scholarly journals The effects of environmental temperature on the growth and metabolism of pigs given different amounts of food

1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Fuller ◽  
A. W. Boyne
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
The Mean

1. Twelve castrated male pigs were kept at each of three temperatures and given food at one of three levels of intake. The temperatures and daily food intakes (expressed as g/kg0.73) were 23° (80, 100, 120), 13° (100, 120, 140), 3–5° (120, 140, 160). Growth and nitrogen metabolism were measured during growth from 20 kglive weight until slaughter at gokg live weight, when the body contents of N and fat were estimated.2. Growth rate increased with each unit of daily food intake (I g/kg0.73 live weight) by 7.73 ± 0.74 g/d. This value did not vary significantly with temperature. Daily growth rate was depressed by 17.8 ± 2.3 g for each I° fall of temperature.3. Daily N retention estimated by the balance method exceeded by 2.59 g/d that estimated by the comparative slaughter technique. Both results led to the same conclusion, which echoed that found with growth rate, that there was no significant effect of temperature on the response of N retention to increasing food intake. Taking the mean of the two estimates, N retention at a constant food intake fell by 0.38±0.055 g/d for each I° fall of temperature.4. The N content of the ingesta-free carcass at slaughter fell with each increase in daily food intake by 0.007±0.002%, and the fat content rose correspondingly by 0.116±0.027%. These regressions did not vary significantly with temperature. When considered at a constant food intake, body composition did not alter significantly with temperature.

Growth and food intake curves for group-housed gilts and castrated male pigs

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Andersen ◽  
B. Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Random Regression ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Food Efficiency ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
The Difference

AbstractPolynomial models with random regression coefficients were used to describe cumulated food intake and gain as a function of number of days on test for gilts and castrated male pigs which were on test from 30 to 115 kg live weight. Growth rate and daily food intake were expressed as the derivative of the curves. The applied models allowed a separation of between and within animal variation. Confidence limits for average curves and prediction limits for individual curves were also obtained. A similar model was used to describe gain as a function of cumulated food intake. From this function food efficiency was obtained. The application of the results in stochastic simulation models is discussed.Growth rate and daily food intake had a more curvilinear progress for castrated males than for gilts. It was estimated that 98% of the castrated males and 96% of the gilts had a lower growth rate at day 80 than at day 50; 74% of the castrated males and 48% of the gilts had a lower daily food intake at day 100 than at day 80. On average food efficiency of gilts was higher than food efficiency of castrated males and the difference increased through the test period.

The effect of nutrition on the reproductive performance of first-litter sows 3. The response to graded increases in food intake during lactation

1986 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. King ◽  
A. C. Dunkin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Mating Interval ◽  
Linear Regressions

ABSTRACTSeventy-two animals were used in an experiment to study the response of first-litter sows to graded increases in daily food intake during a 28-day lactation. Six food intakes, ranging from 1·5 to 4·8 kg/day were compared. The results showed that both live-weight loss and backfat loss during lactation increased linearly as food intake decreased (P < 0·01).Subsequent ovulation rate was unaffected by food intake but both weaning to mating interval (Y,, days) and the proportion of sows exhibiting oestrus within 8 days of weaning (Y2)improve d linearly with increase in daily food intake during lactation (X, kg) (P < 0·01); the respective linear regressions being Y, = 39·0 - 6·26 and Y2 = 0·198A - 0·15. A sub-group of 24 gilts which were older at first conception (340·5 v. 213·5 days; P < 0·01) exhibited oestrus sooner after their first litters were weaned (12·8 v. 22·1 days; P < 0·05) than the remaining 48 younger animals.Nitrogen balance increased linearly with food intake (P < 0·01) but even at the highest food intake, nitrogen balance remained negative (−15·5 g N per day). Food intake had no effect on the growth rate of piglets to 3 weeks of age but in the 4th week of lactation there was a quadratic increase in piglet growth rate as sow food intake increased (P < 0·01).

