scholarly journals The effect of frequency of feeding on the utilization of free lysine by growing pigs

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Frequent Feeding ◽  
Feeding Regimen

1. Pigs from 20 to 47 kg live weight were given a wheat–safflower diet supplemented with either 0, 2 or 4 g L-lysine/kg either once daily or in six equal portions at intervals of 3 h.2. The addition of lysine at both levels significantly (P < 0.001) increased growth rate, feed conversion and lean content of the ham.3. Frequency of feeding had no effect on the response of pigs given the control diet.4. A significant interaction (P < 0.05) between frequency of feeding and lysine supplementation occurred for growth rate. Growth responses to the supplements of 2 and 4 g L-lysine/ kg with once-daily feeding were only 43 and 69% of those achieved under the frequent-feeding regimen.

The effect of frequency of feeding on the response by growing pigs to supplements of free lysine

1978 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
G. H. O'neill
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Daily Feeding ◽  
Food Conversion Ratio ◽  
Frequent Feeding

1. Six experiments, involving a total of 320 pigs, were conducted to examine the reponse of growing pigs to diets supplemented with free lysine when fed either once daily or in six equal portions at intervals of 3 h. The effect of dry or wet feeding on the response to free lysine was examined in Expt nos. 4 and 5. The assumption of linear lysine response over the range of lysine supplementation was examined in Expt no. 6.2. A significant (P < 0.01) interaction between lysine supplementation and frequency of feeding occurred for growth rate and food conversion ratio. Growth responses to the supplements of free lysine with once daily feeding were only 67 % of that achieved with frequent feeding.3. Wet feeding had no effect on the growth responses to free lysine supplements.4. The lysine response was linear over the range of lysine supplementation examined.5. The implications of these results to the interpretation of experiments examining the lysine requirements of pigs are discussed.

Influence of energy and protein concentration in the diet on the performance of growing pigs 2. Differing nutrient density at a constant energy: protein ratio

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Lodge ◽  
M. E. Cundy ◽  
R. Cooke ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Amino Acid Balance

SUMMARYForty-eight gilts by Landrace sires on Large White × Landrace females were randomly allocated to eight pens and within pens to six treatment groups involving three diets and two levels of feeding from 23 to 59 kg live weight. All diets were formulated to have approximately the same ratio of digestible energy to crude protein (160 kcal DE/unit % CP) but different energy and protein concentrations: (A) 3500 kcal/kg DE and 21 % CP, (B) 3150 kcal/kg DE and 19% CP, and (C) 2800 kcal/kg DE and 17% CP. Amino acid balance was maintained relatively constant with synthetic lysine, methionine and tryptophan. The levels of feeding were such that the lower level of diet A allowed an intake of energy and protein similar to the higher level of diet B, and the lower level of B was similar to the higher level of C.On the lower level of feeding, growth rate, efficiency of feed conversion and carcass fat content increased linearly with each increment in nutrient concentration; on the higher level of feeding growth rate and EFC increased from diet C to B but not from B to A, whereas carcass fat content increased linearly with diet from the lowest to the highest concentration. There was a non-significant tendency for the higher density diets at a similar level of nutrient intake to give better EFC and fatter carcasses than the lower density diets.

scholarly journals Utilisation of reactive lysine from meat and bone meals of different ash content by growing-finishing pigs

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsi Partanen ◽  
Hilkka Siljander-Rasi ◽  
Timo Alaviuhkola ◽  
Nina Van Gilse van der Pals
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Diet Formulation ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Feed Unit

A growth experiment was conducted using 50 pigs (25-100 kg) to evaluate the use of meat and bone meals of different ash content as a substitute for soyabean meal (SBM) for growing pigs and the potential of 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB) reactive lysine in diet formulation. The control diet consisted of barley and SBM. For test diets, either 33 or 67% of SBM was replaced with meat and bone meal of low (ML, 205 g ash/kg) or high (MH, 349 g ash/kg) ash content. SBM, ML33, ML67, MH33 and MH67 diets contained 7.8, 7.8, 8.2, 7.8 and 7.9 g FDNB-reactive lysine/feed unit (feed unit is equivalent to 9.3 MJ NE), respectively. For these diets, average daily live weight gains (ADG) were 859, 830, 805, 854 and 813 g/d with feed conversion ratios of 2.25, 2.40, 2.41, 2.31 and 2.44 feed units/kg, respectively. Pigs fed the SBM diet grew faster (P

scholarly journals Utilization of free lysine by growing pigs

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
R. D. Murison
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Daily Feeding ◽  
Frequent Feeding ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency

1. The results of nine estimates of the efficiency of utilization of supplements of free lysine by growing pigs fed once daily and reported by Batterham (1974) and Batterham & O'Neill (1978) were re-analysed using carcass rather than live-weight values as the criteria of response.2. The efficiency of utilization of free lysine with once daily feeding relative to frequent feeding was 0·53 using carcass gain as the criterion of response (P < 0·001), and 0·56 using food conversion efficiency on a carcass basis (P < 0·001). These estimates were lower than estimates of 0·67 using live-weight gain (P < 0·01) and 0·77 using food conversion ratio on a live-weight basis (P < 0·05).3. The results indicate that current estimates of the lysine requirements of pigs that are based on responses to supplements of free lysine under once daily feeding regimens may be 10–30% over-estimated, as a result of incomplete utilization of the free lysine.

