scholarly journals Effects of two fermentable carbohydrates (inulin and resistant starch) and their combination on calcium and magnesium balance in rats

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Younes ◽  
Charles Coudray ◽  
Jacques Bellanger ◽  
Christian Demigné ◽  
Yves Rayssiguier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Absorption ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Mineral Absorption ◽  
Fermentable Carbohydrates

Resistant starch and inulin are complex carbohydrates that are fermented by the microflora and known to increase colonic absorption of minerals in animals. The fermentation of these substrates in the large bowel to short-chain fatty acids is the main reason for this increase in mineral absorption. The purpose of the present study was to examine the potential synergistic effect of a combination of these two fermentable carbohydrates. For this purpose, thirty-two adult male Wistar rats weighing 200 g were used in the present study. The rats were distributed into four groups, and fed for 21 d a fibre-free basal purified diet or diet containing 100 g inulin, or 150 g resistant starch (raw potato starch)/kg diet or a blend of 50 g inulin and 75 g resistant starch/kg diet. After an adaptation period of 14 d, the rats were then transferred to metabolic cages and dietary intake, faeces and urine were monitored for 5 d. The animals were then anaesthetized and caecal Ca and Mg absorption were measured. Finally, the rats were killed and blood, caecum and tissues were sampled. Ca and Mg levels were assessed in diets, faeces, urine, caecum and plasma by atomic absorption spectrometry. Our results confirmed that inulin and resistant starch ingestion led to considerable caecal fermentation in the three experimental groups compared with the control group diet. Moreover, both carbohydrates significantly increased the intestinal absorption and balance of Ca and Mg, without altering the plasma level of these two minerals. Interestingly, the combination of the studied carbohydrates increased significantly (P<0·05) the caecal soluble Ca and Mg concentrations, the apparent intestinal absorption and balance of Ca, and non-significantly the plasma Mg level. In conclusion, a combination of different carbohydrates showed synergistic effects on intestinal Ca absorption and balance in rats. Further studies with other types of carbohydrate combinations should be carried out to extend these findings.

scholarly journals Influences of dietary adaptation and source of resistant starch on short-chain fatty acids in the hindgut of rats

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Åsa M. Henningsson ◽  
E. Margareta ◽  
G. L. Nyman ◽  
Inger M. E. Björck
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Adaptation Time ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The effect of adaptation time on the concentration and pattern of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) formed in the hindgut of rats given resistant starch (RS) in the form of raw potato starch (RPS) or high-amylose maize starch (HAS) was evaluated. Each starchy material was tested in diets containing 100 g indigestible carbohydrate/g DM, and fed for 13, 28 and 42 d. At the end of each period, the content of SCFA was determined in caecum, distal colon and faeces. The caecal concentration of total and individual SCFA increased for both diets with increasing adaptation time. The concentration of butyric acid was higher in the group fed RPS than in that fed HAS at all adaptation times. The caecal proportion of butyric acid was low both in rats fed RPS and HAS (6 and 4 %, respectively) following 13 d of adaptation. However, after 28 d of adaptation, the proportion of butyric acid had increased to 19 % in rats given RPS. A longer adaptation period (42 d) did not increase the proportion of butyric acid further. With HAS, there was also a significant (P<0·01) increase in the proportion of butyric acid with longer adaptation time. However, the increase was much slower and the proportion of butyric acid reached 6 and 8 % after 28 and 42 d respectively. It is concluded that the pattern of SCFA formed from RS in rats is dependent on adaptation time. It cannot be excluded that the different patterns of SCFA reported in the literature for RS may be due to the time of adaptation.

scholarly journals Nutrient utilisation and intestinal fermentation are differentially affected by the consumption of resistant starch varieties and conventional fibres in pigs

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 984-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd C. Rideout ◽  
Qiang Liu ◽  
Peter Wood ◽  
Ming Z. Fan
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Body Retention ◽  
Nutrient Utilisation

