The digestive tract and digestive function in the North American porcupine and beaver

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 967-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conrad Vispo ◽  
Ian D. Hume
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Castor Canadensis ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
The North ◽  
Winter Diet ◽  
Hind Gut

The morphology and function of the digestive tract of the largely arboreal porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) and the semiaquatic beaver (Castor canadensis) were compared in relation to the similarly woody winter diet of these animals. Digesta particle sizes and Ca concentrations were consistently greater along the digestive tract of the beaver than along that of the porcupine. The small intestine of the beaver is 70% longer than that of the porcupine (P < 0.05 by ANCOVA). Both rodents are hind-gut fermenters and there was selective retention of small digesta particles (< 45 μm) in the cecum of both species. Hind-gut fermentation is confined to the cecum in the porcupine, but in the beaver the cecum and proximal colon function together as a fermentation chamber; the two anatomies appear to yield similar amounts of energy from the volatile fatty acids produced by fermentation, equivalent to 18–19% of the basal metabolic rate. A longer distal colon in the porcupine (P < 0.01 by ANCOVA) is related to greater resorption of water than in the beaver; dry matter content of the digesta increased from 13% in the cecum to 40% in the distal colon of the porcupine (P < 0.001 by ANOVA), but only from 20 to 33% in the beaver (P < 0.01 by ANOVA). High levels of Na accumulate in the porcupine cecum, presumably as a result of effective Na-conservation mechanisms.

scholarly journals Rate of passage of digesta in sheep

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Grovum† ◽  
J. F Hecker
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Peak Concentration ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Similar Measurement ◽  
Mathematical Equation ◽  
Hind Gut ◽  
The Times ◽  
Limited Usefulness

1. A simple two-compartment physical model was assembled with the aim of simulating passage of marker through the reticulo-rumen, small intestine, and caecum and proximal colon of sheep. Passage of marker through the whole digestive tract and the hind-gut were also simulated with a computer and methods of describing such results were compared.2. The same mathematical equation applied equally well to the passage of a single injection of marker through the model and whole digestive tract of sheep. The magnitude of a rate-constant, reflecting in theory the retention time of marker in the caecum and proximal colon, was accurate for the model but larger than expected for the sheep. Modifications of the model are discussed which might account for the greater complexity in the biological system.3. The average time available for digestion in the entire gut can be described with R or t and that for the intestinal tract distal to the abomasum with Ri or with a similar measurement ti. The magnitudes of these values and of rate-constants and a transit time of marker in the intestines, derived from the concentration curve of marker excretion in faeces, are closely related. The times for peak concentration of marker in faeces, for 5 and 50% excretion and the 80–5 % excretion time were found to be of limited usefulness in describing the results of rate of passage experiments with sheep.

scholarly journals Diurnal variations in the concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the alimentary tracts of wild rabbits

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Henning ◽  
F. J. R. Hird
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Excretion Pattern ◽  
Colon And Rectum ◽  
High Concentrations

1. Wild rabbits were caught during both phases of the excretory cycle and their gut contents were analysed for volatile fatty acids (VFA).2. All rabbits were found to have high concentrations of VFA in the caecum and in the proximal colon. Acetic was the most abundant acid followed by n-butyric, then propionic.3. VFA concentrations in the caecum and in the proximal colon of rabbits caught during the day and during the night were similar. Hard pellets from the distal colon and rectum of rabbits caught during the night had considerably less VFA than did the soft pellets from rabbits caught during the day.4. Owing to the ingestion of soft faeces, the VFA content of stomach material was greater in rabbits caught during the day than in those caught at night.5. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanism of the diurnal excretion pattern and the role of coprophagy in the rabbit.

scholarly journals The quality of silage of corn grain and spent P. ostreatus mushroom substrate

2007 ◽  
pp. 211-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Adamovic ◽  
Aleksandra Bocarov-Stancic ◽  
Ivanka Milenkovic ◽  
Snezana Strbac ◽  
Ivana Adamovic
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Wood Shaving ◽  
Fermentation Quality ◽  
Substrate Ratio ◽  
Ground Corn ◽  
Corn Grain

The chemical composition, fermentation quality, mycological and mycotoxicological analyses of silage mixture, made of ground corn grain and spent P. ostreatus mushroom substrate, were investigated in this paper. Dry matter content in high moisture ground corn, at the time of ensiling was 70%, and in the spent substrate (on the Salt Cedar wood shaving basis) was 52.7%. Corn grain to spent substrate ratio in trials was: 100:0% (I), 90:10% (II), 80:20% (III) and 70:30% (IV) respectively. Content of the lignocellulose fractions in silage was slightly increased, and protein content was slightly decreased with the increase of spent substrate content. Contents of the VFA (volatile fatty acids) in silage, pH value, and NH3-N content were for the silage of very good quality. In the spent substrate 9 mold species were found, from which the most frequent were genus Penicillium, Paecilomyces variotii, and Trichoderma harzianum. In ground corn grain silage (I) presence of the yeasts was dominant (90.000/g). In combined trials (II-IV) only Penicillium (P. brevicompactum and P. echinulatum) mold species were found. Presence of molds and yeasts in investigated trials was within tolerated values for ensiled feedstuffs. Mycotoxin presence in silage was not determined.

