◽  
Ditylenchus Dipsaci ◽  
Management Optimization

Abstract The stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci is a migratory endoparasitic nematode of worldwide importance. D. dipsaci was long considered as a species with up to 30 different host races with specific host crop spectra. However, more recent phylogenetic studies showed that isolates from agricultural plant species, including sugar beet, should be considered as D. dipsaci sensu stricto. It is regulated as a quarantine species in many countries and classified as a regulated non-quarantine pest in the European Union to avoid further spread of this nematode by infested seeds or planting material. This chapter discusses the economic importance, distribution, host range, damage symptoms, biology and life cycle, interactions with other nematodes and pathogens, recommended integrated nematode management, and management optimization of D. dipsaci. Future research requirements and future developments are also mentioned.

Integrated nematode management of Ditylenchus dipsaci in onion: a nematode in a world all on its own.

2021 ◽  
pp. 297-303
Author(s):  
Pella Brinkman ◽  
Misghina Goitom Teklu
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Multiplication Rate ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Ditylenchus Dipsaci ◽  
Management Optimization

Abstract Stem and bulb nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci, is one of the few plant parasitic nematode species infesting above-ground plant parts. It can be transmitted through infested planting material and seed, survive longer periods in the soil, has a broad host range and a relatively short life cycle and high multiplication rate. Further, it is able to cause substantial post-harvest losses in stored onions, making it a difficult nematode to manage. This chapter discusses the economic importance, geographical distribution, host range, damage symptoms, biology and life cycle, interactions with other nematodes and pathogens, recommended integrated management, and management optimization of D. dipsaci. Future research requirements and future developments are also mentioned.

The beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii): an ancient threat to sugar beet crops in Central Europe has become an invisible actor.

2021 ◽  
pp. 394-399
Author(s):  
Matthias Daub
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Beet Cyst Nematode ◽  
Management Optimization ◽  
Damage Symptoms

Abstract The beet cyst nematode (BCN) was one of the first discovered plant parasitic nematodes. Heterodera schachtii was observed in 1859 in Halle in Central Germany by the botanist Herman Schacht and described later by Adolf Schmidt in 1871, who named this cyst nematode species after its original discoverer. Partly due to the lack of knowledge about the effect of sugar beet monocultures on the population build-up of BCN, this nematode had a devastating impact on sugar production in 1876 that led to the shutdown of 24 sugar factories in Germany. This chapter discusses the economic importance, distribution, host range, damage symptoms, biology and life cycle, interactions with other nematodes and pathogens, recommended integrated management, and management optimization of H. schachtii. Future research requirements and future developments are also mentioned.

scholarly journals Effect of the Application Date of Fertilizer Containing Silicon and Potassium on the Yield and Technological Quality of Sugar Beet Roots

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 370
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Artyszak ◽  
Dariusz Gozdowski ◽  
Alicja Siuda
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Technological Quality

Water shortage and drought are a growing problem in Europe. Therefore, effective methods for limiting its effects are necessary. At the same time, the “field to fork” strategy adopted by the European Commission aims to achieve a significant reduction in the use of plant protection products and fertilizers in the European Union. In an experiment conducted in 2018–2020, the effect of the method of foliar fertilization containing silicon and potassium on the yield and technological quality of sugar beet roots was assessed. The fertilizer was used in seven combinations, differing in the number and time of application. The best results were obtained by treating plants during drought stress. The better soil moisture for the plants, the smaller the pure sugar yield increase was observed. It is difficult to clearly state which combination of silicon and potassium foliar application is optimal, as their effects do not differ greatly.

scholarly journals Integration of Digital Economy and Circular Economy: Current Status and Future Directions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7217
Author(s):  
Zhen Liu ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
Mohamed Osmani
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Disruptive Effect ◽  
The European Union

