Further studies on carry-over effects of dietary crude protein and triiodothyronine (T3) in broiler chickens

Indian River male broiler chickens growing from 7 to 28 d of age were fed on diets containing either 120 or 210 g crude protein and 0 or 1 mg triiodothyronine (T3)/kg diet to study in vitro lipogenesis (IVL). In addition, a carry-over period (180 g crude protein/kg diet from 28 to 40 d of age) was used to test the persistence of prior treatment effects. The higher protein level increased, but T3 decreased (P < 0.01) growth and feed consumption at 28 d of age. The lower protein level increased (P < 0.05) and T3 decreased IVL in 28-d-old chickens. These effects were only sustained for 6 d following the switch to a common diet at 28 d. IVL at 40 d of age was not affected by either crude protein or T3 fed during the 7–28 d period. The higher protein level increased plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 during the period from 7 to 28 d; however, this effect lasted for only 6 d following the switch to a common diet. Plasma growth hormone (GH) at 28 d of age was inversely related to dietary protein level. Changing to a common level of crude protein did not change plasma GH values at 12 d, indicating that the nutritional state of the young chicken may affect GH at a later period of life. Metabolic changes noted in this study were rapid and maintained for a short period of time following the feeding of a common diet.Lipogenesis: Dietary protein: Triiodothyronine

Download Full-text

In vitro lipid metabolism, growth and metabolic hormone concentrations in hyperthyroid chickens

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19920124 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

pp. 667-676 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

R. W. Rosebrough ◽

J. P. McMurtry ◽

R. Vasilatos-Younken

Keyword(s):

Growth Hormone ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Lipid Synthesis ◽

High Rate ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Plasma Growth Hormone ◽

Indian River ◽

Plasma Gh ◽

Metabolic Hormone

Indian River male broiler chickens growing from 7 to 28 d of age were fed on diets containing energy: protein values varying from 43 to 106 MJ/kg protein and containing 0 or 1 mg triiodothyronine (T3)/kg diet to study effects on growth, metabolic hormone concentrations and in vitro lipogenesis. In vitro lipid synthesis was determined in liver explants in the presence and absence of ouabain (Na+, K+-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.1.37) inhibitor) to estimate the role of enzyme activity in explants synthesizing lipid. Growth and feed consumption increased (P < 0.01) when the energy: protein value decreased from 106 to 71 MJ/kg protein; however, both variables decreased as the value was further decreased from 53 to 43 MJ/kg protein. Triiodothyronine depressed (P < 0.01) growth, but not food intake. Large energy:protein diets (> 53 MJ/kg protein) and dietary T3 lowered (P < 0.01) plasma growth hormone. Large energy:protein diets (> 53 MJ/kg protein) increased (P < 0.01) lipogenesis, plasma growth hormone (GH) and decreased plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Also, T3 decreased plasma GH, IGF-1 in vitro lipogenesis. Ouabain inhibited a greater proportion of in vitro lipogenesis in those explants synthesizing fat at a high rate. Both dietary T3 and in vitro ouabain decrease lipogenesis, but, when combined, the effects are not cumulative

Download Full-text

Protein and enery relationships in the broiler chicken 12. Dietary protein and triidothyronine (T3) effects on the response of broilers to isoproterenol and cyclic adenosine monophosphate in vitro

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19950010 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

pp. 73-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R.W. Rosebrough ◽

A.D. Mitchell

Keyword(s):

Protein Level ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Adenosine Monophosphate ◽

Chemical Extraction ◽

Dietary Control ◽

Acetate Incorporation ◽

Dietary Crude Protein ◽

Crude Protein Level

Indian River male broiler chickens (7-d-old) were fed on diets containing 120, 210 or 300 g crude protein/kg + 0 or 1 mg triiodothyronine (T3)/kg diet (Expt 1) and 120, 150, 180 or 210 g crude protein/kg +0 or 1 mg T3/kg diet (Expt 2) to determine the effects of crude protein level and T3 on growth and metabolism. Body composition of chickens was determined by a combination of dissection of muscle and abdominal fat pads, and chemical extraction (Expt 1). In vitro lipogenesis (IVL) was determined in both experiments by incubating liver explants for 2 h at 37° in the presence of 10-4 M-dibutyryl cyclic AMP (cAMP) or 10-5 M isoproterenol (ISO) and 10-2 M-[2-14C]acetate. Acetate incorporation into total lipid was an indication of IVL. Activity ratios for each of these additions relative to control (?cAMP?ISO) were calculated to ascertain basal ν. inhibited rates of IVL. The relative muscle mass was increased by increasing crude protein from 120 to 210 g/kg diet but not from 210 to 300 g/kg diet. Dietary T3 decreased total body lipid regardless of the dietary crude-protein level. Increasing dietary crude protein decreased (P<0.05) basal IVL (?cAMP? ISO) but not IVL (+ cAMP). Dietary T3 decreased basal IVL in birds fed on the diets containing 120 and 210 g crude protein/kg but had little effect on the two inhibited states of lipogenesis (+ cAMP or +ISO). The component of lipogenesis sensitive to in vitro inhibition is also the component under dietary control.