scholarly journals Valorization of dietary lemon pomace waste to enhance lucerne silage composition and quality characteristics, and ruminal biogas production and fermentation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maghsoud Besharati ◽  
Valiollah Palangi ◽  
Zabihollah Nemati ◽  
Rashid Safari ◽  
Abdelfattah Z. M. Salem
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Randomized Design

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adding various levels of waste sour lemon pomace to lucerne on the properties and ruminal gas production of silage. Levels of 0 (Control), 25 (L1), 50 (L2), 75 (L3), and 100 (L4) % lemon pomace were replaced by lucerne for silage preparation and silenced for 60 days. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications (3 silos per treatment). After opening the silos, pH and dry matter were measured immediately, and the dried samples were kept at -20 until further tests. The silage pH decreased with the addition of lemon pomace compared to the control (p < 0.05). Total silage volatile fatty acids and dry matter content increased with adding lemon pomace. The results of gas production also showed that lemon pomace increased the in vitro gas production volume. Adding lemon pomace to lucerne silage due to the high pectin content in these agricultural wastes caused a rapid decrease of silage pH and an acidic environment. It prevented the growth of non-beneficial bacterial species. The obtained data showed that waste sour lemon has a good potential to use as a livestock feedstuff that can be useful in reducing the cost of ruminant production and preventing environmental pollution.

The effect of different fibre components on growth rate, nutrient digestibility, rate of digesta passage and hindgut fermentation in domesticated rabbits

1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Wen-Shyg Chiou ◽  
Bi Yu ◽  
Chang Lin
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
And Performance

Trials were conducted to study the effect of dietary fibre on performance and nutrient digestibility in growing rabbits. The basal diet was supplemented with 12% cellulose, pectin, lignin, or alfalfa, in four different treatments. Twenty-four 4-week-old Californian male rabbits were randomly allocated into four groups and placed in individual cages. The lignin supplement severely affected both feed intake and performance, pectin second, with dietary cellulose having the least effect. Dietary lignin significantly decreased the digestibility of crude protein, gross energy and dry matter content ( P < 0.05). Rabbits on the pectin supplemented diet digested dry matter, crude fibre and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) better ( P < 0.05) than other treatment groups. On the other hand, rabbits in the lignin group digested crude fibre, acid detergent fibre (ADF) and NDF significantly less well than rabbits in other groups ( P < 0.05). Dietary lignin also significantly decreased the caecal concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA, P < 0.05) but did not significantly affect the molar ratios of the VFAs among treatment groups. The turnover rate of the marker, chromic oxide, in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of rabbits was 64.94, 51.81, 44.05 and 29.59 h in the pectin, alfalfa, lignin and cellulose treatment groups, respectively. The rate of turnover in the digestive tract significantly influenced digestibility of fibre components but did not significantly influence caecal fermentation.

Effect of double nursing on some anatomical and physiological properties of the digestive tract of rabbits between 23 and 44 days of age

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melinda Zomborszky-Kovács ◽  
Tünde Gyarmati ◽  
Zs. Szendrő ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Gastric Content ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Caecal Content ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Entire Gastrointestinal Tract

Anatomical and physiological properties of the digestive tract were examined and compared in young rabbits nursed either by one (SS) or by two does (DD) daily up to the age of 35 days. At the age of 23, 30, 37 and 44 days, 8 young per treatment were euthanised. Double suckling and the subsequent higher level of solid feed intake after weaning were found to exert a stronger influence on the weight of the entire gastrointestinal tract and that of its individual parts (the stomach, small intestine, caecum and colon) than on its length. The quantity of the gastric content was found to rise with advancing age in both groups (from 36 to 70g and from 37.5 to 79g). In both groups the pH of the stomach was higher during the suckling period (4.5-5.3) than subsequent to weaning (1.6-2.4). The quantity of the caecal content also increased with age (from 4 or 8g), but on the 37th day significantly higher quantities of caecal content were recorded in DD rabbits (50.5g compared with 35g). The pH of the caecal content decreased more slowly from an initial high value (6.0 and 6.5 in SS and DD rabbits, respectively), and by the 37th day had settled at a low value (5.7-5.8) in both groups. The dry matter content of the caecal content decreased from 270-273g to 188-207g in both groups. Total volatile fatty acid (tVFA) and acetic acid (C2) concentration, which amounted to 66-88% of tVFA, rose; in SS rabbits they were at higher levels by the 30th day (53.6 and 42.2mmol/L, respectively), and remained at an increased level until the 44th day (P<0.05). The ratio of C3:C4 was high on the 23rd day (2.5 and 2.4), but dropped at the age of 30 days (0.5 in SS and 1.7 in DD, P<0.05) and, further, by the 37th day (0.2 in SS). In SS rabbits coliform count proved significantly lower (105) on the 23rd day than in DD rabbits (106). By the 37th day this count had decreased in both groups and subsequently remained at a low level (<104). By the 23rd day Bacteroides were present in large quantities (108) in the caecum and showed no change with advancing age or feeding regime.

