scholarly journals Carbohydrate utilization in the pre-ruminant calf

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Siddons ◽  
R. H. Smith ◽  
M. J. Henschel ◽  
W. B. Hill ◽  
J. W. G. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Carbohydrate Utilization ◽  
Proximal Duodenum ◽  
Preferential Uptake ◽  
Sugar Levels

1. Changes in blood sugar levels after giving carbohydrates have been used to assess carbohydrate utilization in pre-ruminant calves aged between 10 and 50 days.2. Glucose, galactose and lactose were readily utilized by all calves; the utilization of glucose and galactose increased with age, whereas that of lactose remained constant.3. Maltose and fructose utilization was low in young calves and increased slightly with age.4. Sucrose and starch were not utilized.5. Studies with three older pre-ruminant calves (aged 53, 88 and 106 days) in which the carbohydrates were infused into the proximal duodenum showed that glucose, galactose, lactose and xylose all caused marked increases in the level of blood reducing sugar, whereas fructose and sucrose caused no increase, and maltose was intermediate. Xylose and galactose caused very little change in the blood glucose concentration.6. It appeared that preferential uptake occurred of glucose from a glucose-galactose mixture.7. A non-linear relationship was found between the concentration of glucose or galactose infused and the increase in the level of blood reducing sugar.

The Research Progress of DPP-4 Inhibitors

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 1709-1718
Author(s):  
Zhi-Gang Sun ◽  
Zhi-Na Li ◽  
Hai-Liang Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 ◽  
Type 2 Dm ◽  
Reduce Blood Glucose ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Diabetes Patients

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease, and diabetes patients have long-term higher blood sugar levels than standard. Most people with diabetes have complications that greatly affect their standard of living. Patients with type 2 DM occupy the vast majority of all diabetes patients. Glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1) secreted by intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells is a small molecule polypeptide, which is glucose concentration-dependent and can effectively reduce blood glucose concentration. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is an important target for the treatment of type 2 DM because it can degrade GLP-1. DPP-4 inhibitors can enhance the blood glucose lowering effect of GLP-1 by inhibiting DPP-4. This article summarizes the development of DPP-4 inhibitors from 2015 to 2019, and can provide helpful information for the discovery of novel DPP-4 inhibitors in the future.

Changes in the Saccharoid Fraction in Rats with Alloxan-Induced Diabetes or Injected with Epinephrine

1971 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 915-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Jafar Alam ◽  
M Ataur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Sugar Phosphates ◽  
Reducing Substances

Abstract "Saccharoid fraction," defined as the nonglucose reducing substances in blood, increases both in hyperglycemia (blood glucose concentration exceeding 280 mg/dl) and hypoglycemia (blood sugar less than 65 mg/dl) in rats. This increase is not completely accounted for by glutathione, glucuronic acid, ascorbic acid, uric acid, and creatinine. Some of the constituents of saccharoid fraction seem to be insulin-sensitive. Alloxan not only produces diabetes in rats but also increases blood glucuronic acid, ascorbic acid, and uric acid. Estimated constituents of saccharoid fraction account for only 45% to 75% of the saccharoid fraction. The unaccounted-for saccharoid fraction shows changes similar to those in the accounted-for saccharoid fraction, in the diabetic rats, as was also the case after treatment with insulin of normal or diabetic animals. The fraction not accounted for by the estimated constituents may represent the reducing sugar phosphates present in the blood.

scholarly journals Influence of Artificial Sweetener on Human Blood Glucose Concentration

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1618-1621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilse Skokan ◽  
P. Christian Endler ◽  
Beatrix Wulkersdorfer ◽  
Dieter Magometschnigg ◽  
Heinz Spranger
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Test Solution ◽  
Artificial Sweeteners ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Artificial Sweetener ◽  
Blood Sugar Concentration

Artificial sweeteners, such as saccharin or cyclamic acid are synthetically manufactured sweetenings. Known for their low energetic value they serve especially diabetic and adipose patients as sugar substitutes. It has been hypothesized that the substitution of sugar with artificial sweeteners may induce a decrease of the blood glucose. The aim of this study was to determine the reliability of this hypothesis by comparing the influence of regular table sugar and artificial sweeteners on the blood glucose concentration. In this pilot-study 16 patients were included suffering from adiposity, pre-diabetes and hypertension. In the sense of a cross-over design, three test trials were performed at intervals of several weeks. Each trial was followed by a test free interval. Within one test trial each patient consumed 150 ml test solution (water) that contained either 6 g of table sugar (“Kandisin”) with sweetener free serving as control group. Tests were performed within 1 hr after lunch to ensure conditions comparable to patients having a desert. Every participant had to determine their blood glucose concentration immediately before and 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes after the intake of the test solution. For statistics an analysis of variance was performed. The data showed no significant changes in the blood glucose concentration. Neither the application of sugar (F4;60= 1.645; p = .175) nor the consumption of an artificial sweetener (F2.068;31.023= 1.551; p > .05) caused significant fluctuations in the blood sugar levels. Over a time frame of 60 minutes in the control group a significant decrease of the blood sugar concentration was found (F2.457;36.849= 4.005; p = .020) as a physiological reaction during lunch digestion.

