scholarly journals The effect of digestibility and forage species on the removal of digesta from the rumen and the voluntary intake of hay by sheep

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 463-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Aitchison ◽  
M. Gill ◽  
M. S. Dhanoa ◽  
D. F. Osbourn
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Forage Species ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Pool Sizes

1. The characteristics of digestion, passage and rumen fill of three hays: early- and late-cut perennial ryegrass (Loliurn perenne cv. Endura) and white clover hay (Trifolium repens cv. Blanca and Pronitro) were studied using six rumen-cannulated sheep fed at a restricted level of intake (18 g dry matter (DM)/kg live weight (LW) per d), in a two 3 x 3 Latin square design.2. Voluntary intake of the same diets was measured using a further six non-cannulated sheep in a similar design.3. Rate of digestion of the three hays was measured using dacron bags and the rates of digestion of DM and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) for clover hay were significantly (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001 respectively) faster than those for the two grass hays whose rates did not differ. Rates of passage, determined using chromium-mordanted hay, did not differ between treatments.4. Rumen pool sizes of DM, organic matter and fibre were generally greatest for the late-cut grass hay and lowest for the clover hay, while voluntary intake was highest (P < 0.001) for the clover hay (36.6 g DM/kg LW per d) and lowest for the late-cut grass hay (24.7 g/kg LW per d).5. The net rate of removal of indigestible fibre from the rumen appeared to vary within the day, with maximal disappearance occurring during eating, followed by a lag phase between 5 and 10 h after feeding, with a second increase in rate between 10 and 24 h post-feeding.

The effect of oestradiol-17 β implantation on the response in voluntary intake, live-weight gain and body composition, to fishmeal supplementation of silage offered to growing calves

1987 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Gill ◽  
D. E. Beever ◽  
P. J. Buttery ◽  
P. England ◽  
M. J. Gibb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Gross Efficiency ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Voluntary Intake

SummaryThe effect of oestradiol-17β on the response to fishmeal supplementation of grass silage was studied in young growing cattle. Voluntary intake and live-weight gain were recorded over 63 days with 36 British Friesian male castrates (initial live weight (LW) 119 kg) offered silage alone (C) or with 50 (FM1), 100 (FM2), or 150 (FM3) g fishmeal/kg silage dry matter. Twelve calves were allocated to each of treatments C and FM3 and six to treatments FM1 and FM2. Half of the calves on each treatment were ear-implanted with oestradiol-17β (Compudose 365) at the start of the experiment. The calves on treatments C and FM3 were slaughtered after 75 days and chemical analysis conducted on half of each carcass. The silage had an organic-matter digestibility in vivo of 0·794 and was well-fermented, with a pH of 3·7. Intake averaged 24·2±0·42 g D.M./kg LW over all the treatments and live-weight gain was 0·77 kg/day on the silage alone. There was a significant (P < 0·05) interaction between fishmeal and oestradiol-17β, such that response to the hormone was observed only in the presence of fishmeal at 100 or 150 g/kg silage D.M. A similar interaction was apparent between fishmeal at 150 g/kg silage D.M. and oestradiol-17β in the final weights of empty body and carcass. This level of fishmeal also increased protein gain from 96 to 147 g/day and this was further increased to 179 g/day in the implanted animals receiving fishmeal. However, the overall effect of oestradiol-17β on protein gain was not significant. Gross efficiency of energy utilization was significantly (P < 0·01) increased by fishmeal supplementation suggesting an improved balance of nutrients compared with the silage alone diet.

