scholarly journals Dietary guidelines for the breast-feeding woman

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (6a) ◽  
pp. 1357-1362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Cervera ◽  
Joy Ngo
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Feeding Success ◽  
Nursing Woman ◽  
Breast Fed

AbstractSociodemographic and economic changes in Spain have played a role in the choice of infant feeding as more and more women enter the workforce. Nevertheless, the prevalence of breast-fed-only infants at 6 weeks remains fairly high, at 65.5% in 1999, although there is a sharp decline by 3 and 6 months postpartum. Achieving adequate nutritional status for lactation principally begins during pregnancy, as this constitutes the biological stage for accumulating nutrient stores. The benefits of breast-feeding for the mother and infant are presented, along with nutrition and dietary guidelines for the nursing woman. Apart from dietary considerations, special attention should be paid to encouraging a positive attitude and environment for breast-feeding success.

Executive Summary

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-583
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Maternal Employment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Attitudinal Factors ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Breast Fed

Domestic Although the rate of breast-feeding is increasing in the United States, it appears that the rate of increase has been much slower among less well educated and economically disadvantaged women. Relatively little is known about the behavioral and attitudinal factors that affect the decisions to breast-feed or to stop if already breast-feeding. Breast-feeding does appear to decrease an infant's risk of gastrointestinal infection and otitis media. The effect of method of infant feeding on risk of other infections and allergic illness is less certain. International The rate of breast-feeding in developing countries appears to have declined, especially among urban women. Although some sociodemographic correlates of infant-feeding choice have been examined, little is known about the behavioral and attitudinal factors that influence choice and duration of infant-feeding practices. Milk insufficiency, maternal employment, and pregnancy frequently are given as reasons for terminating breast-feeding. Rates of gastrointestinal illness are lower among breast-fed infants and when such illness is an important cause of death, infant mortality from this cause appears to be reduced. A randomized clinical trial carried out among high-risk infants found a significantly lower rate of infections among those given breast milk than those fed with infant formula. The evidence of the effect of breast-feeding on respiratory tract and other infections from other studies was less clear. Direct comparison of the growth of predominately breast-fed v artificially fed infants in the same populations from developing countries generally show faster growth for the breast-fed infants for the first 6 months of life. After 6 months, severe growth faltering occurs regardless of the method of feeding. In communities where the nutritional adequacy of supplementary foods is poor, breast milk is an extremely important, high-quality food during the second half of infancy and beyond.

Vegetarianism and Breast-feeding

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
Robert P. Dillard
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Growth Velocity ◽  
Supplemental Feeding ◽  
Socioeconomic Class ◽  
Maternal Nutritional Status ◽  
Breast Fed

In their article, Shull et al1 imply that the mode of breast -feeding is causally related to the observed differences in growth velocity. They do this even though: (1) no food intake data were obtained on the breast fed infants; (2) type of supplemental feeding received by breast-fed infants older than 6 months was unknown; (3) maternal nutritional status while nursing was unknown; (4) measurements of the child's nutritional status other than growth velocity were not made; (5) dietary disparities appeared present within macrobiotic and nonmacrobiotic groups; (6) parental socioeconomic class was not evaluated.

scholarly journals Breast-feeding and adherence to infant feeding guidelines do not influence bone mass at age 4 years

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 915-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas C. Harvey ◽  
Sian M. Robinson ◽  
Sarah R. Crozier ◽  
Lynne D. Marriott ◽  
Catharine R. Gale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mass ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Bone Size ◽  
Infant Feeding Practice ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
The Impact

The impact of variations in current infant feeding practice on bone mineral accrual is not known. We examined the associations between duration of breast-feeding and compliance with infant dietary guidelines and later bone size and density at age 4 years. At total of 599 (318 boys) mother–child pairs were recruited from the Southampton Women's Survey. Duration of breast-feeding was recorded and infant diet was assessed at 6 and 12 months using FFQ. At 6 and 12 months the most important dietary pattern, defined by principal component analysis, was characterised by high consumption of vegetables, fruits and home-prepared foods. As this was consistent with infant feeding recommendations, it was denoted the ‘infant guidelines’ pattern. At age 4 years, children underwent assessment of whole-body bone size and density using a Hologic Discovery dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry instrument. Correlation methods were used to explore the relationships between infant dietary variables and bone mineral. There was no association between duration of breast-feeding in the first year of life and 4-year bone size or density. ‘Infant guidelines’ pattern scores at 6 and 12 months were also unrelated to bone mass at age 4 years. We observed wide variations in current infant feeding practice, but these variations were not associated with differences in childhood bone mass at age 4 years.

