The structure of trees.

2022 ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
T. M. DeJong
Keyword(s):  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Structural Strength ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
The Body ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Nutrient Storage ◽  
Meristematic Cells ◽  
Canopy Size ◽  
Periods Of Stress ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Trees are, by definition, the tallest land plants. To grow tall over multiple years they must solve several problems: structural strength; carbohydrate and nutrient storage capacity to survive and regrow after periods of stress; and conductive capacity for water, carbohydrates and nutrients must be increased/renewed over time to keep pace with increases in canopy size. Additionally, apical meristems must be capable of surviving through periods of stress (especially over winter or during drought). Structural strength, storage capacity and water, carbohydrate and nutrient conductive capacity are provided by cells derived from a sheath of meristematic cells (vascular cambium) that surround the body of trees (shoots, stems, branches, trunk, perennial roots). This chapter describes the structure of fruit trees.

scholarly journals The prevalence of underweight in 9–10-year-old schoolchildren in Liverpool: 1998–2006

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 953-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynne M Boddy ◽  
Allan F Hackett ◽  
Gareth Stratton
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrum ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fitness Testing ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Substantial Problem ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of underweight between 1998 and 2006 in Liverpool schoolchildren aged 9–10 years using recently published underweight cut-off points.Design and settingStature and body mass data collected at the LiverpoolSportsLinx project’s fitness testing sessions were used to calculate BMI.SubjectsData were available on 26 782 (n13 637 boys, 13 145 girls) participants.ResultsOverall underweight declined in boys from 10·3 % in 1998–1999 to 6·9 % in 2005–2006, and all sub-classifications of underweight declined, in particular grade 3 underweight, with the most recent prevalence being 0·1 %. In girls, the prevalence of underweight declined from 10·8 % in 1998–1999 to 7·5 % in 2005–2006. The prevalence of all grades of underweight was higher in girls than in boys. Underweight showed a fluctuating pattern across all grades over time for boys and girls, and overall prevalence in 2005–2006 represents over 200 children across the city.ConclusionsUnderweight may have reduced slightly from baseline, but remains a substantial problem in Liverpool, with the prevalence of overall underweight being relatively similar to the prevalence of obesity. The present study highlights the requirement for policy makers and funders to consider both ends of the body mass spectrum when fixing priorities in child health.

scholarly journals Detection of Acetaminophen and Its Glucuronide in Fingerprint by SALDI Mass Spectrometry Using Zeolite and Study of Time-Dependent Changes in Detected Ion Amount

Analytica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 66-75
Author(s):  
Toshiki Horikoshi ◽  
Chihiro Kitaoka ◽  
Yosuke Fujii ◽  
Takashi Asano ◽  
Jiawei Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Laser Desorption ◽  
The Body ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Laser Desorption Ionization ◽  
Fingerprint Analysis ◽  
Desorption Ionization ◽  
Acid Conjugate ◽  
Over Time

The ingredients of an antipyretic (acetaminophen, AAP) and their metabolites excreted into fingerprint were detected by surface-assisted laser desorption ionization (SALDI) mass spectrometry using zeolite. In the fingerprint taken 4 h after AAP ingestion, not only AAP but also the glucuronic acid conjugate of AAP (GAAP), caffeine (Caf), ethenzamide (Eth), salicylamide (Sala; a metabolite of Eth), and urea were detected. Fingerprints were collected over time to determine how the amounts of AAP and its metabolite changed with time, and the time dependence of the peak intensities of protonated AAP and GAAP was measured. It was found that the increase of [GAAP+H]+ peak started later than that of [AAP+H]+ peak, reflecting the metabolism of AAP. Both AAP and GAAP reached maximum concentrations approximately 3 h after ingestion, and were excreted from the body with a half-life of approximately 3.3 h. In addition, fingerprint preservation was confirmed by optical microscopy, and fingerprint shape was retained even after laser irradiation of the fingerprint. Our method may be used in fingerprint analysis.

