scholarly journals Brassica rapa (field mustard).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanine Vélez-Gavilán
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Native Species ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Disturbed Areas ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Conclusive Data

Abstract Brassica rapa is an annual to biennial herb that is widely cultivated as a vegetable or oilseed crop. It has escaped and become weedy or invasive in cultivated fields and disturbed areas. In Oceania it is listed as an invasive in Australia, Fiji, New Caledonia and New Zealand. In North America it is listed as invasive in some areas of Canada and the USA. In USA, seed use is restricted in Arizona and Michigan. It is also listed as invasive in Cuba, Mexico, Nicaragua, Chile, Ecuador and Peru. There is limited information available about its invasiveness and how it affects habitats, but it has been reported that the species can displace desirable vegetation if not properly managed. In California, USA it establishes in disturbed areas and forms dense stands that can displace native vegetation. In Mexico, although B. rapa is a frequent species in disturbed areas, there are no conclusive data about its negative impact on natural habitats. Its low stature prevents B. rapa from shading other species, and as most of its growth occurs during the winter months and the rainy season it avoids competition with many native species.

scholarly journals Pteris multifida (spider brake).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanine Velez-Gavilán
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Alien Invasive Species ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
High Dispersal ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Pteris Multifida ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Noxious Weed

Abstract Pteris multifida is a herbaceous fern native to temperate and tropical eastern Asia and naturalized on many continents as a result of being widely cultivated. Although it is an urban weed, it is not considered by most countries as an invasive or noxious weed. There is no information available on the species affecting native species or natural habitats. Although one source lists P. multifida as an invasive species in many countries outside of Africa due to it being easily dispersed by spores, there are no references or further information to support this statement. It is reported as an alien invasive species in Germany, but only as occurring in sheltered sites, growing on light-vents in cellars and walls. A species assessment for Florida, USA indicates, P. multifida is neither a weed of natural habitats nor of agriculture. The species has not been listed as an invasive plant in any state or natural areas of the USA. However, P. multifida has been assigned a Tier II Invasive Species status (defined as having moderate negative impacts on wildlife or natural communities in Louisiana), but of limited concern and/or extent in Louisiana. Pteris multifida is recorded in Cuba as potentially invasive being categorized as a species with a tendency to proliferate in some areas and capable of producing vast amounts of diaspores with high dispersal potential. No further details are given about potential invasiveness.

scholarly journals Dolichandra unguis-cati (cat's claw creeper).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
New Caledonia ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
The Bahamas ◽  
Riparian Corridors ◽  
Understorey Vegetation ◽  
Canopy Trees ◽  
Disturbed Areas ◽  
Forest Remnants ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Vigorous Growth

Abstract Dolichandra unguis-cati is a vigorous, woody vine that can climb up to 15 m or higher. Due to its showy yellow flowers, it has been widely introduced as a garden ornamental. It has escaped from cultivation and become a significant invader of cultivated orchards, riparian corridors, natural forest remnants and disturbed areas, such as roadsides and urban spaces. D. unguis-cati clings tenaciously to any substrate with adventitious roots and clawed tendrils. This vigorous growth allows it to sprawl over other vegetation and, through a combination of both shading and weight, it can kill even large canopy trees. In the absence of climbing support, D. unguis-cati grows along the ground forming a thick carpet that inhibits the growth and seed germination of native understorey vegetation including native grasses, herbs and seedlings of shrubs and trees. Currently, this vine species is listed as invasive in Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, India, China, Mauritius, New Caledonia, Cuba, the Bahamas and the USA including Hawaii, Florida and Texas (Kairo et al., 2003; Henderson, 2001; Weber et al., 2008; Weeds of Australia, 2011; Oviedo Prieto et al., 2012; Randall, 2012; PIER, 2016).

scholarly journals Identification and Status of the Introduced Black Pine, Pinus nigra, and Mugo Pine, Pinus mugo, in Ontario

2005 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Catling
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Black Pine ◽  
Pinus Mugo ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Impact On Biodiversity