This study examined the influence of different resistant starch (RS) varieties and conventional fibres on the efficiency of nutrient utilisation and intestinal fermentation in pigs. Thirty-six pigs (30 kg) were fed poultry meal-based diets supplemented with 10 % granular resistant corn starch (GCS), granular resistant potato starch (GPS), retrograded resistant corn starch (RCS), guar gum (GG) or cellulose for 36 d according to a completely randomised block design. Distal ileal and total tract recoveries were similar (P>0·05) among the RS varieties. Distal ileal starch recovery was higher (P < 0·05) in pigs consuming the RS diets (27–42 %) as compared with the control group (0·64 %). Consumption of GCS reduced (P < 0·05) apparent total tract digestibility and whole-body retention of crude protein in comparison with the control group. Consumption of GPS reduced (P < 0·05) total tract Ca digestibility and whole-body retention of Ca and P compared with the control group. However, consumption of RCS increased (P < 0·05) total tract Ca digestibility compared with the control group. Caecal butyrate concentration was increased (P < 0·05) following consumption of RCS and GG in comparison with the control group. Consumption of all the RS varieties reduced (P < 0·05) caecal indole concentrations compared with the control. Caecal butyrate concentrations were positively correlated (P < 0·05;r0·63–0·83) with thermal properties among the RS varieties. We conclude that nutrient utilisation and intestinal fermentation are differentially affected by the consumption of different RS varieties and types of fibres. Thermal properties associated with different RS varieties may be useful markers for developing RS varieties with specific functionality.

scholarly journals Dietary inulin intake and age can significantly affect absorption of the faecal marker dysprosium in rats

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-259
Author(s):  
Charles Coudray ◽  
Christine Feillet-Coudray ◽  
Yves Rayssiguier
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Intestinal Absorption ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Mineral Absorption ◽  
Absorption Studies ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

It is believed that rare earth elements are not absorbed, and thus they are generally used in some mineral absorption studies as a faecal marker. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of inulin intake and age on dysprosium (Dy) absorption in rats. Eighty male Wistar rats of four different ages (2, 5, 10 and 20 months) were randomised into either a control group or a group receiving 3·75% inulin in their diet for 4d and then 7·5% inulin until the end of the study. The animals were fed fresh food and waterad libitumfor 30d. The intestinal absorption of Dy was determined from a 4d (day 21 to day 25) balance study. Mean faecal Dy recovery (%) in the eight groups (3 months control, 3 months inulin, 6 months control, 6 months inulin, 11 months control, 11 months inulin, 21 months control, 21 months inulin) was 94·0 (sd 8·6), 64·8 (sd 10·1), 95·8 (sd 9·4), 81·5 (sd 12·1), 98·4 (sd 9·8), 87·8 (sd 9·5), 97·8 (sd 6·2) and 84·9 (sd 10·9), respectively. Our results showed clearly that dietary inulin intake decreased faecal Dy recovery in all four rat groups, and faecal Dy recovery was significantly higher in the old rats (10 and 20 months) than in the young and adult rats. These results show that the faecal recovery (or intestinal absorption) of Dy may vary greatly with nutritional or physiological states such as inulin intake or age. The use of rare earth elements as a faecal marker should be thus validated under each nutritional or physiological state before being employed in mineral absorption studies.

scholarly journals Dietary fibre-rich oat-based products affect serum lipids, microbiota, formation of short-chain fatty acids and steroids in rats

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 1012-1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbora Drzikova ◽  
Gerhard Dongowski ◽  
Erich Gebhardt
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acids ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Oat Flour ◽  
Extrusion Technology

Wistar rats (ten per group) were fed either an oat-free control diet or a dietary fibre-rich test diet containing 500 g oat-based products/kg for 6 weeks. The oat-based products, containing 4–128 g/kg resistant starch, 30–92 g/kg β-glucan and 122–304 g/kg total dietary fibre, were oat flour extrudate, flour/Novelose (commercial resistant starch) extrudate (80:20 w/w), oat bran, bran/Novelose extrudate (80:20 w/w) and autoclaved oat flour. Serum total cholesterol decreased in the groups fed flour, flour/Novelose and bran/Novelose (P<0·05). In most of the test groups, count numbers of bifidobacteria were higher (P<0·001) and of coliforms were lower (P<0·05). The mass of the caecum walls and contents was greater in groups fed Novelose- and bran-containing diets (P<0·005). In all the test groups, pH values were lower in the intestinal contents (P<0·001), and caecal concentrations of acetate (P<0·001), propionate (P<0·05), butyrate (P<0·005) and total SCFA (P<0·001) were higher. The lowest concentrations of steroids were found in rats fed the autoclaved flour. In the other test groups, more bile acids appeared in the caecal (P<0·001) and colonic contents (P<0·005), as well as in the faeces, at week 6 (P<0·001). The highest bile acid excretion was found after feeding bran-containing diets. In the intestinal contents of all the test groups, more primary bile acids (P<0·001) appeared than in the control group. The excretion of steroids increased within the experimental period. Using extrusion technology, dietary fibre-rich oat-based products, which have beneficial physiological effects in rats, can be produced. Oat flour and bran are excellent sources for the preparation of directly edible oat products. Their nutritional properties can be further improved by the addition of resistant starch.