scholarly journals On rolling friction

2019 ◽  
Vol 485 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-299
Author(s):  
A. P. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Viscous Friction ◽  
Rolling Friction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Normal Velocity ◽  
Contact Conditions ◽  
Combined Motion ◽  
Pure Rolling ◽  
Over Time

The dependence of rolling friction on velocity for various contact conditions is discussed. The principal difference between rolling and other types of relative motion (sliding and spinning) is that the points of the body in contact with the support change over time. Due to deformations, there is a small contact area and, entering into contact, the body points have a normal velocity proportional to the diameter of this area. For describing the dependence of the friction coefficient on the angular velocity in the case of “pure” rolling, a linear dependence is proposed that admits a logical explanation and experimental verification. Under the combined motion, the rolling friction retains its properties, the sliding and spinning friction acquiring the properties of viscous friction.

scholarly journals Impact of Baseline BMI upon the Success of Latina Participants Enrolled in a 6-Month Physical Activity Intervention

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheri J. Hartman ◽  
Shira I. Dunsiger ◽  
Dori W. Pekmezi ◽  
Brooke Barbera ◽  
Charles J. Neighbors ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Physical Activity Intervention ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physical Activity Interventions ◽  
Family Social Support ◽  
Longitudinal Regression ◽  
Baseline Bmi ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

High rates of obesity in Latinas highlight the need to determine if physical activity interventions are equally effective across the body mass index (BMI) range. Thus, this study assessed how BMI impacts success of Spanish-speaking Latinas in a culturally and linguistically adapted theory-based physical activity intervention (). Longitudinal regression models tested the relationship between baseline BMI and outcomes. Overall, a trend for a negative association was found between baseline BMI and self-reported physical activity and theoretical constructs targeted by the intervention over time. For example, someone with a 25 kg/m2BMI would report, on average, 27.5 more minutes/week of activity compared to someone with a 30 kg/m2BMI at followup. Furthermore, higher baseline BMI was significantly associated with lower self-efficacy, behavioral and cognitive processes of change, and family social support over time. These findings suggest that participants with higher BMI may need additional intervention to promote physical activity.

Assessing IPR Disclosure within Standard Setting

2015 ◽  
pp. 86-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Layne-Farrar
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mobile Telephony ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Patent Holder ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Full Knowledge ◽  
Over Time

As part of its “policy project to examine the legal and policy issues surrounding the problem of potential patent ‘hold-up' when patented technologies are included in collaborative standards,” the Federal Trade Commission held an all-day workshop on June 21, 2011. The first panel of the day focused on patent disclosure rules intended to encourage full knowledge of patents “essential” for a standard and therefore to prevent patent ambush. When patents are disclosed after a standard is defined, the patent holder may have enhanced bargaining power that it can exploit to charge excessive royalties (e.g., greater than the value the patented technology contributes to the product complying with the standard). In this chapter, the authors present a case study on patent disclosure within the ICT sector. Specifically, they take an empirical look at the timing of patent disclosures within the European Telecommunications Standards Institute, the body responsible for some of the world's most prevalent mobile telephony standards. They find that most members officially disclose their potentially relevant patents after the standard is published, and sometimes considerably so. On the other hand, the authors also find that the delay in declaring patents to ETSI standards has been shrinking over time, with disclosures occurring closer to (although for the most part still after) the standard publication date for more recent standard generations as compared to earlier ones. This latter finding coincides with ETSI policy changes, suggesting that standards bodies may be able to improve patent disclosure with more precise rules.

How Is Watching Done?

2022 ◽  
pp. 64-80
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Visual Process ◽  
Primary Mechanism ◽  
Over Time

The process of surveillance has changed over time, as the object of surveillance—the narratives—have evolved. The primary mechanism of surveillance involved studying the analog body by watching the activities that the body performed. As such, the visual process, using cameras of different capabilities, has been a key way for watching. With the increasing digitization, the watching has relied on methods that capture the data about institutions and people.