Multibreed comparisons of British cattle. Variation in body weight, growth rate and food intake

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Thiessen ◽  
Eva Hnizdo ◽  
D. A. G. Maxwell ◽  
D. Gibson ◽  
C. S. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Breed Selection ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

ABSTRACTA multibreed cattle experiment involving 25 British breeds was set up to study genetic variation between breeds and genetic inter-breed relationships for a wide spectrum of traits in order to examine the problems of between-breed testing and selection. The experimental design is described and results on between-breed variation are presented for four traits.All animals were housed indoors and from 12 weeks of age were given a single complete pelleted diet ad libitum through a system of Calan-Broadbent electronic gates. Females were mated to produce one purebred and three crossbred calves, which were reared to slaughter in order to measure the efficiency of the cow-calf unit of production.Results based on a total of 292 animals, with an average of 12 per breed, are presented for body weight, cumulated voluntary food intake, daily weight gain and daily food intake over the age range from 12 to 72 weeks. The 25 breed-mean curves for body weight and cumulated food intake displayed a remarkably uniform pattern of rankings at all ages and the rankings were very similar for both traits.The multibreed design used was effective in estimating between-breed variation as a proportion of total variation for the four traits examined. After approximately 1 year of age, the proportion of variation between breeds was approximately 0·70 for body weight and 0·60 for cumulated voluntary food intake. Changes in these traits could therefore be brought about more effectively by selection between breeds rather than within breeds. For average daily weight gain measured over 12-week intervals, between-breed selection was estimated to be most effective in the period of maximum growth rate between 6 and 9 months of age, when between-breed variation was 0·52 of the total. For average daily food intake, measured over 12-week intervals, between-breed selection was likely to be effective beyond 6 months of age, when the proportion of between-breed variation plateaued at 0·48.At all ages, the coefficient of genetic variation between breeds was approximately 0·14 for body weight and daily gain, and remarkably constant at approximately 0·12 for both daily and cumulated food intake. It is suggested that, for growth and intake traits, the genetic variances within and between breeds remain proportional to each other at all ages.

The effects of pregnancy of the passage of food through the digestive tract of sheep

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham N McC ◽  
AJ Williams
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Food Residues ◽  
Four Levels

The rate of passage of food residues through the digestive tract of pregnant and non-pregnant Merino ewes was measured at four levels of feeding. The passage of digesta became more rapid as the level of feeding was increased, or, the intake being constant, as pregnancy advanced. The mean retention time fell by 3 hr per 100 g increase of food intake, and by 1 to 1½ hr per 100 g increase of estimated weight of concepta at constant intake. The digesta increased by about 150 g dry matter (depending on level of feeding) per 100 g increase of daily food intake and fell by about 150 g per 1000 g increase of estimated weight of concepta. Two alternative explanations of the changes of rate of passage during pregnancy are discussed. While reduction of the quantity of digesta by the increasing bulk of the uterus would tend to curtail appetite, increase of the flow of digesta as a physiological side-effect of pregnancy would tend to enhance appetite. In either case, more rapid passage of digesta would depress the digestibility of some rations and so contribute to undernutrition in late pregnancy.

The effect of nutrition on the reproductive performance of first-litter sows 1. Feeding level during lactation, and between weaning and mating

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. King ◽  
I. H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Lactation Length ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTA factorial experiment was conducted with 80 first-litter sows and involved two levels of feeding during lactation (ad libitum or 2·0 kg/day), and two levels of feeding between weaning and mating (4·0 or 1·5 kg/day).Average lactation length was 32·2 days. Sows given 2·0 kg/day during lactation lost more backfat (6·3 v. 0·9 mm; P < 0·05) and more live weight (36·8 v. 9·1 kg; P < 0·05) during lactation than sows fed ad libitum and whose average daily food intake was 4·47 kg. Sows receiving 20 kg/day during lactation took longer to return to oestrus after weaning. Within 8 days of weaning more sows fed ad libitum during lactation ovulated (0·90 v. 0·40; x2 = 20·0; P < 0·001) and exhibited oestrus (0·78 v. 0·38; x2 = 12·8; P < 0·001) than sows whose food intake throughout lactation was restricted. Ovulation rate, subsequent litter size and embryonic mortality were not significantly affected by feeding level during lactation.Post-weaning feeding level did not affect the interval between weaning and oestrus. However, sows receiving 4·0 kg/day between weaning and mating had higher ovulation rates (14·8 v. 13·0; P < 0·05) and a greater litter size (10·0 v. 8·8; P < 0·1) at the subsequent farrowing.

Feeding Ecology of the Nocturnal Gecko Hemidactylus brookii in Ghana

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Avery
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Feeding Ecology ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe diet of Hemidactylus brookii captured at Legon, Ghana, during July was composed entirely of arthropods; Lepidoptera larvae and cockroaches formed 40% of the total weight of food. Daily food intake during the dry season estimated from production of excretory urates was equivalent to that of small diurnal lizards, and given by the relationship F = 20.9W0.51 where F = food consumption in mg dry weight per day and W = live weight in grams. Daily intake during the wet season was variable and often reduced.