scholarly journals Modeling the Effect of Subcutaneous Lixisenatide on Glucoregulatory Endocrine Secretions and Gastric Emptying in Type 2 Diabetes to Simulate the Effect of iGlarLixi Administration Timing on Blood Sugar Profiles

2021 ◽  
pp. 193229682110156
Author(s):  
Thibault Gautier ◽  
Rupesh Silwal ◽  
Aramesh Saremi ◽  
Anders Boss ◽  
Marc D. Breton
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Selection Procedure ◽  
Model Complexity ◽  
Evening Meal ◽  
Administration Timing

Background: As type 2 diabetes (T2D) progresses, intensification to combination therapies, such as iGlarLixi (a fixed-ratio GLP-1 RA and basal insulin combination), may be required. Here a simulation study was used to assess the effect of iGlarLixi administration timing (am vs pm) on blood sugar profiles. Methods: Models of lixisenatide were built with a selection procedure, optimizing measurement fits and model complexity, and were included in a pre-existing T2D simulation platform containing glargine models. With the resulting tool, a simulated trial was conducted with 100 in-silico participants with T2D. Individuals were given iGLarLixi either before breakfast or before an evening meal for 2 weeks and daily glycemic profiles were analyzed. In the model, breakfast was considered the largest meal of the day. Results: A similar percentage of time within 24 hours was spent with blood sugar levels between 70 to 180 mg/dL when iGlarLixi was administered pre-breakfast or pre-evening meal (73% vs 71%, respectively). Overall percent of time with blood glucose levels above 180 mg/dL within a 24-hour period was similar when iGlarLixi was administered pre-breakfast or pre-evening meal (26% vs 28%, respectively). Rates of hypoglycemia were low in both regimens, with a blood glucose concentration of below 70 mg/dL only observed for 1% of the 24-hour time period for either timing of administration. Conclusions: Good efficacy was observed when iGlarlixi was administered pre-breakfast; however, administration of iGlarlixi pre-evening meal was also deemed to be effective, even though in the model the size of the evening meal was smaller than that of the breakfast.

PKC-mediated toxicity of elevated glucose concentration on cardiomyocyte function

2014 ◽  
Vol 307 (4) ◽  
pp. H587-H597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Sims ◽  
James Winter ◽  
Sean Brennan ◽  
Robert I. Norman ◽  
G. André Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Contractile Function ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
Patch Clamp Recording ◽  
Electrical Stability ◽  
Extracellular Glucose Concentration ◽  
Extracellular Glucose

While it is well established that mortality risk after myocardial infarction (MI) increases in proportion to blood glucose concentration at the time of admission, it is unclear whether there is a direct, causal relationship. We investigated potential mechanisms by which increased blood glucose may exert cardiotoxicity. Using a Wistar rat or guinea-pig isolated cardiomyocyte model, we investigated the effects on cardiomyocyte function and electrical stability of alterations in extracellular glucose concentration. Contractile function studies using electric field stimulation (EFS), patch-clamp recording, and Ca2+ imaging were used to determine the effects of increased extracellular glucose concentration on cardiomyocyte function. Increasing glucose from 5 to 20 mM caused prolongation of the action potential and increased both basal Ca2+ and variability of the Ca2+ transient amplitude. Elevated extracellular glucose concentration also attenuated the protection afforded by ischemic preconditioning (IPC), as assessed using a simulated ischemia and reperfusion model. Inhibition of PKCα and β, using Gö6976 or specific inhibitor peptides, attenuated the detrimental effects of glucose and restored the cardioprotected phenotype to IPC cells. Increased glucose concentration did not attenuate the cardioprotective role of PKCε, but rather activation of PKCα and β masked its beneficial effect. Elevated extracellular glucose concentration exerts acute cardiotoxicity mediated via PKCα and β. Inhibition of these PKC isoenzymes abolishes the cardiotoxic effects and restores IPC-mediated cardioprotection. These data support a direct link between hyperglycemia and adverse outcome after MI. Cardiac-specific PKCα and β inhibition may be of clinical benefit in this setting.

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