Fermentable carbohydrate exerts a urea-lowering effect in normal and nephrectomized rats

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (3) ◽  
pp. G515-G521 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Younes ◽  
C. Remesy ◽  
S. Behr ◽  
C. Demigne
Keyword(s):  
Potato Starch ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Nitrogen Transfer ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Fecal Nitrogen ◽  
Cecal Wall ◽  
Fermentable Carbohydrates ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

The influence of nondigestible carbohydrate on intestinal fermentations and on the route of nitrogen excretion has been investigated in normal rats and in unilaterally nephrectomized rats. Rats were adapted to 10% casein diets, either fiber free or containing different levels of two fermentable carbohydrates, inulin or crude potato starch. Ingestion of fermentable carbohydrate led to a considerable enlargement of the cecum because of hypertrophy of the cecal wall and an increase in cecal contents. Cecal digesta contained elevated concentrations of short-chain fatty acids, resulting in acidic pH. Diets containing fermentable carbohydrate enhanced fecal nitrogen excretion, which was more than doubled at the highest level of inulin or potato starch. In parallel, urinary nitrogen excretion was significantly decreased by fermentable carbohydrate. Although these changes were similar in all animals, there were quantitative differences in the response of nephrectomized animals to fermentable carbohydrate. In nephrectomized rats, plasma urea concentrations were more than 2.5 times higher than in normal rats (5.8 mM compared with 2.2 mM). Plasma urea concentrations were reduced by approximately 50% when normal rats were fed diets containing 7.5-15% inulin or 10-20% resistant starch. In nephrectomized animals fed the highest level of fermentable carbohydrate, plasma urea concentrations were also significantly decreased, but only by 30%. In nephrectomized rats, the concentration of nitrogen cycling in the cecum was greater (urea nitrogen transfer into the cecum was 50-60% greater and ammonia flux from the cecal lumen to the blood was two times higher than in normal rats), but fecal nitrogen excretion was equivalent in normal and nephrectomized animals. When expressed as a percentage of total nitrogen excretion, fecal nitrogen excretion was <20% in animals fed fiber-free diets, compared with 45-50% in normal animals and 40% in nephrectomized animals fed fermentable carbohydrate.

Erythrocyte and reticulocyte parameters during biological monitoring of lead exposure to the body

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 873-876
Author(s):  
Anastasiya G. Khotuleva ◽  
Mariya S. Kozyreva
Keyword(s):  
Biological Monitoring ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Hematological Disorders ◽  
Globin Synthesis

Introduction. The most susceptible to lead is the hematopoietic system of hematopoietic organs due to lead inhibition of heme and globin synthesis and cytotoxic effect on the membrane of Mature red blood cells. The aim of study was to evaluate the informative value of the study of erythrocyte and reticulocyte parameters determined on modern hematological analyzers in patients working in contact with lead during medical and biological monitoring. Materials and methods. 45 employees of the lead battery processing plant and 30 persons of control group were examined. The level of lead in the blood was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, δ-ALA in the urine-by the reaction of pyrol formation with acetylacetone in terms of gram of creatinine, the study of hematological parameters was performed on a Sysmex HT-2000i analyzer. Statistical processing of the results was performed using the program STATISTICA 10.0. Results. Significant changes in erythrocytic (RDW) and reticulocytic (RET, IRF, LFR, MFR, HFR, RET-He) parameters, erythropoietin in workers in contact with lead compared to the control group, changes in MCV, MCH, RDW, RET indicators in the group working in dynamics after 2 years were revealed. Associations of hematological parameters with biomarkers of exposure and effect (lead level in blood and ALA in urine) were revealed. Conclusions. Assessment of erythrocyte (MCV, MCH, RDW) and reticulocyte parameters (RET% and their distribution by maturity) in dynamics during periodic medical examinations of workers in contact with lead allows us to detect the development of hematological disorders at early stages.

Effect of Dapagliflozin on Intestinal Flora in MafA-deficient Mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (27) ◽  
pp. 3223-3231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luyao Li ◽  
Shiyao Xu ◽  
Tingting Guo ◽  
Shouliang Gong ◽  
Chuan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Deficient Mice

Objective: To investigate the effect of dapagliflozin on intestinal microflora in MafA-deficient mice using an animal model of diabetes. Methods: Male MafA-deficient mice were administered dapagliflozin (1.0 mg/kg/d) intragastrically for 6 weeks. Mouse body weights and fasting blood glucose levels were measured, and intestinal short-chain fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography. A series of methods was used to analyse the number of primary harmful bacteria in the faeces, and high-throughput sequencing was used to sequence the changes in intestinal flora. Results: The weight of the mice decreased after dapagliflozin gavage, and fasting blood glucose was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.001). Acetic acid and butyric acid contents in the intestinal tracts of the mice increased, and the growth of harmful microorganisms, such as Clostridium perfringens, enterococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and intestinal enterococci, was inhibited. Blautia is a species found in the experimental group and was significantly different from the control and blank groups as determined by the LDA score from highthroughput sequencing. Conclusion: Dapagliflozin can reduce fasting blood glucose, decrease body weight, increase short-chain fatty acid content, regulate the intestinal microecological balance of the body and promote blood glucose and energy homeostasis.

