scholarly journals Limitations of conventional models and a conceptual framework for a nutrient flow representation of energy utilization by animals

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 647-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Birkett ◽  
Kees de Lange
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
Statistical Issues ◽  
Conventional Models ◽  
Animal Effects

Conventional models of energy utilization by animals, based on partitioning metabolizable energy (ME) intake or net energy (NE), are reviewed. The limitations of these methods are discussed, including various experimental, analytical and conceptual problems. Variation in the marginal efficiency of utilizing energy can be attributed to various factors: diet nutrient composition; animal effects on diet ME content; diet and animal effects on ME for maintenance (MEm); experimental methodology; and important statistical issues. ME partitioning can account for some of the variation due to animal factors, but not that related to nutrient source. In addition to many of the problems associated with ME, problems with NE pertain to: estimation of NE for maintenance (NEm); experimental and analytical methodology; and an inability to reflect variation in the metabolic use of NE. A conceptual framework is described for a new model of energy utilization by animals, based on representing explicit flows of the main nutrients and the important biochemical and biological transformations associated with their utilization. Differences in energetic efficiency from either dietary or animal factors can be predicted with this model.

ENERGY UTILIZATION BY THE LACOMBE AND YORKSHIRE BREEDS OF PIG

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 761-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. D. SHARMA ◽  
L. G. YOUNG ◽  
G. C. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Reference Base ◽  
Diet Formulation ◽  
Yorkshire Pigs ◽  
Energy Equilibrium

A comparative slaughter trial involving 32 weanling pigs was conducted to estimate the energy requirements for maintenance and production and to compare the energetic efficiency of Lacombe and Yorkshire pigs. The coefficients of digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and ME/DE ratio were similar for the two breeds. The fasting heat production and energy requirements for maintenance of energy equilibrium for the Yorkshire pigs were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than for the Lacombe pigs. Differences in the efficiency of utilization of ME for the function of maintenance and for production were not significant. Estimates of net energy for maintenance and net energy for gain of the corn-soybean meal diet are presented. The study suggests that these net energy values, like the DE and ME values, may be used for diet formulation without need for correction for breed. The use of the exponent 0.56 rather than 0.75 as the reference base of metabolic body size led to increased precision, as indicated by higher estimates of the coefficient of determination.

Energy content of intact and heat-treated dry extruded-expelled soybean meal fed to growing pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonjin Koo ◽  
Olumide Adeshakin ◽  
Charles Martin Nyachoti
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Heat Treated

Abstract An experiment was performed to evaluate the energy content of extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESBM) and the effects of heat treatment on energy utilization in growing pigs. Eighteen growing barrows (18.03 ± 0.61 kg initial body weight) were individually housed in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments (six replicates/treatment). The three experimental diets were: a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet and two test diets with simple substitution of a basal diet with intact EESBM or heat-treated EESBM (heat-EESBM) at a 7:3 ratio. Intact EESBM was autoclaved at 121°C for 60 min to make heat-treated EESBM. Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 16 d, including 10 d for adaptation and 6 d for total collection of feces and urine. Pigs were then moved into indirect calorimetry chambers to determine 24-h heat production and 12-h fasting heat production. The energy content of EESBM was calculated using the difference method. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS with the individual pig as the experimental unit. Pigs fed heat-EESBM diets showed lower (P &lt; 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), gross energy, and nitrogen than those fed intact EESBM. A trend (P ≤ 0.10) was observed for greater heat increments in pigs fed intact EESBM than those fed heat-EESBM. This resulted in intact EESBM having greater (P &lt; 0.05) digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents than heat-EESBM. However, no difference was observed in net energy (NE) contents between intact EESBM and heat-EESBM, showing a tendency (P ≤ 0.10) toward an increase in NE/ME efficiency in heat-EESBM, but comparable NE contents between intact and heat-EESBM. In conclusion, respective values of DE, ME, and NE are 4,591 kcal/kg, 4,099 kcal/kg, and 3,189 kcal/kg in intact EESBM on a DM basis. It is recommended to use NE values of feedstuffs that are exposed to heat for accurate diet formulation.

A respiration chamber for the study of energy utilization for maintenance and production in the laying hen

1965 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Waring ◽  
W. O. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Laying Hen ◽  
Avian Species ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Calorimetric Data ◽  
Respiration Chamber ◽  
Maintenance Requirement

1. Construction and details of operation of a respiration chamber suitable for studies on the laying hen are described.2. Calorimetric data on the utilization of food energy from balanced rations and from glucose are given.3. The net energy of balanced rations for maintenance and production is 83·7% of the metabolizable energy. The figure for glucose is considerably higher.4. The maintenance requirement of the 2 kg. laying hen is 88·9 kcal. metabolizable energy/kg./day.5. Some comments are given on the significance of protein metabolism in relation to the use of indirect calorimetry for avian species.

