Raising productivity of cereal crops in dry and heat stress environments remains a breeding challenge.

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (008) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangam L. Dwivedi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Plant Genes ◽  
Stress Environments

Abstract 'Green Revolution' genes have led to the release of input-responsive cultivars, resulting in multifold productivity increases in rice and wheat. Declining precipitation, increased intensity of drought and rising temperature are casting uncertainty over agricultural production. As noted in this mini review, plant genes when over-expressed allow cereals to produce grains in drought- and heat-prone sites.

Stability of Heart Rate at Physiological Thresholds Between Temperate and Heat Stress Environments in Endurance-Trained Males

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Ed Maunder ◽  
Daniel J. Plews ◽  
Fabrice Merien ◽  
Andrew E. Kilding
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Stress Environments ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Hot Environments ◽  
Stress Training

Many endurance athletes perform specific blocks of training in hot environments in “heat stress training camps.” It is not known if physiological threshold heart rates measured in temperate conditions are reflective of those under moderate environmental heat stress. A total of 16 endurance-trained cyclists and triathletes performed incremental exercise assessments in 18°C and 35°C (both 60% relative humidity) to determine heart rates at absolute blood lactate and ventilatory thresholds. Heart rate at fixed blood lactate concentrations of 2, 3, and 4 mmol·L−1 and ventilatory thresholds were not significantly different between environments (P > .05), despite significant heat stress-induced reductions in power output of approximately 10% to 17% (P < .05, effect size = 0.65–1.15). The coefficient of variation for heart rate at these blood lactate concentrations (1.4%−2.9%) and ventilatory thresholds (2.3%−2.7%) between conditions was low, with significant strong positive correlations between measurements in the 2 environments (r = .92–.95, P < .05). These data indicate heart rates measured at physiological thresholds in temperate environments are reflective of measurements taken under moderate environmental heat stress. Therefore, endurance athletes embarking on heat stress training camps can use heart rate–based thresholds ascertained in temperate environments to prescribe training under moderate environmental heat stress.

Inter-District Variations in Agricultural Production and Productivity of Jammu Division of Jammu & Kashmir

2021 ◽  
pp. 132-143
Author(s):  
Avishake Raina ◽  
Vaishali Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
District Level ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Agricultural Growth ◽  
Food Grains ◽  
Variation Technique ◽  
Union Territory

Agriculture and its allied activities are the main sources of livelihood in India. Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), a union territory of India is also an agrarian state. More than 70 percent of its population is directly engaged in this sector. Geographically, J&K lies in the Himalayan region and has a huge variation in agro-climate diversity. The climate here varies from sub-tropical in the Jammu division to temperate in the Kashmir division. These climatic variations make it suitable for performing varied cultivation. The productivity of all the major crops in the region has increased manifold since the green revolution but now it is more or less stagnating. Hence, it is useful to examine the productivity of major crops in the union territory. The present paper is an attempt to highlight the overall agricultural production of major food grains crop of J&K from 2000-2001 to 2018-2019. The main focus of the paper is to analyzes the variations in agricultural production and productivity of major crops at the district level in the Jammu division for the period 2010-2011 to 2016-2017. The study is based on secondary data and is empirical in nature. The co-efficient of Variation technique has been used to find out the variations in production and productivity of agricultural crops of the jammu division of J&K. The results show that the overall agricultural production of food grains crops in the region increases over years.It also shows tremendous variations in the production and productivity of the different crops across districts. These variations indicate that there is a need to adopt some specific strategies at the district level for the sustainable development of agricultural growth in the state.

Trend and Pattern of Cereal Crops: Production, Productivity and Area Coverage in Nepal

Patan Pragya ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 188-195
Author(s):  
Bhaba Datta Sapkota
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Area Coverage ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Rugged Topography ◽  
Future Plans

This study conducted to examine growth trends and pattern in area, production and productivity of major cereal crops over the six fiscal years. Time series data of cereal crops coverage of annual yield were used for the study. This study was based on descriptive nature and used secondary sources of information on production, productivity and area coverage of major cereals (Paddy, Maize, Wheat, Millet, Buckwheat and Barley) covering the six fiscal years (2011/12-20116/17) data. Trends of crop's productivity were analyzed using graphical methods. Ratio and percentage were used to measure productivity (yield) growth rate of the selected crops of study. The yielding trend of cereal production is not satisfactory in Nepalese economy. Pattern of agricultural production in Nepal is affected by multiple factors including rugged topography, monsoon, insignificant investment in infrastructure, and research and development. Production and productivity would be helpful to develop the future plans and take the appropriate decisions to uphold the situation for the sustainability in food production.

scholarly journals Green Revolution research saved an estimated 18 to 27 million hectares from being brought into agricultural production

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (21) ◽  
pp. 8363-8368 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Stevenson ◽  
N. Villoria ◽  
D. Byerlee ◽  
T. Kelley ◽  
M. Maredia
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Green Revolution

scholarly journals Nitrogen, science, and environmental change: the politics of the Green Revolution in Chile and the global nitrogen challenge