Recent reference texts and other sources are contradictory regarding the spread of Pinus nigra and Pinus mugo from cultivation in Ontario. Both species have reproduced from plantings along roadsides but neither has been observed to occupy habitats in Ontario to the substantial reduction or exclusion of native species, or to substantially invade natural habitats. The more widely planted Black Pine has been recorded spreading at 24 localities throughout the eastern part of southern Ontario. Mugo Pine is reported spreading at 18 locations. Although evidently much less aggressive than Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris), both Black and Mugo pines have a potential for negative impact on biodiversity in dry, rocky or sandy habitats, especially in connection with extensive plantings. A key for the identification of two-needle pines is included. Both P. nigra and P. mugo are highly variable and reported to hybridize extensively with other species.

Opportunities for improving the insider laws: A comparative analysis of the practice in the USA and Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 796-814
Author(s):  
E.K. Ovakimyan
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Insider Trading ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Market Manipulation ◽  
Insider Information ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Legislative Perfection ◽  
Definition Of

Subject. The article examines the laws regulating insider trading. Objectives. The study outlines recommendations for refining Law On Countering the Illegal Use of Insider Information and Market Manipulation and Amendments to Some Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation, № 224-ФЗ of July 27, 2010. Methods. The methodological framework includes a general dialectical method, analysis and synthesis, induction and deductions, and some specific methods, such as comparative and formal logic analysis to specify the definition of insider information, structural logic and functional analysis to improve the mechanism for countering insider trading and market manipulation. Results. We discovered key drawbacks to be addressed so as to improve the business environment in Russia. Although the Russia laws mainly mirror the U.S. laws, they present a more extended list of terms concerning the insider information. I believe the legislative perfection should be continued. Conclusions and Relevance. The study helps apply the findings to outline a new legislative regulation or amend the existing ones, add a new mention on the course of financial markets to students’ books, develop new methods for detecting and countering and improving the existing ones. If all parties to insider relationships use the findings, they will prevent insider trading crimes in financial markets and (or) reduce the negative impact of such crimes on the parties.

Maternal age at birth and daughter’s fecundability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Basso ◽  
Sydney K Willis ◽  
Elizabeth E Hatch ◽  
Ellen M Mikkelsen ◽  
Kenneth J Rothman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Loss To Follow Up ◽  
Older Mothers ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Competing Interest

Abstract STUDY QUESTION Do daughters of older mothers have lower fecundability? SUMMARY ANSWER In this cohort study of North American pregnancy planners, there was virtually no association between maternal age ≥35 years and daughters’ fecundability. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Despite suggestive evidence that daughters of older mothers may have lower fertility, only three retrospective studies have examined the association between maternal age and daughter’s fecundability. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Prospective cohort study of 6689 pregnancy planners enrolled between March 2016 and January 2020. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Pregnancy Study Online (PRESTO) is an ongoing pre-conception cohort study of pregnancy planners (age, 21-45 years) from the USA and Canada. We estimated fecundability ratios (FR) for maternal age at the participant’s birth using multivariable proportional probabilities regression models. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Daughters of mothers ≥30 years were less likely to have previous pregnancies (or pregnancy attempts) or risk factors for infertility, although they were more likely to report that their mother had experienced problems conceiving. The proportion of participants with prior unplanned pregnancies, a birth before age 21, ≥3 cycles of attempt at study entry or no follow-up was greater among daughters of mothers <25 years. Compared with maternal age 25–29 years, FRs (95% CI) for maternal age <20, 20–24, 30–34, and ≥35 were 0.72 (0.61, 0.84), 0.92 (0.85, 1.00), 1.08 (1.00, 1.17), and 1.00 (0.89, 1.12), respectively. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Although the examined covariates did not meaningfully affect the associations, we had limited information on the participants’ mother. Differences by maternal age in reproductive history, infertility risk factors and loss to follow-up suggest that selection bias may partly explain our results. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our finding that maternal age 35 years or older was not associated with daughter’s fecundability is reassuring, considering the trend towards delayed childbirth. However, having been born to a young mother may be a marker of low fecundability among pregnancy planners. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) PRESTO was funded by NICHD Grants (R21-HD072326 and R01-HD086742) and has received in-kind donations from Swiss Precision Diagnostics, FertilityFriend.com, Kindara.com, and Sandstone Diagnostics. Dr Wise is a fibroid consultant for AbbVie, Inc. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER n/a