Download Full-text

Optimum dietary crude protein requirement for juvenile cachama Piaractus brachypomus

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/s0103-84782011001200023 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 41 (12) ◽

pp. 2183-2189 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Wálter Vásquez-Torres ◽

Manoel Pereira-Filho ◽

Jose Alfredo Arias-Castellanos

Keyword(s):

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Level ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Polynomial Regression ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Protein Requirement ◽

Dietary Protein Level ◽

Dietary Crude Protein ◽

Order Polynomial

A growth experiment was conducted to determine the optimal dietary protein requirement for juvenile cachama, Piaractus brachypomus. Six semi-purified isoenergetic experimental diets using casein and gelatin as protein sources were formulated to contain graded levels of protein (16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 36%). Fish initially averaging 15.52±0.33g (mean±SD) were randomly distributed into the tanks (500L) as groups of 20 fish and fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 60 days. The results showed that feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, fish weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value were affected by dietary protein level (P<0.05) . No significant differences were observed in proximal composition of carcass (P<0.05) in response to dietary protein. Analysis of dietary protein level x WG with a second order polynomial regression suggested a requirement of 31.6% CP for optimum growth.

Download Full-text

Carry-over effects of dietary crude protein and triiodothyronine (T3) inbroiler chickens

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19960160 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 75 (4) ◽

pp. 573-581 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R. W Rosebrough ◽

A. D Mitchell ◽

J. P Mcmurtry

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Relative Size ◽

Dietary Treatment ◽

Acetate Incorporation ◽

Final Body Weight ◽

Protein Levels

Indian River male broiler chickens growing from 7 to 30 d of age were fed on diets containing crude protein levels ranging from 120 to 3041 g/kg plus 0 or 1 mg triiodothyronine (T3/)kg diet. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of these treatments on lipogenesis after a common diet was fed (180 g crude protein/kg diet from 30 to 56 d of age). Dietary treatment groups were sampled at 30 and 56 d. In vitro lipogenesis was determined by incubating liver explants for 2h at 37°in Hanks' salts containing 25 mM-HEPES and 10 mM-[2-14C]acetate and then measuring acetate incorporation into total lipid. Growth and feedconsumption from 7 to 30 d increased (P<0·01) as dietary protein increased from 120 to 210 g/kg diet. Both measurements decreased as crude protein increased from 210 to 300 g/kg diet.T, decreased (P<0·01) growth and feed intake during this period.Low-protein (<180 g/kg) diets increased (P<0·05) and T3, decreased lipogenesis in 30-d-old chickens. Although birds given T3from 7 to 30 dgrew at the greatest rate from 30 to 56 d of age, the final body weight was still less than controls.In vifm lipogenesis at 56 d of age was not affected by either of the two dietary treatments. In contrast, the relative size of the abdominal fat pad (g/kg body weight) at 56 d was decreased by feeding T3from 7 to 30 d. Any changes in metabolism elicited by either dietary protein levels or hormone treatments may be specific to the particular dosing interval and are not sustained when acommon diet is fed during a repletion period.

Download Full-text

OPTIMUM PROTEIN AND ENERGY LEVELS FOR FINISHING BROILER CHICKENS IN A TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v4i1.2240 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 239-253

Author(s):

M. J. Olomu

Keyword(s):

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Level ◽

Feed Efficiency ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Energy Levels ◽

Tropical Environment ◽

Tropical Country ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Groundnut Meal ◽

Dietary Treatments

Three experiments were conducted to determine the optimum protein and energy levels for finishing broiler chickens in a tropical environment. Dietary protein levels (20, 23 and 26 percent) and energy levels (2800, 3000 and 3200 Kcal/kg diet) tested had no significant effects on performance of finishing chickens fed fishmeal-containing rations. Rations based on cereals and groundnut meal, without fishmeal, did not support maximum liveweight gain and feed efficiency at dietary protein levels below 26 percent. Dietary treatments had no significant effects on carcass dressing percentages. Based on the present results, a protein level of 20 percent(for fishmeal containing rations) and 23 or 26 percent (for rations based on groundnut meal without fishmeal) and energy levels of 2800 to 3000 Kcal/Kg diet are tentatively recommended for finishing broiler chickens raised in a tropical country like Nigeria.