scholarly journals Infant feeding decisions and behaviours among low-income smoke-exposed women: timing and change during pregnancy

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 2796-2805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Markham Risica ◽  
Kristen McCausland
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Health Education Intervention ◽  
Infant Feeding Decisions ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
In Pregnancy

AbstractObjectiveThe present study aimed to describe change in feeding intentions and predictors of breast-feeding intentions during the course of pregnancy.DesignAnalysis of prospectively collected data from a larger randomized controlled trial of a health education intervention to reduce environmental smoke exposure among women during and after pregnancy.SettingParticipants were recruited from prenatal clinics, but all further communication occurred with participating women living in the community.SubjectsLow-income, adult women (n399) were interviewed during the 16th and 32nd week of pregnancy to ascertain prenatal feeding intentions and breast-feeding knowledge, attitudes and self-efficacy. Characteristics of women by infant feeding intention were assessed along with differences in intention from 16 to 32 weeks of pregnancy and feeding behaviours after delivery. Differences in psychosocial variables between women of different intention for infant feeding were measured. Women in each category of feeding intention were assessed for changes in psychosocial factors by eventual infant feeding behaviour.ResultsFeeding intention early in pregnancy was strongly, but not consistently, associated with feeding intention late in pregnancy, feeding initiation and later feeding patterns. Over one-third of women who were undecided at 16 weeks’ gestation or earlier initiated breast-feeding. Increases in knowledge and improvement in time, social factors and social support barriers were found among those who exclusively breast-fed.ConclusionsResults indicate that feeding decisions may change during pregnancy. Determining when women make feeding decisions during their pregnancy warrants more research. Interventions to increase breast-feeding intentions should target knowledge, self-efficacy and barriers.

scholarly journals The infant feeding practices of mothers in the Maldives

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 502-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Abdulraheem ◽  
CW Binns
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Infant Feeding Practices ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Breast Fed

AbstractObjectiveTo document the infant feeding practices of Maldivian mothers.MethodsA cross-sectional survey of 251 Maldivian mothers recruited in 2004 from the ‘well baby’ or ‘well child’ clinics on the island of Male' and including 75 mothers from three other islands, Hura, Himmafushi and Thulusdhoo.ResultsThe full breast-feeding rate at hospital discharge was 93% but declined to 41% at 4 months. Any breast-feeding rates were high among Maldivian mothers: 100% at 1 month and 85% were still breast-feeding at 6 months. The median duration of breast-feeding was 24 months.ConclusionBreast-feeding rates are high and the average duration of breast-feeding is more than 2 years in the Maldives. Health promotion activities should be directed towards maintaining the already high ‘any breast-feeding’ rates and increasing the proportion of infants exclusively breast-fed to 6 months.

scholarly journals Current breastfeeding practices in Bulgaria

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lalka Rangelova ◽  
Vesselka Duleva
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Medical Documentation ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
National Monitoring ◽  
Healthy Nutrition ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Breast Fed

AbstractThe results obtained by the national monitoring of dietary intake and nutritional status of Bulgarian infants, conducted during the last ten years, show some negative characteristics and trends associated with risk of chronic non-communicable diseases and micronutrient deficiencies later in life. The data on nutrition in infants were collected through active interviews with the mothers and information from the medical documentation of their GPs during the surveys in 2007 and 2014. Wrong practices of infant feeding and serious problems in their nutritional status, such as short duration of breastfeeding, low prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding, early and inadequate complementary feeding, high prevalence of stunting, underweight and anaemia among infants, especially in minorities, were identified. Results obtained during the survey in 2007 were: the rate of children breast-fed in the first days after their births were 90.7%. Only 1.8% was breast-fed during their first hour according to WHO and UNICEF recommendations; 12.5% of the infants were at exclusive breast-feeding. Data were compared with the results obtained for children at the same age from national surveys conducted in 2014, as the rate of infants who were breast-fed in the first days after their births was 86.3%; 9.9% were breast-fed during their first hour and 21.7% of the infants were at exclusive breast-feeding. The total duration of breast-feeding was short according to both surveys. The rate of breast-fed infants in the first days after birth is high in many European countries, however, the breast-feeding practices in Bulgaria do not comply with the international recommendations. The exclusive breast-feeding has a low prevalence rate. The breast-feeding period is very short. It is necessary to develop the national recommendations for healthy nutrition of infants that will concern all these problems and will aim to improve knowledge of the mothers regarding the best practices of healthy nutrition of their infants.