PSII-20 Energy Evaluation of Heat-treated and Intact Extruded-expelled Soybean Meal for Growing Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 166-166
Author(s):  
Bonjin Koo ◽  
Olumide Adeshakin ◽  
Martin Nyachoti
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Evaluation ◽  
Heat Treated

Abstract An experiment was performed to evaluate the energy contents of extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESBM) and the effects of thermal treatment on energy utilization in growing pigs. Eighteen growing barrows (18.03 ± 0.61 kg initial body weight) were individually housed in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments to give six replicates per treatment. The three experimental diets were: a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet and two test diets with simple substitution of a basal diet with intact EESBM or heat-treated EESBM in a 70:30 ratio. Intact EESBM was autoclaved at 120°C for 60 mins to make heat-treated EESBM (heat-EESBM). Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 16 d, including 10 d for adaptation and 6 d for total collection of feces and urine. Pigs were then moved into indirect calorimetry chambers to determine 24-h heat production and 12-h fasting heat production. The energy contents of the tested DESBM were calculated by using the difference method. All data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS with the individual pig as the experimental unit. Pigs fed heat-EESBM diets showed lower (P &lt; 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), gross energy, and nitrogen than those fed intact EESBM. A trend (P &lt; 0.10) was observed for greater heat increments in pigs fed intact EESBM than those fed heat-EESBM. This resulted in intact EESBM having greater (P &lt; 0.05) digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents than heat-EESBM but comparable net energy contents between intact and heat-EESBM. In conclusion, respective values of DE, ME, and net energy are 4,591 kcal/kg, 4,099 kcal/kg, and 3,242 kcal/kg on a DM basis. However, thermal damage during EESBM production should be considered in terms of DE and ME content of EESBM fed to growing pigs.

scholarly journals Energy utilization and growth performance of broilers receiving diets supplemented with enzymes containing carbohydrase or phytase activity individually or in combination

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 682-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluyinka A. Olukosi ◽  
Aaron J. Cowieson ◽  
Olayiwola Adeola
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Highly Correlated

Energy utilization in broilers as influenced by supplementation of enzymes containing phytase or carbohydrase activities was investigated. Day-old male broilers (480) were allocated to four slaughter groups, thirty broilers in the initial slaughter group and 150 broilers in each of the final slaughter groups on days 7, 14 and 21. Broilers in each of the final slaughter groups were allocated to five treatments in a randomized complete block design, each treatment had six replicate cages of five broilers per replicate cage. The diets were maize–soyabean based with wheat as a source of NSP. The treatments were: (1) positive control that met nutrient requirements of the day-old broiler chick; (2) negative control (NC) deficient in metabolizable energy and P; (3) NC plus phytase added at 1000 FTU/kg; (4) NC plus cocktail of xylanase, amylase and protease (XAP); and (5) NC plus phytase and XAP. Gain and gain:food were depressed (P < 0·05) in the NC diet. Phytase improved (P < 0·05) gain at all ages and gain:food at days 0–14 and days 0–21. There was improvement (P < 0·01) in net energy for production, energy retained as fat and protein from days 0 to 14 and from days 0 to 21 in phytase-supplemented diet compared with the NC diet. Net energy for production was more highly correlated with performance criteria than metabolizable energy and may be a more sensitive energy utilization response criterion to use in evaluating broiler response to enzyme supplementation.

Efficiency of energy utilization in cattle given food ad libitum: predictions according to the ARC system and practical consequences

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Tolkamp ◽  
J. J. M. H. Ketelaars
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Overall Efficiency ◽  
Diet Type

AbstractOverall efficiency of energy utilization (i.e. total net energy intake as a fraction of metabolizable energy intake) in cattle given food ad libitum was calculated from information included in the United Kingdom energy evaluation system as published by the Agricultural Research Council. For growing cattle (live weight 250 kg), overall efficiency was estimated for five levels of diet metabolizability (ranging from q = 0·45 to q = 0·65) for each of two diet types: coarse/long roughage and fine/pelleted diets. The overall efficiencies varied from 0·58 to 0·62 and were not systematically affected by diet type or diet metabolizability. For lactating cattle (live weight 600 kg), overall efficiency was also calculated for five diets with metabolizability ranging from 0·45 to 0·65. Calculations were made for cows at equilibrium intake (i.e. zero energy balance) and at milk production levels proportionately 0·30 higher or lower than those attained at equilibrium intake. Overall efficiencies varied from 0·60 to 0·63 and were not systematically affected by diet metabolizability.It is concluded that, in practical cattle production systems with ad libitum feeding, the net energy content of food may be estimated at 0·6 of the metabolizable energy content (or 0·5 of the digestible energy content), irrespective of diet type, diet metabolizability or productive function.

