scholarly journals Total body glucose metabolism in the conscious, unrestrained piglet and its relation to body- and organ weight

1980 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Flecknell ◽  
R. Wootton ◽  
Muriel John
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Pool Size ◽  
Brain Weight ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Glucose Turnover ◽  
Spleen Weight

1. Neonatal hypoglycaemia is a relatively common clinical problem in children but ethical constraints limit the investigations that may be made in the newborn.2. As a preliminary step to assess the suitability of the piglet as a model for glucose metabolism in man, whole-body glucose turnover and glucose pool size were measured using [2-3H]glucose in forty piglets from ten litters.3. Glucose pool size was linearly related to brain weight. However, multiple regression showed that the most useful predictors of pool size were body-weight and resting plasma glucose concentration.4. Glucose turnover was related to both brain weight and body-weight alone, but multiple regression showed that better predictors of turnover were liver weight, spleen weight and pancreas weight.5. Similarities between our own results in piglets and those obtained in human neonates by Bier et al. (1977) extend not only to glucose turnover, but also to its relationship with body-and brain weight. These findings suggest that the piglet may be a useful model for the study of glucose metabolism in babies.

THE POOL SIZE, TURNOVER RATE, AND OXIDATION RATE OF BODY GLUCOSE IN ANESTHETIZED WARM- AND COLD-ACCLIMATED RATS EXPOSED TO A WARM ENVIRONMENT

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florent Depocas
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Turnover Time ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pool Size ◽  
Glucose Turnover ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Warm Environment ◽  
Essentially Normal ◽  
The Difference

The size and space of the body glucose pool along with its turnover and oxidation rates have been measured in anesthetized 30° and 6 °C acclimated rats by a method involving continuous intravenous injection of small amounts of D-glucose uniformly labelled with C14 and attainment of relatively constant specific activities of plasma glucose and respiratory CO2. Values of glucose pool space in warm-acclimated rats (essentially normal animals) were in accord with those found in the dog by a similar method. Results obtained on warm-acclimated rats indicated that previous published values of turnover and oxidation rates of glucose for normal rats were high by a factor of approximately 2 to 4. There was, however, close agreement between the values of turnover time of body glucose pool measured by the continuous infusion procedure and those obtained by others with the single intravenous or intraperitoneal injection procedure. In cold-acclimated rats, average absolute values of glucose pool size were significantly smaller than in warm-acclimated rats but the difference was lost when results were related to body weight. Small, non-significant differences in values of glucose pool size per 100 g body weight and in plasma glucose concentration combined to give a significantly larger glucose space in cold-than in warm-acclimated rats. Glucose turnover and oxidation rates, the ratio between these two quantities, and the proportion of respiratory CO2 derived from glucose oxidation were not significantly different in the two groups of rats, thus indicating that cold acclimation is not associated with major alterations in glucose metabolism at least when studied on fully fed anesthetized animals at 30 °C.

Total Body-Glucose Turnover in Normal and Intra-Uterine Growth-Retarded Neonatal Piglets

1981 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Flecknell ◽  
R. Wootton ◽  
Muriel John
Keyword(s):  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Cerebral Metabolism ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Brain Weight ◽  
Glucose Turnover ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Glucose Kinetics ◽  
Neonatal Piglets ◽  
Uterine Growth ◽  
Total Body

1. Because studies of the metabolic problems of the human intra-uterine growth-retarded neonate are limited by ethical considerations we have used the intra-uterine growth-retarded piglet as an animal model. Total body-glucose kinetics were measured in 16 intra-uterine growth-retarded and 11 normal piglets from the same litters with [3H]glucose as a tracer. 2. The intra-uterine growth-retarded animals had marginally smaller brains than their normal littermates, but substantially smaller livers. Liver weight was reduced in proportion to body weight. 3. Total body-glucose turnover rate was significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the intra-uterine growth-retarded animals in comparison with their normal littermates, but was appropriate for their smaller body and liver weights. Brain weight was only slightly reduced in the intra-uterine growth-retarded group so that glucose turnover adjusted to a common brain weight was significantly lower (P < 0.001) in these animals. 4. Total body-glucose pool size was lower in the intra-uterine growth-retarded animals (P < 0.01), but was appropriate for their body and liver weights. It was significantly reduced in relation to brain weight (P < 0.001). 5. Resting plasma glucose concentration was lower in the intra-uterine growth-retarded animals (P < 0.001). There was no relationship between concentration and turnover in either group. 6. It is suggested that the observed differences in total body-glucose turnover may be associated with profound differences in cerebral metabolism in the intra-uterine growth-retarded animals.