Fish-meal supplementation of grass silage given to young growing steers: effect on intake, apparent digestibility and live-weight gains

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sanderson ◽  
C. Thomas ◽  
A. B. McAllan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake

AbstractSeventy-two, 4-month-old, British Friesian steers were used to investigate the effects of feeding a supplement of fish meal on the voluntary intake and live-weight gain by young growing cattle given a well preserved ryegrass silage. The silage was offered either alone or mixed with 50,100 or 150 g fish meal per kg silage dry matter (DM) and the diets were offered either ad libitum or intakes were restricted to 16, 19 or 22 g dietary DM per kg live weight (LW). Intakes were recorded daily, LW weekly and in vivo apparent digestibility over one 7-day period during the 132-day trial.For animals fed ad libitum, the absolute intake of dietary DM increased linearly with an increase in the level of fish-meal supplementation such that intake when the highest level of fish meal was given was significantly higher (P < 0·01) than when silage was given alone. However, DM intake per unit LW (approx. 24 g DM per kg LW) was not affected significantly (P > 0·05).Inclusion of fish meal in the diet did not affect the apparent digestibility of dietary DM, organic matter, acid-detergent or neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) although there was a trend for slightly higher (P > 0·05) gross energy apparent digestibility when fish meal was given. Increasing the level of feeding reduced NDF digestibility. The coefficients measured at the 22 g and ad libitum levels of intake were lower (P < 0·01 and P < 0·05 respectively) than that measured at the 16 g DM per kg LW level.Animals given silage alone to appetite achieved LW gains of 0·6 kg/day. LW gains increased linearly with increasing level of feeding (P < 0·001) and increasing level offish-meal supplementation (P < 0·001).

The effect of dried grass and cereal-based concentrate on the voluntary intake of unwilted grass silage

1977 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. McIlmoyle ◽  
J. C. Murdoch
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Levels

SUMMARYTwo 7 × 7 Latin square experiments were carried out with British Friesian steers (mean initial live weight 360 kg). In Experiment 1 the effects of different levels of dried grass or concentrate on the intake of silage dry matter (DM) were compared, and in Experiment 2 the effect of a supplement containing various proportions of dried grass: concentrate on the intake of silage DM was examined. In both experiments the digestibility of the ration and the rate of passage of digesta were measured.In Experiment 1, supplementation depressed intake of silage DM, the difference being significant (P<0·05) at 5·0 and 7·5 kg/day, but there were no significant differences in silage intake between supplements given at the same level. Intake of silage was also significantly lower (P<0·05) in Experiment 2 when a supplement was offered, but differences between supplements were not significant. Total DM intake was increased significantly (P<00·5) by supplementation in both experiments. Supplementation increased energy digestibility but decreased crude fibre digestibility. In Experiment 1 nitrogen digestibility was significantly lower (P<0·05) with dried grass than with concentrate supplementation, but in Experiment 2 supplementation increased the digestibility of nitrogen. In both experiments the mean retention time was shorter, the time for the highest rate of excretion of stained particles was lower, and the maximum rate of excretion higher for dried grass than for silage.

scholarly journals The effect of supplementation with maize starch and level of intake of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Endura) hay on the removal of digesta from the rumen of sheep

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 477-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Aitchison ◽  
M. Gill ◽  
D. F. Osbourb
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Fractional Rate ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Feeding Cycle ◽  
Pool Sizes

1. Eight wether sheep were offered a diet of perennial ryeigrass (Litum perenne cv. Endura) hay once daily at two levels of intake (11 and 16.5 g dry matter (DM)/kg live weight (LW)) with or without maize starch (175 g DM/kg hay DM). The experiment consisted of four periods. each lasting 32 d. Rates of digestion of the hay were measured by incubation in dacron bags and rates of passagc using chromium-mordanted hay. Rumen pool sizes of DM, organic matter and fibre were measured by emptying the rumen.2. The inclusion of starch in the diet appeared to increase significantly (P < 0.01) the lag phase before the start of fibre digestion, as observed both in the dacron bag studies and in the slower initial disappearance of digestible neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) from the rumen recorded by emptying of rumen contents. However, there was no significant effect of starch on apparent digestibility of fibre in the whole tract.3. The main effect of increasing the level of feeding wax, to increase the rate of passage with a consequent decrease in overall digestibility. The fractional rate of passage increased from 0.0318 to 0.0400 as the level of feeding increased, while apparent digestibility of NDF decreased from 0.755 to 0.724.4. On all treatments the weight of indigestible fibre in the rumen remained more or less constant between 5, 10 and 15 h after feeding, but was significantly lower at 24 h. These results suggest that a high proportion of the outflow of material from the rumen not associated with feeding appears to occur during the second half of the feeding cycle.

scholarly journals Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes affect chemical compostition, animal intake and digestibility of guinea grass hay (Panicum maximum Jacq.).