Breast-Feeding and Infectious Illness, Power and Confidence Intervals

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 1079-1080
Author(s):  
JUDY HOPKINSON
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Study ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
First Year ◽  
Infectious Illness ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Breast Fed

The article "Relationship Between Infant Feeding and Infectious Illness: A Prospective Study of Infants During the First Year of Life" by Rubin et al in the April issue of Pediatrics was provocative. Like Mulford, I too am concerned about the definitions of breast-feeding used in the study. Breast-feeding and formula-feeding are defined in such a way that the study actually examines the impact of the degree of breast-feeding on health of breast-fed infants. This may be an important issue in Denmark where the incidence of breast-feeding at 1 month is more than 90%.

scholarly journals Infant feeding policies in maternity wards and their effect on breast-feeding success: an analytical overview.

1994 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Pérez-Escamilla ◽  
E Pollitt ◽  
B Lönnerdal ◽  
K G Dewey
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Feeding Success

scholarly journals Feeding practices in early life and later intake of fruit and vegetables among Japanese toddlers: the Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 650-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitomi Okubo ◽  
Yoshihiro Miyake ◽  
Satoshi Sasaki ◽  
Keiko Tanaka ◽  
Yoshio Hirota
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Fruit And Vegetables ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Feeding Duration ◽  
Breast Fed

AbstractObjectiveA growing body of evidence from Western countries shows that infant feeding practices are associated with later childhood dietary habits, but little is known about these relationships in non-Western countries with different food cultures. We examined the association of breast-feeding duration and age at introduction of solid foods with later intake of fruit and vegetables among Japanese toddlers.DesignInformation on breast-feeding duration, age at introduction of solid foods and child’s intake frequency of fruit and vegetables were collected with a self-administered questionnaire at 16–24 months postpartum. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios of low intake (<1 time/d) of fruit or vegetables for each infant feeding practice.SettingJapan.SubjectsJapanese mother–child pairs (n 763) from a prospective birth cohort study.ResultsNeither breast-feeding duration nor age at introduction of solid foods was associated with fruit intake at 16–24 months of age. Breast-feeding duration, but not age at introduction of solid foods, was associated with later intake of vegetables. When breast-feeding duration was categorized into two groups with the cut-off at 6 months, children who were breast-fed for ≥6 months had a significantly decreased risk of low intake of vegetables (OR=0·53; 95 % CI 0·34, 0·84) than those breast-fed for <6 months. This association was independent of potential confounders including maternal education and maternal vegetable intake (OR=0·59; 95 % CI 0·36, 0·97).ConclusionsThis finding suggests that ≥6 months of breast-feeding may prevent low intake of vegetables in early childhood among Japanese toddlers.

scholarly journals Breast-feeding and maternal mental well-being among Bangladeshi and Pakistani women in north-east England

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 486-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayeda Z Noor ◽  
Emily K Rousham
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
North East ◽  
Pakistani Women ◽  
Mental Well Being ◽  
Breast Fed

AbstractObjectivesTo explore the relationship between infant feeding and maternal mental well-being among women of Bangladeshi and Pakistani ethnicity; and to explore the sources of advice, information and support available to women before and after childbirth.DesignA cross-sectional survey of infant feeding and maternal well-being via structured interviews conducted in the home.SettingHome visits within two inner-city wards of Newcastle upon Tyne.SubjectsEighty-six women of South Asian ethnicity.ResultsEnjoyment of everyday activities was higher among women who breast-fed only (P = 0.028); whereas feeling sad or crying during pregnancy was lower among breast-feeding women (P = 0.005), as was not sleeping well (P = 0.003) and feeling that everything was too much (P = 0.039), compared with women who used formula or mixed feeding. Women who breast-fed only had better mean mood scores than those who formula-fed or those who both breast-fed and formula-fed (P < 0.001). Mean mood responses were also significantly associated with the mother’s level of understanding of English and number of years in education (P = 0.005 and P = 0.003, respectively). The association between method of feeding and maternal mood remained strong after controlling for the effects of English language and maternal education.ConclusionsThe study suggests that breast-feeding may be an important mediator of maternal mental well-being after childbirth. Community-based programmes tailored to the needs of Bangladeshi and Pakistani women which support breast-feeding and encourage exclusive breast-feeding may be of benefit.

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