Impact of in vivo fatty acid oxidation blockade on glucose turnover and muscle glucose metabolism during low-dose AICAR infusion

2006 ◽  
Vol 291 (5) ◽  
pp. E1131-E1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Christopher ◽  
Christian Rantzau ◽  
Zhi-Ping Chen ◽  
Rodney Snow ◽  
Bruce Kemp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Fatty Acid Oxidation ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Glucose Turnover ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
The Impact

AMPK plays a central role in influencing fuel usage and selection. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of low-dose AMP analog 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribosyl monophosphate (ZMP) on whole body glucose turnover and skeletal muscle (SkM) glucose metabolism. Dogs were restudied after prior 48-h fatty acid oxidation (FAOX) blockade by methylpalmoxirate (MP; 5 × 12 hourly 10 mg/kg doses). During the basal equilibrium period (0–150 min), fasting dogs ( n = 8) were infused with [3-3H]glucose followed by either 2-h saline or AICAR (1.5–2.0 mg·kg−1·min−1) infusions. SkM was biopsied at completion of each study. On a separate day, the same protocol was undertaken after 48-h in vivo FAOX blockade. The AICAR and AICAR + MP studies were repeated in three chronic alloxan-diabetic dogs. AICAR produced a transient fall in plasma glucose and increase in insulin and a small decline in free fatty acid (FFA). Parallel increases in hepatic glucose production (HGP), glucose disappearance (Rd tissue), and glycolytic flux (GF) occurred, whereas metabolic clearance rate of glucose (MCRg) did not change significantly. Intracellular SkM glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, and glycogen were unchanged. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC∼pSer221) increased by 50%. In the AICAR + MP studies, the metabolic responses were modified: the glucose was lower over 120 min, only minor changes occurred with insulin and FFA, and HGP and Rd tissue responses were markedly attenuated, but MCRg and GF increased significantly. SkM substrates were unchanged, but ACC∼pSer221 rose by 80%. Thus low-dose AICAR leads to increases in HGP and SkM glucose uptake, which are modified by prior FAox blockade.

scholarly journals Hepatosplenomegaly caused by an extract of cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa bloom collected in the Manguaba Lagoon, Alagoas - Brazil

1999 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zenaldo Porfirio ◽  
Micheline P. Ribeiro ◽  
Cicero S. Estevam ◽  
Ricardo L. S. Houly ◽  
Antonio Euzébio G. Sant'Ana
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
Microcystis Aeruginosa ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Spleen Weight ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Made In

Cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa), which produce powerful hepatotoxic cyclopeptides, were collected and submitted to the determination of toxicity through intraperitoneal injections made in 30 and 90 days-old Swiss albino mice. The liver and the spleen were histopathologically analyzed and the weight and vital signs development were monitored. Test of toxicity resulted in a LD50 of 154.28 mg.Kg-1. M. aeruginosa represented 95% of the analyzed biomass. The ratios between liver weight and body weight in the animal inoculated with a single dose were 6.0% and 7.2%, with multi doses 7.0% and 7.5% and in the control animals 4.0% and 5.0%, for adult and young animals, respectively. There was an accentuated increase in the volume and weight of the spleen, and the animals inoculated with a single dose showed a ratio between spleen weight and body weight of 0.67% and 0.37%, with multidoses 1.22% and 1.05% and the control animals the ratio was 0.12% and 0.15%, for adult and young animals, respectively. The young animals inoculated with single and multi doses had an increase of 150% and 407% in the spleen size while the adults increased, 607% and 845%, respectively, in relation to the control. The histopathological analysis showed strong differences in the structure of the hepatic parenchyme in control animals and in those exposed to the M. aeruginosa extract. The main alterations were the congestive aspect, including the sinusoid, and intrahepatic haemorrhagia. The histopathological analysis showed considerable increase in the number of multinuclear giant cells in the spleen of the animals intoxicated by M. aeruginosa.