1969 ◽  
Vol 94 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 131-146
Author(s):  
Karla Tous-Rivera ◽  
Elide Valencia ◽  
Abner A. Rodríguez ◽  
Paul F. Randel ◽  
Adesogan Adegbola
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Fibrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Guinea Grass ◽  
Voluntary Intake

Two experiments were conducted for determining effects of applying exogenous fibrolytic enzymes to guineagrass hay (GH) [Panicum maximum Jacq. (= Urochloa maxima (Jacq.) R. Webster)] upon chemical composition, voluntary intake (VI), digestibility of various chemical fractions, and apparent and true dry matter (DM) degradability. The enzymatic products used were PromoteNET and BiocellulaseA-20, derived from Trichoderma longibratum and Aspergillus reesei. These products contain mainly cellulase and xylanase. In the first experiment, nine mature Blackbelly x creole crossbred rams of 26.8 kg mean body weight (BW) were used in a 3 x 3 Latin Square design, with 18-d periods. Treatments consisted of untreated hay (control), hay treated with PromoteNET, and hay treated with BiocellulaseA-20, applied by spraying 24 h prior to feeding. Daily hay offerings were at 4% of BW on a dry matter (DM) basis. Enzyme treatment increased contents of DM and crude protein (CP) in the treated GH in comparison with those contents of the untreated hay. A tendency to reduce neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and hemicellulose concentrations through the enzymatic treatments was also observed but was not significant (P > 0.05). The VI of DM of hays treated with BiocellulaseA-20 and PromoteNET (1,139 and 938 g DM/d, respectively) exceeded that of the control (921 g DM/d).The VI of CP, NDF and ADF were higher for hay treated with BiocellulaseA-20  than for GH untreated or treated with PromoteNET. Rams fed enzyme-treated hay had higher (P < 0.05) DM intake as a percentage of BW when compared with those fed untreated GH (4.06% for BiocellulaseA-20 0, 3.15% for PromoteNET, and 2.86% for the control). Apparent DM digestibility increased (P < 0.05) by 5.89 and 4.24 percentage units for BiocellulaseA-20 - and PromoteNET -treated hays in comparison with that of the control (50.12%). Significant increases over the control were observed in digestibility of three other fractions for GH treated with BiocellulaseA-20 and PromoteNET (CP, 3.23 and 3.18; NDF, 7.96 and 4.31; ADF, 7.69 and 7.9 percentage units). Digestibility of dry matter, CP and ADF did not differ (P > 0.05) between enzymatic treatments, whereas NDF digestibility was higher (P < 0.05) for GH treated with BiocellulaseA-20. In the second experiment, apparent dry matter degradability (IVDMDA) and true dry matter degradability (IVDMDT) were found to be higher (P < 0.05) for GH treated with both enzymes than for those of the control (IVDMDA by 2.75 percentage units for BiocellulaseA-20, 2.12 for PromoteNET; IVDMDT by 2.42 and 1.73 units, respectively). These results indicate that application of fibrolytic enzymatic complexes to low-quality tropical grass hay can improve the nutritional value substantially.

Intakes andin vivoapparent digestibilities of four types of conserved grass forage by ponies

2000 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. S. Moore-Colyer ◽  
A. C. Longland
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Gross Energy