scholarly journals Predicting the potential distribution of the vase tunicate Ciona intestinalis in Canadian waters: informing a risk assessment

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 788-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Therriault ◽  
Leif-Matthias Herborg
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Potential Distribution ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Ciona Intestinalis ◽  
Environmental Niche ◽  
Environmental Models ◽  
Introduced Range ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Therriault, T. W., and Herborg, L-M. 2008. Predicting the potential distribution of the vase tunicate Ciona intestinalis in Canadian waters: informing a risk assessment. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 788–794. A crucial step in characterizing the potential risk posed by non-native species is determining whether a potential invader can establish in the introduced range and what its potential distribution could be. To this end, various environmental models ranging from simple to complex have been applied to predict the potential distribution of an invader, with varying levels of success. Recently, in marine waters, tunicates have received much attention, largely because of their negative impacts on shellfish aquaculture. One of these species is the vase tunicate Ciona intestinalis, which recently has had a negative impact on aquaculture operations in Atlantic Canada and could pose a risk in Pacific Canada. To inform the risk assessment of this species, we evaluated two different types of environmental model. Simple models based on reported temperature or salinity tolerances were relatively uninformative, because almost all waters were deemed suitable. In contrast, a more complex genetic algorithm for rule-set prediction (GARP) environmental niche model, based on documented Canadian occurrence points, provided informative projections of the potential distribution in Canadian waters. In addition to informing risk assessments, these predictions can be used to focus monitoring activities, particularly towards vectors that could transport C. intestinalis to these favourable environments.

Effect of phenology on agonistic competitive interactions between invasive and native sheet-web spiders

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 427-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy D. Houser ◽  
Adam H. Porter ◽  
Howard S. Ginsberg ◽  
Elizabeth M. Jakob
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Agonistic Interactions ◽  
Resident Species ◽  
The Third ◽  
Linyphia Triangularis ◽  
Size Interaction ◽  
Very High

The phenologies of introduced relative to native species can greatly influence the degree and symmetry of competition between them. The European spider Linyphia triangularis (Clerck, 1757) (Linyphiidae) reaches very high densities in coastal Maine (USA). Previous studies suggest that L. triangularis negatively affects native linyphiid species, with competition for webs as one mechanism. We documented phenological differences between L. triangularis and three native species that illustrate the potential for the reversal of size-based competitive advantage over the course of the year. To test whether relative size influences interaction outcome, we allowed a resident spider to build a web and then introduced an intruder. We examined whether the outcomes of agonistic interactions over the webs were influenced by the species of the resident (invasive or native), the relative size of the contestants, and the species × size interaction. We found that the importance of relative size differed among species. In interactions between L. triangularis and each of two native species, size played a greater role than resident species on the outcome of interactions, suggesting that competitive advantage reverses over the season based on phenology-related size differences. Linyphia triangularis had a negative impact on the third species regardless of relative size.

scholarly journals Foeniculum vulgare (fennel).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Jennifer Datiles ◽  
Ian Popay
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Fire Regimes ◽  
Foeniculum Vulgare ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Editorial Committee ◽  
Native Flora ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Environmental Weed