Glucose metabolism during fasting through human pregnancy: comparison of tracer method with respiratory calorimetry

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (3) ◽  
pp. E351-E356 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Assel ◽  
K. Rossi ◽  
S. Kalhan
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Glucose Turnover ◽  
Tracer Method ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Maternal Glucose

Glucose turnover and glucose oxidation were quantified in six normal pregnant women serially throughout pregnancy, using [U-13C]glucose tracer in combination with open-circuit indirect respiratory calorimetry. Five normal nonpregnant women were studied for comparison. With advancing gestation and increase in maternal body weight, there was a proportionate increase in the rate of appearance (Ra) of glucose so that Ra expressed per kilogram body weight did not change from the first to third trimester. The tracer measured rate of glucose oxidation expressed per kilogram body weight also did not change significantly throughout pregnancy. Oxygen consumption (VO2) in pregnant subjects did not differ from that in nonpregnant subjects. However, the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) increased significantly during pregnancy (0.88 +/- 0.53 3rd trimester and 0.76 +/- 0.50 nonpregnant, P < 0.01). The estimated contribution of carbohydrate to VO2 measured by respiratory calorimetry was greater than that measured by the tracer method. This discrepancy became wider as the respiratory quotient increased in late pregnancy. These data suggest that maternal glucose metabolism adjusts throughout pregnancy to meet the increased demands of the conceptus. The discrepancy between tracer method and respiratory calorimetry was probably due to the contribution of (fetal) lipogenesis and (maternal) gluconeogenesis to RER.

scholarly journals CTRP12 ablation differentially affects energy expenditure, body weight, and insulin sensitivity in male and female mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 319 (1) ◽  
pp. E146-E162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Y. Tan ◽  
Xia Lei ◽  
Hannah C. Little ◽  
Susana Rodriguez ◽  
Dylan C. Sarver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Homozygous Deletion ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Female Mice

Secreted hormones facilitate tissue cross talk to maintain energy balance. We previously described C1q/TNF-related protein 12 (CTRP12) as a novel metabolic hormone. Gain-of-function and partial-deficiency mouse models have highlighted important roles for this fat-derived adipokine in modulating systemic metabolism. Whether CTRP12 is essential and required for metabolic homeostasis is unknown. We show here that homozygous deletion of Ctrp12 gene results in sexually dimorphic phenotypes. Under basal conditions, complete loss of CTRP12 had little impact on male mice, whereas it decreased body weight (driven by reduced lean mass and liver weight) and improved insulin sensitivity in female mice. When challenged with a high-fat diet, Ctrp12 knockout (KO) male mice had decreased energy expenditure, increased weight gain and adiposity, elevated serum TNFα level, and reduced insulin sensitivity. In contrast, female KO mice had reduced weight gain and liver weight. The expression of lipid synthesis and catabolism genes, as well as profibrotic, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and oxidative stress genes were largely unaffected in the adipose tissue of Ctrp12 KO male mice. Despite greater adiposity and insulin resistance, Ctrp12 KO male mice fed an obesogenic diet had lower circulating triglyceride and free fatty acid levels. In contrast, lipid profiles of the leaner female KO mice were not different from those of WT controls. These data suggest that CTRP12 contributes to whole body energy metabolism in genotype-, diet-, and sex-dependent manners, underscoring complex gene-environment interactions influencing metabolic outcomes.

scholarly journals Gsα deficiency in adipose tissue improves glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity without an effect on body weight

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 446-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Qi Li ◽  
Yogendra B. Shrestha ◽  
Min Chen ◽  
Tatyana Chanturiya ◽  
Oksana Gavrilova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Brown Adipose

Gsα, the G protein that transduces receptor-stimulated cAMP generation, mediates sympathetic nervous system stimulation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and browning of white adipose tissue (WAT), which are both potential targets for treating obesity, as well as lipolysis. We generated a mouse line with Gsα deficiency in mature BAT and WAT adipocytes (Ad-GsKO). Ad-GsKO mice had impaired BAT function, absent browning of WAT, and reduced lipolysis, and were therefore cold-intolerant. Despite the presence of these abnormalities, Ad-GsKO mice maintained normal energy balance on both standard and high-fat diets, associated with decreases in both lipolysis and lipid synthesis. In addition, Ad-GsKO mice maintained at thermoneutrality on a standard diet also had normal energy balance. Ad-GsKO mice had improved insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, possibly secondary to the effects of reduced lipolysis and lower circulating fatty acid binding protein 4 levels. Gsα signaling in adipose tissues may therefore affect whole-body glucose metabolism in the absence of an effect on body weight.