AbstractThe intakes and in vivo apparent digestibilities (AD) of four forages: hay (H), haylage (HY), big-bale silage (BB) and clamp silage (CS), were investigated in Welsh cross pony geldings (live weight (LW) ca. 330 kg). The trial was a 4✕4 Latin-square design with diets offered at 1•65 g/kg dry matter (DM) per100 kg LW per day, in two equal meals. Food and faecal samples were analysed for DM, organic matter, crude protein (CP), gross energy, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg) and non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) composition and content. Significant differences (P < 0·05) in DM intakes (DMI) g/kg M0·75were recorded between foods, where HY = BB = H > CS. For all measurements AD was significantly (P < 0·05) higher for BB and CS than for H, with HY being intermediate in all but digestibilities of Ca and Mg. Digestibility of NSP of BB and CS were significantly (P < 0·05) greater than for H and HY. The digestible energy (DE) of H, HY, BB and CS were 5·75, 9·09, 9·83 and 11·98 MJ/kg DM respectively, which coupled with the corresponding DMI resulted in all foods but H meeting the theoretical daily DE requirements of the ponies. Similarly, theoretical digestible CP requirements were met on all diets except H. NSP fractions accounted for 0·5 of daily DE in both H and BB, which were significantly (P < 0·05) higher than for CS and HY at 0·4 and 0·2 respectively. These results indicate that CS, BB and HY are readily digested by ponies and thus offer suitable high-energy alternatives to hay in horse rations.

Voluntary intake and digestion of ryegrass straw by llama × guanaco crossbreds and sheep

1989 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Warmington ◽  
G. F. Wilson ◽  
T. N. Barry
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New World ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Lower Urinary

SUMMARYThe voluntary feed and water intakes of five llama × guanaco crossbreds (New World camelids) and five sheep, and their abilities to digest various feed components and to utilize nitrogen, were compared using a diet of threshed ryegrass straw in New Zealand in 1987.The camelids ate more than the sheep, but intakes were similar relative to metabolic live weight (mean 37·6 g dry matter/kg W0·75 per day). They drank 0·62 times as much water as sheep per kg W0·75, and 0·57 times as much per g DM intake (P < 0·05). Mean apparent digestibilities of dry matter (47.7%), energy (41·6%) and cell-wall fractions (48·4%) were similar in both species, in spite of the sheep selecting a higher-N component of the diet. Variation in digestibility (e.g. organic matter digestibility) among individual sheep was inversely associated with the percentage of cell-wall constituents consumed. The faeces of camelids contained a significantly higher proportion of particles longer than 0·5mm than those of the sheep (17 v. 11% total DM), indicating a slightly larger threshold to passage from the forestomachs in the camelids.All animals were in negative N balance during the trial, but net loss of N was less in the camelids than in the sheep (27·6 and 49·5 g N/100 g N intake, respectively; P < 0·05), because of lower urinary N excretion (36·5 and 60·3 g N/100 g N intake, respectively; P < 0·05) of the camelids. The results suggest that camelids may be better suited than ruminants for production from poor-quality feeds, especially if water supply is limited.

The effect of different proportions of hay and fortified rolled barley in the diet on digestible-energy value and urinary-energy excretion by cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Raven
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Concentrate Treatment

SUMMARYA 6 x 6 Latin Square balance experiment was carried out using six Friesian steers, each of which initially weighed about 304 kg. The six treatments studied were an all-hay diet and five other diets containing 20,40,60,80 and 100 % of rolled barley fortified with mineral and vitamin supplements, accompanied by correspondingly reduced proportions of hay. Each diet was fed at an estimated maintenance level of feeding.The progressive increase in the proportion of concentrate gave a significantly linear increase (P < 0·001) in both digestible and calculated metabolizable energy. The actual increase in digestible energy was from 2·62Mcal/kg dry matter (59·3% of the gross energy) on the all-hay treatment to 3·42 Mcal/kg dry matter (79·5% of the gross energy) on the all-concentrate treatment. Use of the determined digestible energy values for the all-hay and fortified barley diets to calculate the digestible energy of the four mixed diets gave results in reasonably good agreement with the determined values, the maximum difference being 0·12 Mcal/kg dry matter, which represented 3·83 % of the determined value. The losses of energy in the urine expressed as percentages of the gross energy of the diets showed a small but significantly linear decrease (P < 0·01) with increase in proportion of barley in the diet. The molar proportions of steamvolatile acids in samples of rumen fluid taken from two animals on each treatment indicated that increase in the proportion of concentrate was associated with tendencies for increase in acetic acid, decrease in propionic acid and little change in butyric acid. The mean digestibility of the organic matter was 62·6 % on the all-hay treatment and 81·8 % on the all concentrate treatment. The progressive increase in the proportion of concentrate gave a significantly linear increase (P < 0·001) in digestibility of the organic matter. Although intakes of nitrogen decreased with increase in the proportion of concentrate due to a decrease in the amount of dry matter fed, the weights of nitrogen retained were well maintained and when expressed as percentages of intake showed a significantly linear increase (P < 0·01).