Cassava and tallow in diets for growing pigs

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Daily Allowance ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Growth Experiments

ABSTRACTIn two experiments 480 and 360 pigs were housed in groups of 10 and given diets containing different proportions of cassava between 35 and 87 kg live weight. The cassava contained 672, 34, 57 and 39 g/kg air dry matter of starch, crude fibre, total ash and insoluble ash respectively. The diets in the first experiment contained 0, 238, 475 or 713 kg cassava per t. In the second experiment the different levels of dietary cassava (0, 150, 300 or 450 kg cassava per t) were combined in a factorial design with different levels of tallow (0, 50 or 100 kg tallow per t). The pigs were given quantities of food calculated to give isoenergy intakes on the assumption that air-dry cassava contained 14·2 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg. The feeding scale increased with time to give a maximum daily allowance of DE of 31·8 MJ per pig. Relative to each MJ of DE the calculated levels of lysine and of methionine plus cystine in the diets were 0·64 g and 0·39 g respectively.In both experiments, increasing levels of cassava resulted in significant reductions in growth rate but had no effect on the conversion of food to live weight or on carcass weight. In both experiments, the diets with the highest inclusions of cassava produced pigs with the thickest backfat. The effect was not significant in the second experiment but in the first experiment the differences were significant between diets with the highest and intermediate levels of cassava. There was a significant interaction between cassava and tallow on growth rate with the depression due to high levels of cassava being reduced when 100 kg tallow per t was included in the diet.The results of these growth experiments suggested that cassava of the type used here was of similar value to barley on an energy basis when used in diets based on barley and soya bean meals.

scholarly journals The effect of supplementation of liquid and crystalline lysine to barley-distillers solids diet on the performance and carcass quality of pigs

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 559-567
Author(s):  
Jarmo Valaja
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Crystalline Form ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
High Level

The response to dietary lysine of liquid or crystalline form was examined in pigs fed on cereal protein dietsover the range of live weight from 25.0 to 95.0 kg. Forty individually fed growing pigs (20 gilts and 20castrated males) were allocated to four isonitrogenous diets consisting of barley, undehydrated distillers solids and a mixture of minerals and vitamins with lysine supplementation of 0.9 or 3.2 g pure lysine per kg DM in liquid or crystalline form to provide 7.1 or 9.1 g/FU total lysine, respectively. The pigs were given feed on a restricted scale twice daily. A high level of lysine supplementation significantly increased the growth rate and improved the feed conversion efficiency (p

Effect of concentration and blend of added fat in the diet on the performance of growing pigs

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Bone Content ◽  
Soya Oil

SUMMARYDiets with added fat at 25, 50 and 100 g/kg were formulated with four blends of beef tallow: soya oil, namely 100:0, 75:25, 50:50 and 0:100. An additional diet had no added fat (control diet) to give an experimental design of (3 × 4) + 1. A total of 96 individually penned pigs was used (mean initial and final live weights of 22·4 and 87·5 kg, respectively). The experiment was carried out during the period July 1985 to February 1986 at the Agricultural Research Institute, Hillsborough. Equal numbers of boar and gilt blocks were used and the pigs were fed individually to a scale to give equal amounts of digestible energy: live weight0·75 Neither concentration of fat nor blend of fat had any significant effect on the rates of live weight or carcass weight gain. Increasing concentration of fat significantly improved the carcass feed conversion ratio (P < 0·001), but the blend of fat had no significant effect. Neither killing-out yield nor the intake of digestible energy per unit of carcass gain was significantly affected by the concentration of added dietary fat nor the blend of fat. Fat treatments did not significantly affect the lean plus bone content of the ham joint, drip loss from or the depth of colour of the longissimus dorsi or the weight of flare fat. No evidence was found of synergistic effects between the fat and nonfat components of the diet nor between fats within the blends of fat on growth, digestible energy consumed per unit of carcass gain and carcass attributes. Boars had a more efficient conversion of feed to carcass gain than gilts (P < 0·01).