scholarly journals Effect of the different level of a dry feed additive on the lupin silage quality

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
Petr Doležal ◽  
Josef Rotter ◽  
Jan Doležal ◽  
Václav Pyrochta ◽  
Jaroslav Poul
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Higher Alcohol

In the experiment, the effect of additive on the fermentation quality of lupine was examined, by comparing with the untreated control. Fresh green Lupine (Lupines lupine), variete Juno, dry matter content 187.15 g/kg at full waxy stage of maturiy were chopped to the legth of cut ca 30–50 mm. The crop was artificially wilted for a periody 24 h and ensiled as described above. Lupine were ensiled for 98 days in laboratory silos, capacity about 4 L alone or with supplementation of feed additive (5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 or 70 kg/tone forage respectively). The composition and as effective substances of this silage ingredient were dry whey (30%), maize meal (40%) and dry molases (30%). The silages fermented rapidly and changes in volatile fatty acids (VFA) production (P<0.01) and in sum of acids were noted. The different supplementation of additive in our experiment conditions increased significantly (P<0.01) the dry matter content, and decreased statistically significantly (P<0.01) the pH value. The higher DM content was in all experimental silages, but the highest DM content (P<0.01) was in silage with addition of 70 kg/t (231.58Ī0.91 g/kg). All treated silages were well fermented with low levels of ammonia and pH. The different addition of this aditive increased significantly (P<0.01) the contents of lactic acid and total content of acids in comparison with control silage. The experimental silage with higher (5%, resp. 7%) feed supplementation was of better quality (significantly higher ratio LA/sum of acids, higher content of lactic acid, lower NH3 content and pH value) than the control silage, or silage with lower concentration. In experiment feed additive–treated silages (by groups of 5 or 50 and 70 kg/t) had significantly higher alcohol content than untreated silage. It was concluded that feed additive used as a silage additive improved fermentation of lupine, reduced acetic acid and ammonia production and increased silage nutritive value.

scholarly journals The effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on ruminal fermentation in dairy cows

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 503-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Doležal ◽  
J. Doležal ◽  
J. Třináctý
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Yeast Culture ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Feed Mixture ◽  
Positive Effect

This study presents the results of an experiment in which the effect of addition of a yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Strain 47) on rumen fermentation was studied in thirty-six dairy cows of Holstein breed.The animals were divided into one control and five experimental groups. Each group involved 6 individuals. The animals received a diet consisting of good maize silage with a higher dry matter content (16 kg), clover-grass haylage (l6 kg), meadow hay (3 kg) and supplementary feed mixture (7.5 kg). The rations were fed to cows as total mixed ration (TMR).In experimental groups, the yeast culture was added into the feed mixture in amounts of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 g per day and animal. Samples of rumen fluid were taken perorally 3&ndash;4 hours after feeding. The obtained results indicated that the addition of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae SC-47 culture in recommended doses showed a positive effect on ruminal digestion. As compared with control, the addition of all aforementioned amounts of the yeast culture into the feeding ration resulted in all cases in a statistically significant (P &lt; 0.01) decrease in pH and fluctuated near the lower limit of the reference values. As compared with control, the yeast culture supplementation showed a positive effect (P &lt; 0.01) on production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) (127.6 vs. 84.0 mmol/l). The utilisation of ammonia was higher (P &lt; 0.01) in experimental groups (8.12, resp. 8.68 mmol/l) than in controls (9.06 mmol/l). The difference in protozoa numbers in rumens of dairy cows in the control and experimental groups was statistically highly significantly (P &lt; 0.01) different. There was a close relationship between the dose of yeast culture on the one hand and the VFA content and protozoa numbers on the other. The regression analysis of dependence of dependent variable (i.e. pH of rumen fluid) on the independent one (i.e. the dose of yeast culture) revealed only a slight degree of dependence (r = 0.671). &nbsp;

scholarly journals Dietary supplementation of coated butyrate in healthy dogs: effect on apparent digestibility, faecal flora and faecal volatile fatty acids

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hesta ◽  
S. Arnouts ◽  
G.P.J. Janssens
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Faecal Flora ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Health Related

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of dietary addition of coated butyrate on gut health related faecal traits in dogs. A food with or without coated butyrate was tested in a crossover study with 17 dogs. Faecal samples were collected and frozen until analysis for proximate components. Fresh faecal samples were collected for bacterial culturing and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) analysis. The addition of coated butyrate to a dog diet had neither effect on faecal consistency score, dry matter content and faecal production nor on digestibility coefficients. Absolute and relative faecal contents of SCFA were not different for the two foods. The bacterial nitrogen (N) content of the faeces was significantly lower after butyrate addition compared to the control diet. In conclusion, the addition of butyrate to a dog food had no effect on faecal characteristics but the faecal bacterial protein content was significantly reduced by butyrate addition.

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