Abstract Foeniculum vulgare, also known as sweet fennel, is a common kitchen herb used around the world - but it is also a highly invasive weed that can severely damage ecosystems. A risk assessment prepared for Hawaii gave the species a high risk score of 19 (PIER, 2015). F. vulgare is known to alter fire regimes and create dense stands, outcompeting native flora for nutrients and space (DiTomaso et al., 2013; Cal-IPC, 2015). It was listed in the Global Compendium of Weeds as an "agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, weed" (Randall, 2012), and is known to be invasive (mostly in natural habitats rather than agricultural land) in California, New Zealand, significant parts of Australia and a number of locations in the Pacific. (PIER, 2015). The species is a principal weed in Mexico and New Zealand, a common weed in Argentina, Australia, Hawaii, and Spain, weedy in Chile, Morocco, Uruguay, the USA, and Venezuela, and it is known to be adventive in China, Colombia (Holm et al., 1979; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2015; PIER, 2015; Vascular Plants of Antioquia, 2015). It is also reported as invasive in Ethiopia and Kenya. It can regenerate by both seeds and roots, which often makes physical control methods ineffective and chemical control necessary once a population is established.

scholarly journals University campuses can contribute to wildlife conservation in urbanizing regions: a case study from Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 16736-16741
Author(s):  
Iliyasu Simon ◽  
Jennifer Che ◽  
Lynne Baker
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Predictor Variable ◽  
Camera Traps ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
University Campuses ◽  
Disturbed Areas ◽  
Cricetomys Gambianus

Globally, colleges and universities are increasingly mandating sustainability and environmental protection into their practices.  To date, such institutions have focused their efforts on recycling and energy-use reduction and less on the management and conservation of wildlife and wildlife habitats. However, in an increasingly urbanizing world, well-managed campuses can provide habitat and even refuge for wildlife species.  On the campus of a sustainability-minded university in Nigeria, we used camera traps to determine the presence of wildlife and used occupancy modeling to evaluate factors that influenced the detectability and habitat use of two mammals for which we had sufficient detections: White-tailed Mongoose Ichneumia albicauda and Gambian Rat Cricetomys gambianus.  Our intent was to gather baseline data on campus wildlife to inform future research and make recommendations for maintaining wildlife populations.  We detected wildlife primarily within less-disturbed areas that contained a designated nature area, and the presence of a nature area was the key predictor variable influencing habitat use.  No measured variables influenced detectability.  This study supports other research that highlights the importance of undisturbed or minimally disturbed natural habitats on university campuses for wildlife, especially in increasingly built-up and developed regions.  We recommend that institutions of higher education devote greater resources to making campuses wildlife-friendly and increase opportunities for students to engage in campus-based wildlife research and conservation and other sustainability-related programs. 

scholarly journals Soviet Military Strategy in Afghanistan: Errors in Planning and Public Condemnation

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasily Khristoforov ◽  
Yulia Guseva
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Military Strategy ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Soviet State ◽  
Initial Strategy ◽  
Expert Assessments ◽  
Military Campaign

Referring to archival materials and historiography, the authors of this article examine the circumstances behind the development of principles regulating the presence of a limited contingent of Soviet troops in Afghanistan (1979–1989), its nature, and scope. It is concluded that Soviet military strategy in Afghanistan initially set itself limited goals and assumed limited obligations. It also used a narrow set of expert assessments, mainly those that fitted into the usual picture of a “cold” confrontation and the established paternalistic model of interaction with countries in the zone of the USSR’s ideological and political influence. The study shows that the Soviet state machine was largely focused on solving geopolitical problems, and the militarist directions of defence and law enforcement agencies and provided society with very limited information. The long-term consequences of the Afghanistan policy (especially internal and economic) at the time of the decision to send troops were practically not calculated, since the initial strategy was aimed at appeasing Afghanistan with the help of limited forces without active military operations. The contradictions between the geopolitical thinking of the Soviet leadership and the peculiarities of the Afghanistan military campaign, which did not fit into the expected strategy of full-scale military operations but at the same time immediately went beyond the “limited” impact, gives contemporaries a reason to deny the victory or defeat of the Soviet troops, but does not give them an opportunity to doubt the reality of hostilities and their negative impact on the relationship between the Soviet state and society.

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