Control of liver size in heat-acclimated hamsters

1977 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-448
Author(s):  
R. Chayoth ◽  
N. Krauthammer ◽  
J. Winikoff ◽  
U. A. Sod-Moriah
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Heat Acclimation ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Lower Percentage

In the hamster, heat acclimation reduces liver weight more than it does body weight. Therefore, liver weight constitutes a lower percentage of body weight during exposure to high ambient temperature. This change is not a result of dehydration since water content of the whole body and of the liver is not altered during heat acclimation. However, changes in lactic dehydrogenase isozyme proportions indicate a higher rate of liver degradation during the first 2 wk of heat exposure. These changes are accompanied by enhancement of DNA synthesis which is found to be elevated during the early period of heat exposure and later to fall to the control levels. The enhanced DNA synthesis might be a result of a high rate of tissue regeneration which probably takes place in the organ following the commencement of the degradative processes as was suggested in partial hepatectomy. Since the activity of DNA synthesis is negatively correlated with cyclic AMP levels, it is suggested that cyclic AMP plays some role in controlling hepatic DNA synthesis during heat acclimation.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Effect of Ficus lacor Aerial Roots of Various Fractions on Adjuvant-Induced Arthritic Rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakesh K. Sindhu ◽  
Sandeep Arora
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Spleen Weight ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Adjuvant Induced Arthritis ◽  
Aerial Roots ◽  
Dose Dependent Decrease ◽  
Wbc Count ◽  
And Control

The present study was carried out to evaluate antiarthritic potential and phytochemical screening of various extracts of Ficus lacor aerial roots. The antiarthritic activity was evaluated by adjuvant-induced arthritis at the dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight and the standard drug used was indomethacin. The extracts administered in higher doses reduced the lesions to a greater extent showing a dose-dependent decrease in lesions comparable with standard drug indomethacin. The extracts of FLPE and FLET showed significant increase in body weight as compared to arthritic control group as well as an increase in liver weight, a decrease in liver weight, and an increase in spleen weight in arthritis control. The extracts of FLPE and FLET showed significant decrease in WBC count, increase in hemoglobin contents, and RBC count as compared to control group. FLEA and FLCF were not able to produce a significant effect. There was significant reduction in production of IL-1 and TNF-α level between model group and control group in serum. In conclusion, we demonstrate that, at 100 mg/kg body weight, doses of FLPE and PLET extracts were highly effective in preventing and suppressing the development of adjuvant-induced arthritis.

scholarly journals MGAT2 deficiency and vertical sleeve gastrectomy have independent metabolic effects in the mouse

2014 ◽  
Vol 307 (11) ◽  
pp. E1065-E1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joram D. Mul ◽  
Denovan P. Begg ◽  
April M. Haller ◽  
Josh W. Pressler ◽  
Joyce Sorrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sleeve Gastrectomy ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Reduced Body

Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) is currently one of the most effective treatments for obesity. Despite recent developments, the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the metabolic improvements following bariatric surgery remain unresolved. VSG reduces postprandial intestinal triglyceride (TG) production, but whether the effects of VSG on intestinal metabolism are related to metabolic outcomes has yet to be established. The lipid synthesis enzyme acyl CoA:monoacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 ( Mogat2; MGAT2) plays a crucial role in the assimilation of dietary fat in the intestine and in regulation of adiposity stores as well. Given the phenotypic similarities between VSG-operated and MGAT2-deficient animals, we reasoned that this enzyme could also have a key role in mediating the metabolic benefits of VSG. However, VSG reduced body weight and fat mass and improved glucose metabolism similarly in whole body MGAT2-deficient ( Mogat2−/−) mice and wild-type littermates. Furthermore, along with an increase in energy expenditure, surgically naive Mogat2−/− mice had altered macronutrient preference, shifting preference away from fat and toward carbohydrates, and increased locomotor activity. Collectively, these data suggest that the beneficial effects of VSG on body weight and glucose metabolism are independent of MGAT2 activity and rather that they are separate from the effects of MGAT2 deficiency. Because MGAT2 inhibitors are proposed as a pharmacotherapeutic option for obesity, our data suggest that, in addition to increasing energy expenditure, shifting macronutrient preference away from fat could be another important mechanism by which these compounds could contribute to weight loss.

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