Circular economy (CE) is a concept actively advocated by the European Union (EU), China, Japan, and the United Kingdom. At present, CE is considered to grant the most traction for companies to achieve sustainable development. However, CE is still rarely adopted by enterprises. As the backbone of the fourth industrial revolution, the digital economy (DE) is considered to have a disruptive effect. Studies have shown that digital technology has great potential in promoting the development of CE. Especially during the COVID-19 epidemic that has severely negatively affected the global economy, environment, and society, CE and DE are receiving high attention from policy makers, practitioners, and scholars around the world. However, the integration of CE and digital technology is a small and rapidly developing research field that is still in its infancy. Although there is a large amount of research in the fields of CE and DE, respectively, there are few studies that look into integrating these two fields. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore the research progress and trends of the integration of CE and DE, and provide an overview for future research. This paper adopts a bibliometric research method, employs the Web of Science database as its literature source, and uses VOSviewer visual software to carry out keyword co-occurrence analysis, which focuses on publication trends, journal sources, keyword visualization, multidisciplinary areas, life cycle stages, and application fields.

To bee or not to beet with neonicotinoids

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
Lynda M. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Standards ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Precautionary Approach ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Commercial Sugar ◽  
The Uk ◽  
First Time

In January 2021 the UK government granted an application for authorisation to use thiamethoxam, a neonicotinoid pesticide, to protect commercial sugar beet crops from attack by viruses transmitted by aphids. This was the first time such an authorisation had been granted in the United Kingdom (UK) and there were concerns that it signalled a weakening of environmental standards now that the UK was no longer part of the European Union. In fact, similar authorisations had been granted by several European Member States in the last 2 years, despite the ban on the use of neonicotinoids introduced in 2018. Nevertheless, the reasons for granting the authorisation do suggest that the balance between adopting a precautionary approach to environmental protection and taking emergency action to protect economic interests may have shifted. It was acknowledged that the proposed mitigation to safeguard bees and other wildlife was not entirely satisfactory. In the end, due to unforeseen weather conditions it meant that the pesticide is not necessary, which in itself demonstrates that short-term emergency measures are unsuitable for dealing with the problem. If the sugar beet industry is to continue to prosper in the UK, it will need to be managed in a way that provides resistance to virus infection without the use of controversial chemicals.

scholarly journals Re-evaluating the post-communist success story: party elite loyalty, citizen mobilization and the erosion of Hungarian democracy

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lise Esther Herman
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Change ◽  
Democratic Consolidation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Success Story ◽  
Party Strategies ◽  
Hungarian Case ◽  
Constitutional Revolution

In light of the instability of several Central Eastern European democracies following their accession to the European Union, most dramatically embodied by the ‘constitutional revolution’ taking place in Hungary since April 2010, this paper offers a critical reading of the dominant, rational-institutionalist model of democratic consolidation. Drawing on the Hungarian case, it argues that the conditions set out by this model are insufficient for ensuring a democratic regime against erosion. On this basis, the paper considers additional elements to understand Fidesz’s reforms: the importance of deeper commitments to democracy among the leadership of mainstream parties, and the pivotal role of party strategies of citizen mobilization in the consolidation of young democracies. Drawing on these insights, the paper argues for approaching democratic consolidation as an agent-led process of cultural change, emphasizing the socializing role of mainstream parties’ strategies of mobilization in the emergence of a democratic political culture. The last section concludes with methodological and empirical considerations, outlining a three-fold agenda for future research.

scholarly journals A New Clone Sweeps Clean: the Enigmatic Emergence of Escherichia coli Sequence Type 131

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 4997-5004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritu Banerjee ◽  
James R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Sequence Type ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Ecological Success

ABSTRACTEscherichia colisequence type 131 (ST131) is an extensively antimicrobial-resistantE. coliclonal group that has spread explosively throughout the world. Recent molecular epidemiologic and whole-genome phylogenetic studies have elucidated the fine clonal structure of ST131, which comprises multiple ST131 subclones with distinctive resistance profiles, including the (nested) H30, H30-R, and H30-Rx subclones. The most prevalent ST131 subclone, H30, arose from a single common fluoroquinolone (FQ)-susceptible ancestor containing allele 30 offimH(type 1 fimbrial adhesin gene). An early H30 subclone member acquired FQ resistance and launched the rapid expansion of the resulting FQ-resistant subclone, H30-R. Subsequently, a member of H30-R acquired the CTX-M-15 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and launched the rapid expansion of the CTX-M-15-containing subclone within H30-R, H30-Rx. Clonal expansion clearly is now the dominant mechanism for the rising prevalence of both FQ resistance and CTX-M-15 production in ST131 and inE. coligenerally. Reasons for the successful dissemination and expansion of the key ST131 subclones remain undefined but may include increased transmissibility, greater ability to colonize and/or persist in the intestine or urinary tract, enhanced virulence, and more-extensive antimicrobial resistance compared to otherE. coli. Here we discuss the epidemiology and molecular phylogeny of ST131 and its key subclones, possible mechanisms for their ecological success, implications of their widespread dissemination, and future research needs.