Genetic variation and responses in reproductive performance of sows in lines selected for growth rate under restricted feeding

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Nguyen ◽  
C. P. McPhee ◽  
C. M. Wade
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Gestation Length ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Reproduction Traits

AbstractThe objective of this study was to examine genetic changes in reproduction traits in sows (total number born (TNB), number born alive (NBA), average piglet birth weight (ABW) and number of piglets weaned (NW), body weight prior to mating (MW), gestation length (GL) and daily food intake during lactation (DFI)) in lines of Large White pigs divergently selected over 4 years for high and low post-weaning growth rate on a restricted ration. Heritabilities and repeatabilities of the reproduction traits were also determined. The analyses were carried out on 913 litter records using average information-restricted maximum likelihood method applied to single trait animal models. Estimates of heritability for most traits were small, except for ABW (0·33) and MW (0·35). Estimates of repeatability were slightly higher than those of heritability for TNB, NBA and NW, but they were almost identical for ABW, MW, GL and DFI. After 4 years of selection, the high growth line sows had significantly heavier body weight prior to mating and produced significantly more piglets born alive with heavier average birth weight than the low line sows. There were, however, no statistical differences between the selected lines in TNB or NW. The lower food intake of high relative to low line sows during lactation was not significant, indicating that daily food intake differences found between grower pigs in the high and low lines (2·71 v. 2·76 kg/day, s.e.d. 0·024) on ad libitum feeding were not fully expressed in lactating sows. It is concluded that selection for growth rate on the restricted ration resulted in beneficial effects on important measures of reproductive performance of thea sows.

Short photoperiods counteract the effects of ovariectomy on energy balance of voles

1984 ◽  
Vol 246 (1) ◽  
pp. R31-R34 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Dark ◽  
I. Zucker ◽  
G. N. Wade
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lipoprotein Lipase Activity ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Long Photoperiod

Adult female meadow voles maintained from birth in a long photoperiod (14 h light, 10 h darkness; LD 14:10) were ovariectomized or sham-ovariectomized and housed subsequently in long or short (LD 10:14) photoperiods for 10 wk. Absolute and relative daily food intake, body mass, carcass lipid and water content, and lipoprotein lipase activity of white adipose tissue were reduced in voles housed in short photoperiods. Ovariectomy resulted in increases in food intake and body weight and altered carcass composition in long-day voles, but these changes were negated in voles kept in short photoperiods. Responsiveness to short photoperiods promotes winter weight loss and subsequent energy intake savings and counteracts the body weight increases normally associated with gonadal quiescence and diminished hormone secretion.

Selection for lean growth in pigs with a restricted feeding regime

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 12-12
Author(s):  
M.K. Curran ◽  
N.D. Cameron ◽  
J.C. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Correlated Responses ◽  
Large White ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Feeding Regime ◽  
Lean Growth ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Ad Libitum

Divergent selection lines for lean growth on a restricted feeding regime, in Large White and Landrace pigs, were established to complement the lean growth selection lines on ad-libitum feeding. This study estimated the direct and correlated responses after four generations of selection and the corresponding genetic and phenotypic parameters.The selection objective for lean growth on restricted or scale (LGS) feeding was to obtain equal correlated responses in growth rate and carcass lean content, measured in phenotypic s.d. The selection criterion included measurements of growth rate and ultrasonic backfat depth.Large White (LW) and Landrace (LR) boars and gilts were purchased from eight British nucleus herds and boars from national artificial insemination centres in 1982. Homozygous or heterozygous halothane positive pigs were not included in the experiment. The base populations consisted of 31 LW and 19 LR sires and 57 LW and 67 LR dams. Within each population, there were high and low selection lines with a control line, each consisting of 10 boars and 20 gilts, with a generation interval of 13.5 and 12 months for LW and LR pigs. Animals were performance tested in individual pens from 30±3 kg for a period of 84 days and fed a high energy (13.8 MJ DE/kg DM) and high protein (210 g/kg DM crude protein) pelleted ration. Daily food intake was equal to 0.75 g/g of the daily food intake for ad-libitum fed pigs and the total food intake was 134 kg for LW pigs and 150 kg for LR pigs. On average, 3 boars and 3 gilts were tested per litter. The total number of pigs tested per line and average inbreeding coefficients at generation four, by population are given below.

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