Download Full-text

Effects of Dietary Protein Levels on Bamei Pig Intestinal Colony Compositional Traits

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2020/2610431 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Dong Wang ◽

Guoshun Chen ◽

Lili Song ◽

Mingjie Chai ◽

Yongfeng Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Level ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Microbial Flora ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Low Protein ◽

Dietary Crude Protein ◽

Protein Diets ◽

Crude Protein Level ◽

Microbial Diversities

Diets containing different crude protein levels (16%, 14%, and 12%) were created to feed Bamei pigs in order to study the effect of these compositions on intestinal colonies. Therefore, 27 healthy Bamei pigs of similar weight ( 20.99 kg ± 0.16 kg ) were selected and randomly divided into three groups for microbial diversity analysis. The results of this study show that microbial diversities and abundances in Bamei pig jejunum and caecum samples after feeding with different dietary protein levels were significantly different. Dietary crude protein level exerted no significant effect on the Shannon index for cecum microbes in these pigs, while Simpson, ACE, and Chao1 indices for group I were all significantly higher than those of either the control group or group II ( P < 0.05 ). Indeed, data show that microbial diversities and abundances in the 14% protein level group were higher than those in either the 16% or 12% groups. Dominant bacteria present in jejunum and cecum samples given low-protein diets were members of the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Data show that as dietary crude protein level decreases, representatives of the microbial flora genus Lactobacillus in jejunum and cecum samples gradually increases. Values for the KEGG functional prediction of microbial flora at different dietary protein levels also show that genes of jejunum and cecum microorganisms were mainly enriched in the “metabolism” pathway and indicate that low protein diets increase intestinal metabolic activity. Therefore, we recommend that Bamei pig dietary protein levels are reduced 2% from their existing level of 16% crude protein. We also suggest that essential synthetic amino acids (AA) are added to optimize this ideal protein model as this will increase intestinal flora diversity in these pigs and enhance health. These changes will have a positive effect in promoting the healthy growth of Bamei pigs.

Download Full-text

Rambutan fruit peel powder and dietary protein level influencing on fermentation characteristics, nutrient digestibility, ruminal microorganisms and gas production using in vitro fermentation techniques

Tropical Animal Health and Production ◽

10.1007/s11250-019-01837-x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 51 (6) ◽

pp. 1489-1496

Author(s):

Thiwakorn Ampapon ◽

Metha Wanapat

Keyword(s):

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Level ◽

Gas Production ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Fruit Peel ◽

In Vitro Fermentation ◽

Dietary Protein Level ◽

Ruminal Microorganisms

Download Full-text

Protein and energy relationships in the broiler chicken

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19930162 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

pp. 667-678 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

R. W. Rosebrough ◽

J. P. McMurtry

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chickens ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Broiler Chicken ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Low Protein ◽

Dietary Crude Protein ◽

Energy Relationships ◽

Limiting Amino Acid ◽

Limiting Amino Acids

Male broiler chickens growing from 7 to 35d were fed on a diet containing 150g crude protein (N × 6·25)/kg diet supplemented with lysine to equal that in diets containing 166, 183 and 200g crude protein/kg diet (Expt 1). A second group of male broiler chickens growing over the same period were fed on a diet containing 120g crude protein/kg supplemented with lysine, arginine, tryptophan, threonine and isoleucine equal to that in diets containing 144, 172 and 200g crude protein/kg diet (Expt 2). Growth was improved by lysine supplementation but not to the level attained by feeding 200g crude protein/kg (Expt 1). Lysine, arginine, tryptophan, threonine and isoleucine supplementation of a low-protein diet also improved growth, but growth again fell short of that attained by feeding a diet containing 200g crude protein/kg. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 and thyroxine concentrations increased and triiodothyronine decreased as the crude protein level increased from 150 to 200g/kg diet. Supplemental lysine did not affect plasma levels of these hormones. Although dietary crude protein levels noticeably changed rates ofin vitrolipogenesis, changing either the level of a single limiting amino acid or the levels of several limiting amino acids did not change lipogenesis.

Download Full-text

In vitro selenium accessibility in pet foods is affected by diet composition and type

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114515001324 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 113 (12) ◽

pp. 1888-1894 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Mariëlle van Zelst ◽

Myriam Hesta ◽

Lucille G. Alexander ◽

Kerry Gray ◽

Guido Bosch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Diet Composition ◽

Dietary Factors ◽

Raw Meat ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Diet Type

Se bioavailability in commercial pet foods has been shown to be highly variable. The aim of the present study was to identify dietary factors associated with in vitro accessibility of Se (Se Aiv) in pet foods. Se Aiv is defined as the percentage of Se from the diet that is potentially available for absorption after in vitro digestion. Sixty-two diets (dog, n 52; cat, n 10) were in vitro enzymatically digested: fifty-four of them were commercially available (kibble, n 20; pellet, n 8; canned, n 17; raw meat, n 6; steamed meat, n 3) and eight were unprocessed (kibble, n 4; canned, n 4) from the same batch as the corresponding processed diets. The present investigation examined if Se Aiv was affected by diet type, dietary protein, methionine, cysteine, lysine and Se content, DM, organic matter and crude protein (CP) digestibility. Se Aiv differed significantly among diet types (P< 0·001). Canned and steamed meat diets had a lower Se Aiv than pelleted and raw meat diets. Se Aiv correlated positively with CP digestibility in extruded diets (kibbles, n 19; r 0·540, P =0·017) and negatively in canned diets (n 16; r − 0·611, P =0·012). Moreover, the canning process (n 4) decreased Se Aiv (P =0·001), whereas extrusion (n 4) revealed no effect on Se Aiv (P =0·297). These differences in Se Aiv between diet types warrant quantification of diet type effects on in vivo Se bioavailability.

Download Full-text