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 777 ◽  
Author(s):  
William San Martín
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Knowledge Network ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Science And Policy ◽  
N Fertilizers

Abstract The widespread use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers during the second half of the 20th century radically transformed agricultural production and ecosystems on a global scale. Although the "N challenge" or the "N problem" has had limited public attention compared to biodiversity loss and climate change, scientists consider N pollution a leading ecological concern for the 21st century. Accordingly, a major challenge for scientists and policymakers around the world today is how to meet food production demands while also protecting the environment. Using Chile as a case study—one of the highest consumers of N fertilizer per hectare in the Americas—this article examines the transnational politics of production and destruction in this process of agricultural modernization. In the Cold War context, a transnational network of scientists, agencies, and authorities created an institutional framework for the transference of knowledge and technology in Chile during the 1960s. Paradoxically, as local and global reliance on N fertilizers increased, scientists were able to generate a narrative about the negative environmental effects of intensive N use and highlight the ecological limits of the Green Revolution. After 1973, however, this knowledge network suffered as a result of the Chilean government's anti-communist crackdown and adoption of market-based agricultural policies. Understanding this history of how politics shaped N consumption, science, and policy is critical to current efforts to create new of agricultural production on a regional and global scale. Keywords: nitrogen, fertilizers, the Green Revolution, Cold War, Chile, science, environment, policy, Global Nitrogen Challenge, agriculture, United States

Computer Simulation of Thermoregulatory Responses to Heat Stress: A Future Work Design and Training Tool

1977 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-146
Author(s):  
Jerry R. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Body Segment ◽  
Minute Exposure ◽  
Blood Flows ◽  
Thermoregulatory Responses ◽  
Stress Environments ◽  
And Task

A mathematical model of human thermoregulation was developed to simulate thermoregulatory responses of man exposed to heat stress environments. The model was validated with experimental results of a man pedalling in environments of 35 and 45°C dry-bulb and 33 mm Hg water vapor pressure. The model inputs of body segment temperatures, thermal characteristics, basal blood flows, basal heat production, and of environmental and task characteristics permitted the model to be “individualized” for a specific subject, environment, and task. The model outputs of body segment temperatures, blood flows, and sweat loss at designated intervals permitted observation of the dynamic thermoregulatory responses over a 60 minute exposure period. The model was successful in predicting the change in thermal responses of a clothed man working in heat stress environments. Over the 60 minute exposure at 45°C the mean absolute difference between experimental and simulated values of head skin temperature was 0.28°C. The difference for trunk mean skin temperature was 0.12°C; for body mean skin temperature, 0.29°C; and for internal body temperature, 0.53°C.

scholarly journals Green Revolution in Parsa: Opportunities and Threats

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 54-61
Author(s):  
Shiva Kant Dube
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Widespread Acceptance ◽  
Land Holdings ◽  
The Impact

This article has attempted to focus upon the concept, historical development, process and impact of green revolution at global context. It has also incorporated to emphasize the adverse impact resulted by green revolution. The widespread acceptance of High Yielding Variety Seeds (HYVs) and extensive adaptation of dwarf and semi-dwarf plants of short cropping period has intensified the production and productivity of agricultural crops. But, excessive and uncontrolled use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, insufficient irrigation and small land holdings has diminished and impoverished the soil fertility leading to desertification. This study has also overviewed the scenario of agricultural production and productivity of crops in Parsa district of Nepal being a developing country after the diffusion and acceptance of green revolution. This study would attract the attentions of planners, policy makers, stakeholders and farmers towards entertaining the impact of green revolution and make them aware about the threat created by it now and in the coming future in Nepalese context.Academic Voices, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2013, Pages 54-61 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v3i1.9989 

scholarly journals Quantifying the impacts of compound extremes on agriculture

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 551-564
Author(s):  
Iman Haqiqi ◽  
Danielle S. Grogan ◽  
Thomas W. Hertel ◽  
Wolfram Schlenker
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Wet Heat

Abstract. Agricultural production and food prices are affected by hydroclimatic extremes. There has been a growing amount of literature measuring the impacts of individual extreme events (heat stress or water stress) on agricultural and human systems. Yet, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the significance and the magnitude of the impacts of compound extremes. This study combines a fine-scale weather product with outputs of a hydrological model to construct functional metrics of individual and compound hydroclimatic extremes for agriculture. Then, a yield response function is estimated with individual and compound metrics, focusing on corn in the United States during the 1981–2015 period. Supported by statistical evidence, the findings suggest that metrics of compound hydroclimatic extremes are better predictors of corn yield variations than metrics of individual extremes. The results also confirm that wet heat is more damaging than dry heat for corn. This study shows the average yield damage from heat stress has been up to four times more severe when combined with water stress.

scholarly journals Fifty years of semi-dwarf spring wheat breeding at CIMMYT: Grain yield progress in optimum, drought and heat stress environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 250 ◽  
pp. 107757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suchismita Mondal ◽  
Somak Dutta ◽  
Leonardo Crespo-Herrera ◽  
Julio Huerta-Espino ◽  
Hans J. Braun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Stress Environments ◽  
Drought And Heat Stress
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