Energetic efficiency of fattening sheep. I. Utilization of low-fibre and high-fibre food mixtures

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 100 ◽  
Author(s):  
N McCGraham
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Castrate Male ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Maize Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

The energy, carbon, and nitrogen exchanges of nine castrate male sheep in moderately fat condition were determined with the aid of closed-circuit indirect calorimetry. Five of the sheep were kept on a diet containing equal parts of chopped lucerne hay and chopped wheaten hay (mixture A). The other four were given a pelleted 5:4:1 mixture of lucerne hay, maize meal, and peanut meal (mixture B). Each mixture was given at five different rates and each sheep was fasted on two occasions. Digestible energy averaged 62% for mixture A and 76% for mixture B, irrespective of feeding level. Of this, 10% was lost as methane and 5 to 13%, depending on level of feeding, in the urine, leaving on the average 81% metabolizable. Thus metabolizable energy amounted to 51 and 62% of the gross energy intake with mixtures A and B respectively, while net energy was 89 and 97% of the metabolizable energy intake at the lowest level of feeding and 61 and 69% at the highest. At any given level of metabolizable energy, mixture B provided 30% more digestible nitrogen than mixture A, but, allowing for differences between sheep in nitrogen economy, any additional energy obtained from mixture B was stored in fat. Consideration of the present results, along with data from earlier experiments with fattening sheep and cattle, showed that the net availability of metabolizable energy, both for maintenance and fattening, decreases regularly as the quantity of digestible fibre increases. Net energy could be estimated more accurately from this relation than by use of the commonly used factors of Kellner.

scholarly journals Estimation of the total efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization for maintenance and growth by cattle in tropical conditions

2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 1006-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Sampaio Henrique ◽  
Ricardo Augusto Mendonça Vieira ◽  
Pedro Antônio Muniz Malafaia ◽  
Maurício Cordeiro Mancini ◽  
André Luigi Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Total Efficiency ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Direct Measures

Data of 320 animals were obtained from eight comparative slaughter studies performed under tropical conditions and used to estimate the total efficiency of utilization of the metabolizable energy intake (MEI), which varied from 77 to 419 kcal kg-0.75d-1. The provided data also contained direct measures of the recovered energy (RE), which allowed calculating the heat production (HE) by difference. The RE was regressed on MEI and deviations from linearity were evaluated by using the F-test. The respective estimates of the fasting heat production and the intercept and the slope that composes the relationship between RE and MEI were 73 kcal kg-0.75d-1, 42 kcal kg-0.75d-1 and 0.37. Hence, the total efficiency was estimated by dividing the net energy for maintenance and growth by the metabolizable energy intake. The estimated total efficiency of the ME utilization and analogous estimates based on the beef cattle NRC model were employed in an additional study to evaluate their predictive powers in terms of the mean square deviations for both temperate and tropical conditions. The two approaches presented similar predictive powers but the proposed one had a 22% lower mean squared deviation even with its more simplified structure.

The nutrition of meat-type ducks. 1. The effects of dietary protein in isoenergetic diets on biological performance

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 857 ◽  
Author(s):  
AP Siregar ◽  
RB Cumming ◽  
DJ Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Biological Performance ◽  
Optimum Protein Level ◽  
Meat Type

An experiment was conducted with 1-day-old male and female White Pekin ducklings and four dietary protein levels (18, 20, 22 and 24%) from 0 to 2 weeks and eight dietary protein (%) combinations (18/18, 20/20, 24/24, 18/16, 20/16, 22/16, 24/16) from 3 to 8 weeks in isoenergetic (12.7 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg) diets to determine the optimum protein level needed for maximum biological performance of meat-type ducks. At 8 weeks of age male ducks were heavier, had better feed conversion ratios and less carcass fat than females. For both sexes carcass fat increased substantially between 6 and 8 weeks. Younger ducklings had better efficiency of energy utilization than older ducks. Dietary protein levels did not affect the energetic efficiency of gain, efficiency of energy utilization and carcass composition at 8 weeks. The significant effect of dietary protein on the fat content of the wet carcasses was observed in ducklings at 2 and 4 weeks, and a similar trend was seen at 6 weeks. It is suggested that for growth rate and feed conversion efficiency, 19 and 16 % levels of protein in diets containing 12.7 MJ ME/kg are adequate to meet the protein needs of Australian ducklings from 0 to 2 weeks and 3 to 8 weeks of age respectively.

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