scholarly journals Heavy metals content in soils and cocoa tissues in Magdalena department Colombia: emphasis in cadmium

ENTRAMADO ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-310
Author(s):  
Sonia Esperanza Aguirre-Forero ◽  
Nelson  Virgilio Piraneque-Gambasica ◽  
José Rafael Vásquez-Polo
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Potential Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Tropical Asia ◽  
Cr Content ◽  
Foliage Leaf ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is a species originating from the humid tropics. Over 70,000 km2 worldwide is dedicated to growing cocoa, and approximately 30% of its global production is concentrated in the equatorial regions of Central and South America, the Antilles and tropical Asia. The demand for cocoa is growing significantly, but the presence of cadmium (Cd) in the species is a potential problem limiting its commercialization. The present study determined the Cd, Ni, Pb and Cr content in two cocoa-producing regions in northern Colombia. Foliage (leaf, bean and shell) and soil were analyzed. The mean Ni, Pb and Cr content in the plant tissue did not exceed the maximum permissible limits set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The mean Cd content in the beans was 0.51 mg kg-1 in region 1 and 0.66 mg kg-1 in region 2, which are considered risky per reports from the European Union and restrict the product’s export. These results serve as a reference for future research on cocoa.  

scholarly journals Entrepreneurial Innovation: the European Union perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augustin Ignatov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Business Innovation ◽  
The North ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Entrepreneurial Innovation ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Entrepreneurship is the driving force of economic development and progress. A successful state, first of all, provides favourable conditions motivating the businesses to grow and flourish. Presently, the European Union is developing unevenly with multiple economic misbalances across the community, the West and the North being more competitive than the South and the East. The aim of the present research is to examine the framework of interdependence between the degree to which the governance quality and economic freedom in the European Union are supporting entrepreneurial activities and the performance of the community in terms of entrepreneurial innovation. The results reached through applying both qualitative and quantitative analyses show that the interdependence between entrepreneurial innovation and regulatory efficiency is strong for many of the European Union states which is determined by multiple factors including the institutional and economic ones. Also, the present paper underlines the importance of the proper regulatory framework for the efficient development of business innovation. The future research on this matter could consider in depth the impact of socio-cultural environment, its influence on the quality of governance and the impact of both upon the European entrepreneurial innovation.

scholarly journals Efficiency and Persistence of Movento® Treatment against Myzus persicae and the Transmission of Aphid-Borne Viruses

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2747
Author(s):  
Thomas Armand ◽  
Luâna Korn ◽  
Elodie Pichon ◽  
Marlène Souquet ◽  
Mélissandre Barbet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Viral Transmission ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
The Impact

Neonicotinoids are widely used to protect fields against aphid-borne viral diseases. The recent ban of these chemical compounds in the European Union has strongly impacted rapeseed and sugar beet growing practices. The poor sustainability of other insecticide families and the low efficiency of prophylactic methods to control aphid populations and pathogen introduction strengthen the need to characterize the efficiency of new plant protection products targeting aphids. In this study, the impact of Movento® (Bayer S.A.S., Leverkusen, Germany), a tetrameric acid derivative of spirotetramat, on Myzus persicae and on viral transmission was analyzed under different growing temperatures. The results show (i) the high efficiency of Movento® to protect rapeseed and sugar beet plants against the establishment of aphid colonies, (ii) the impact of temperature on the persistence of the Movento® aphicid properties and (iii) a decrease of approximately 10% of the viral transmission on treated plants. These observations suggest a beneficial effect of Movento® on the sanitary quality of treated crops by directly reducing primary infections and indirectly altering, through aphid mortality, secondary infections on which the spread of disease within field depends. These data constitute important elements for the future development of management strategies to protect crops against aphid-transmitted viruses.

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