PSIII-12 In vitro Evaluation of Purified Fiber Sources for Production of Short-chain Fatty Acids Using Pig Cecal Content as an Inoculum

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 177-177
Author(s):  
Gabriela E Martinez Padilla ◽  
Rajesh Jha ◽  
Vivek Fellner ◽  
Eric van Heugten
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Citrus Peel ◽  
Starch Potato ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Abstract This study evaluated short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production from purified fiber sources when fermented in vitro using pig cecal contents as an inoculum. Fiber sources of interest were inulin from chicory root (native and long-chain inulin with 90 and 98% fiber, respectively), pectin from citrus peel (high methoxyl pectin), resistant starch (native starch), potato starch (commercial grade), and β-glucan (β-1,3;β-1,6 yeast-derived). Cellulose and cornstarch were used as indigestible and highly digestible carbohydrates, respectively. Triplicate samples of substrates (2 g) were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis with pepsin and pancreatin for 6 h. Subsequently, hydrolyzed residues (200 mg) were incubated under anaerobic conditions at 39°C with 30 mL solution of cecal inoculum collected from 3 sows fed a standard commercial diet and buffered mineral solution. After 48 h of incubation, solutions from fermented samples were analyzed for pH, SCFA, and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) using gas-liquid chromatography. Enzymatic hydrolysis had no effect on digestion of β-glucan, but total SCFA concentration after fermentation was highest (26.13 mmol/g) followed by resistant starch (22.61 mmol/g) and potato starch (22.20 mmol/g) and was lowest for cellulose (13.91 mmol/g). In contrast, native inulin was highly digested during enzymatic hydrolysis, resulting in the lowest substrate available for fermentation (11.84% DM) and the highest pH (5.98). Enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of resistant starch increased (P&lt; 0.001) concentrations of acetate (0.60 mg/g), whereas potato starch and β-glucan yielded more butyrate (0.60 and 0.54 mg/g respectively), and β-glucan resulted in greater (P&lt; 0.001) propionate concentrations (0.69 mg/g). Pectin resulted in the highest fermentation (82.38% DM disappearance) and the lowest pH (4.03) compared to the other fiber sources (P&lt; 0.001) and yielded the lowest BCFA concentration (1.89 mM, P&lt; 0.001). Results suggest that fermentation of resistant starch, potato starch, and β-glucan produced higher SCFA concentrations, while pectin resulted in a decreased pH of fermentation solution.

Effects of 900 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular phones on electrocardiograms of guinea pigs

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Meral ◽  
Y Tekintangac ◽  
H Demir
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cellular Phones ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Direct Writing ◽  
Separate Room ◽  
Chart Speed ◽  
Cardiovascular Functions

This study was carried out to determine the effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) emitted by cellular phones (CPs) on electrocardiograms (ECGs) of guinea pigs. A total of 30 healthy guinea pigs weighing 500–800 g were used. After 1 week of adaptation period, animals were randomly divided into two groups: control group ( n = 10) and EMF-exposed group ( n = 20). Control guinea pigs were housed in a separate room without exposing them to EMFs of CPs. Animals in second group were exposed to 890–915 MHz EMF (217 Hz of pulse rate, 2 W of maximum peak power and 0.95 wt kg−1 of specific absorption rate) for 12 h day−1 (11 h 45 min stand-by and 15 min speaking mode) for 30 days. ECGs of guinea pigs in both the groups were recorded by a direct writing electrocardiograph at the beginning and 10th, 20th and 30th days of the experiment. All ECGs were standardized at 1 mV = 10 mm and with a chart speed of 50 mm sec−1. Leads I, II, III, lead augmented vector right (aVR), lead augmented vector left (aVL) and lead augmented vector foot (aVF) were recorded. The durations and amplitudes of waves on the trace were measured in lead II. The data were expressed as mean with SEM. It was found that 12 h day−1 EMF exposure for 30 days did not have any significant effects on ECG findings of guinea pigs. However, this issue needed to be further investigated in a variety of perspectives, such as longer duration of exposure to be able to elucidate the effects of mobile phone-induced EMFs on cardiovascular functions.

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