Effects of nutrition in late pregnancy on subsequent milk production in Ewes

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. T. Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Lower Content ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Total Birth ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake

SUMMARY1. Scottish Half-bred ewes carrying twin foetuses were fed individually to make live-weight gains in the last six weeks of pregnancy of (1) 20%, (2) 10% and (3) 0% of their live weight in week 14 of pregnancy. In lactation the ewes were fed ad libitum. The lambs were removed 12 to 16 hr after parturition and the ewes were machine-milked twice daily for the first six weeks of lactation.2. Total birth weights per ewe of twin lambs from the treatments were (1) 10·10 kg, (2) 9·44 kg and (3) 8·18 kg and differed significantly.3. The level and pattern of voluntary intake in lactation did not differ significantly between the treatments. Total dry-matter intakes in the six weeks of lactation were (1) 121·9 kg (2) 105·9 kg and (3) 109·5 kg.4. The pregnancy treatments affected the level of milk production and the shape of lactation curves. The total yields in the first six weeks of lactation were (1) 58·8 kg, (2) 43·5 kg and (3) 26·9 kg. Higher contents of fat and protein and the lower content of lactose in the milk from treatment-3 ewes on days 1 and 3 of lactation indicated a slower onset of lactation in these ewes. Between days 7 and 35 of lactation the contents of fat and SNF were lowest on treatment 3 but the differences were not significant.5. The live-weight changes in lactation, which were in inverse order to the gains in late pregnancy, were (1) 3·4 kg, (2) 5·5 kg and (3) 9·5 kg.

scholarly journals KECERNAAN NDF DAN ADF YANG MENDAPAT SUPLEMENTASI UREA MOLASSES MULTINUTRIENT BLOCK (UMMB) DARI BEBERAPA JENIS LIMBAH PERTANIAN DAN RUMPUT LAPANG PADA SAPI PERANAKAN ONGOLE (PO)

ZOOTEC ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 320
Author(s):  
Giandi Grahadi Turangan ◽  
B. Tulung ◽  
Y.R.L. Tulung ◽  
M.R. Waani
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Peanut Straw

NDF AND ADF DIGESTIBILITY WHICH GET THE SUPPLEMENTED UREA MOLASSES MULTINUTRIENT BLOCK (UMMB) OF SOME CROP RESIDUES TYPE AND LOCAL GRASS ON ONGOLE CROSSBRED CATTLE. A research evaluating dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility of crops residues and local grass supplemented urea molasses multinutrient block (UMMB) on Ongole crossbred cattle (PO). Four male PO cattle, 12 – 18 months of age with ± 100 kg of body weight were used in this experiment. Latin Square Design 4 x 4 with 4 cows and 4 treatments was used. The treatments were : R1 : UMMB + local grass, R2: UMMB + Corn straw, R3: UMMB + Rice straw, and R4: UMMB + peanut straw. The results showed that there were significant effect (P<0.01) of treatments on NDF and ADF digestibility. C1 showed that NDF and ADF digestibility of local grass (68.44% and 61.37%) were higher (P<0.05) compared to crop residues (corn straw 65.25% and 58.59%, rice straw 62.63% dan 52.80%, and peanut straw 67.53% and 59.81%) respectively. C2 showed that NDF and ADF digestibility of legume straw was higher than grasses straw; and C3 showed that  NDF and ADF digestibility of rice straw was lower than corn straw. The results have concluded that : 1. NDF and ADF digestibility of local grass were higher compared to crop residues. 2. NDF and ADF digestibility of legume straw (peanut straw) was higher than grasses straw  (corn straw and ricce straw);3. NDF and ADF digestibility of  corn straw was higher than peanut straw.Key words: NDF and ADF digestibility, crop residues, UMMB, ongole crossbred cattle

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