Principles of echocardiographic imaging and velocity assessment by Doppler and speckle tracking

ESC CardioMed ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 419-422
Author(s):  
Jens-Uwe Voigt
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Shift ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Speckle Tracking ◽  
The Body ◽  
Velocity Spectrum ◽  
Ultrasound Waves ◽  
Scan Line ◽  
Over Time

Ultrasound waves which are sent with a focussed beam into the body and which are reflected and scattered by tissue boundaries are used to compose an image of the heart. The display of a single scan line over time is called M-mode. B-mode images show a 2-dimensional cross section of the heart. A frequency shift of the reflected soundwaves indicates that the reflector is moving which allows to calculate tissue or blood velocities. Velocities are displayed as velocity spectrum or as colour coded overlay over the B-mode image. These so-called Doppler measurements measure true velocities only along the scan line. Alternatively, structures with an individual texture can be followed over time, which also allows to measure motion and deformation of the myocardium.

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antimicrobials

2012 ◽  
pp. 3-13
Author(s):  
Lynn L. Estes
Keyword(s):  
Protein Binding ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Drug Concentration ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
Pharmacologic Effect ◽  
Over Time

Pharmacokinetics is the disposition of drugs in the body (how the body acts on the drug); it incorporates terms such as absorption, bioavailability, distribution, protein binding, metabolism, and elimination. Pharmacodynamics is the interaction between the drug concentration at the site of action over time (drug exposure) and the pharmacologic effect, which, in the case of antimicrobials, is eradication of microorganisms. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are interrelated. Both need to be taken into account to optimize antimicrobial therapy.

Exercise training-induced changes in the gut microbiota of Standardbred racehorses

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.H.D. Janabi ◽  
A.S. Biddle ◽  
D. Klein ◽  
K.H. McKeever
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Training Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Shannon Diversity Index ◽  
Training Period ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Shannon Diversity ◽  
Over Time

Exercise has a significant effect on different physiological systems in the body of human and animals. Only limited numbers of published studies in laboratory animals or humans have shown the effect of exercise on the gut microbiota, and no studies have shown this effect in horses. In this study, 8 horses (4 mares, 4 geldings) were exercise trained for 12 weeks, and 4 additional mares were used as a parallel seasonal control. To identify bacterial community changes over time for both groups, rectal faecal samples were collected, DNA was extracted, and the 16S rRNA gene (V3-V4) was sequenced using the Illumina Miseq platform. One-way ANOVA, Shannon diversity index, and Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) were used to identify differences between and among samples. The exercise training group showed significant changes in the levels of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Spirochaetes phyla (P<0.05), while there were no changes in the gut microbiota of the seasonal control group through the three months of the study (P>0.05). Moreover, with training two genera significantly changed in their relative abundance over time, namely Clostridium and Dysgonomonas (P<0.05). Dysgonomonas spp. was significantly changed in abundance during the exercise training period (P<0.05). Also Treponema spp. showed significant changes during the exercise training period (P<0.05). Shannon diversity index was decreased (P<0.05) in the exercise group at the beginning of the study, but then returned to pre-training levels. PCoA showed significant separation between time points of the exercise training group as far as the levels of genera and species (P<0.05) represented. Our results show that exercise training influences the gut microbiota, especially at the beginning of training.

The Map of the Body

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine T. James
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Do So

The descriptive poems of the Song (sometimes called waṣfs) are three long texts that punctuate and lend a sense of overall structure to the Song. In these poems, the lover’s body is described as a landscape. This chapter offers a reading of these three texts together as a conceit of process. It argues that the landscape concept relies on an intuition of perspective—of viewing—that orders the audience’s response to the poem’s subject. The descriptive poems build a progressively more developed vision of the lover’s body as a map. As they do so, they model a way of seeing—a lover’s vision—that sees with increasing complexity over time.

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