Effects of simplifying feeding methods for growing pigs by using a single ration throughout and by providing cereal and supplement components unmixed

1968 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Braude ◽  
J. G. Rowell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Feeding Methods ◽  
Feed Costs

SUMMARYA co-ordinated trial has been carried out at sixteen centres to compare the following three feeding methods for growing pigs: (1) ‘sow and weaner’ type meal up to 120 lb live weight, followed by ‘finishing’ type meal to slaughter; (2) ‘sow and weaner’ type meal from start to slaughter; (3) as (2), but the cereal and supplement components given separately (not mixed).Using the sow-and-weaner type meal throughout, rather than changing to a lower protein diet at 120 lb live weight, resulted in slight improvements (less than 2½%) in over-all growth rate and feed conversion; these improvements were not sufficient to compensate for the higher feed costs. None of the carcass measurements was significantly affected.Lack of mixing of the cereal and supplement components did not harm the performance of the pigs and so farmers who produce their own cereals and buy concentrates may reduce costs by the elimination of mixing.

scholarly journals Growth performance and bio-economics of growing pigs fed diets containing separately fermented and unfermented cassava tuber wastes

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (59) ◽  
pp. 7957-7971
Author(s):  
SO Aro ◽  
◽  
JO Agbede ◽  
VA Aletor ◽  
AA Ashimi
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Crude Fibre

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the performance, haematology, nutrient digestibility and economics of production of growing pigs fed diets containing differently fermented cassava starch residue (CSR) and cassava peels (CP) altogether referred to as cassava tuber wastes (CTW). The CSR and CP were each divided into three parts and processed as dry unfermented (UFCRS Diet 2; UFCP Diet 5), naturally fermented (NFCSR Diet 3; NFCP Diet 6) and microbial fermentation by inoculation (MFCSR Diet 4; MFCP Diet 7). Each part was included in a control diet (Diet 1) to replace maize at 20% dietary level to make a total of seven treatments. The final live weight (F LW), total live weight gain (TL G) and total feed consumption (TFC) of pigs fed the control diet were not significantly (p>0.05) different from those fed the test diets. However, the feed conversion ratio (FC R) of pigs fed the control was consistently lower (3.93) than those fed CSR (3.68- 3.30) and CP (3.75- 3.36) - based diets. The response of RBC, WBC, Hb and PCV to the dietary treatment varied significantly (p<0.05) with the CTW -product incorporated into the diets vizs: RBC 10 6 /mm 3 : 7.53 vs CSR (5.71- 6.26) and CP (4.71- 5.75); WBC 10 3 /mm 3 :14.84 vs CSR (9.06- 10.06) and CP (8.53- 10.90) , and PCV%: 36.75 vs CSR (35.75- 36.00) and CP (32.5- 37.00) while the MCHC and differential counts were not significantly (P>0.05) affected. Varied effects on the digestibility of major ingredients in the diets were observed with the digestibility of dry matter (DM) been enhanced : 0.49- 8.68% and 3.10- 7.48%, organic matter (OM): 1.60 -9.37% and 3.41- 8.43%, crude protein: 3.33- 6.17% and 1.18 -4.10% , and crude fibre (CF): 24.37- 30.52% and 2.34- 28.80% by CSR and CP, respectively , over the control diet . T he Mean Apparent Digestibility (MAD) for NFE (CSR 65.07%; CP 69.33%) was higher than that of the control diet (61.49%) . The cost of feed intake per pig decreased : 11.92 -12.76% and 8.38 -14.95% , cost of feed per k g body weight gain: 14.84- 22.66% and 14.84- 21.88% with enhanced gross profit increase of 19.66 -29.02% and 14.37- 26.50% in CSR - and CP -based diets, respectively. It can , therefore, be concluded that CTW products could be included in pig’s diet as an alternative to maize.

Effect of food intake capacity on genotype by feeding regimen interactions in growing pigs

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kanis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTFrom each of 159 litters, between one and three pigs were fed ad libitum and between one and four pigs were fed at several restricted feeding levels from about 27 to 107 kg live weight. Effects of litter by feeding regimen (ad libitumv. restricted feeding) interactions (L × F) and sex by feeding regimen interactions (S × F) on production traits were investigated. In experimental groups where restrictedly fed animals received an amount of food based on their estimated voluntary food intake capacity (FIC), interactions were non-significant. In groups where restricted feeding was independent of FIC, significant L × F or S × F interactions were found for daily food intake (FI), daily gain, lean tissue growth rate and fatty tissue growth rate, but not for body composition and food conversion traits.Because of between-animal variation in FIC, restricted feeding according to a fixed scale restricted intake of some animals to a higher degree than others and degree of food intake restriction (DFR) was calculated from actual FI and FIC for animals fed at a restricted level. After correction of FI and production traits of restrictedly fed animals for differences in DFR, L × F and S × F interactions were not significant.It was concluded that the poor relationships often found between test-station results of boars and results of their progeny in practical environments may be caused, to an important extent, by differences in DFR in each environment. To overcome these genotype by environment interactions it is recommended that animals be fed ad libitum in both test and commercial environments.

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