scholarly journals Protein/energy ratios of current diets in developed and developing countries compared with a safe protein/energy ratio: implications for recommended protein and amino acid intakes

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Joe Millward ◽  
Alan A Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Young Children ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
The Uk

AbstractRevised estimates of protein and amino acid requirements are under discussion by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/World Health Organizaion (WHO), and have been proposed in a recent report on Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) from the USA. The nature and magnitude of these requirements are not entirely resolved, and no consideration has been given to the potential influence of metabolic adaptation on dietary requirements. We have examined the implications of these new values, and of the conceptual metabolic framework in which they are used, for defining the nutritional adequacy of protein intakes in developed and developing countries. We have expressed proposed values for protein requirements in relation to energy requirements, predicted for physical activity levels of 1.5, 1.75 and 2.0 times basal metabolic rate, in order to generate reference ratios for protein energy/total energy (reference P/E ratio) as a function of age, body weight, gender and physical activity level. Proposed values for amino acid requirements have been used to adjust the available digestible P/E ratio of foods and diets for protein quality. Focusing on the diets of UK omnivores and vegetarians and on diets in India, the risk of protein deficiency is evaluated from a comparison of P/E ratios of metabolic requirements with protein-quality-adjusted P/E ratios of intakes. A qualitative and conservative estimate of risk of deficiency is made by comparing the adjusted P/E ratio of the intake with a reference P/E ratio calculated for age, body weight, gender and physical activity according to FAO/WHO/United Nations University. A semi-quantitative estimate of risk of deficiency has also been made by the cut point approach, calculated as the proportion of the intake distribution below the mean P/E ratio of the requirement. Values for the quality-adjusted P/E ratio of the diet range from 0.126 for the UK omnivore diet to 0.054 for a rice-based diet of adults in West Bengal, which is lysine-limited, falling to 0.050 for 1-year-old children. The reference P/E ratio for men and women increases with age, is higher for females than males, is higher for small compared with large adults at any age and decreases with physical activity. Thus if a particular diet is potentially limiting in protein, protein deficiency is most likely in large, elderly sedentary women followed by the adolescent female and least likely in moderately active young children, the opposite of what has usually been assumed. Within the currently accepted framework, the diets do not meet the protein needs of the entire population of the UK, have a significant risk of deficiency throughout India for all except extremely active small adults, and are grossly inadequate for all population groups, apart from physically active young children in West Bengal, regardless of body weight or level of food intake. The lysine limitation of the cereal-based Indian diets is dependent on the choice of lysine requirement values from the published range. We consider that the value selected is too high, because of uncertainties and inconsistencies in the approaches used. A more appropriate choice from the lower end of the range would remove the lysine limitation of cereal-based diets, and reduce some of the perceived risk of deficiency. However, diets remain limited by the amount of digestible protein for many population groups, especially in West Bengal. In the context of risk management, one option would be to accept the current values and the conceptual metabolic framework within which they have been derived. This would have major implications for the supplies of high-quality protein to the developing countries. An alternative option would be to re-evaluate the currently proposed values for the requirements for protein and amino acids. We conclude that the choice of values for the adult lysine requirement should be re-evaluated and that serious consideration should be given to the extent to which adaptive mechanisms might enable the metabolic requirement for protein to be met from current intakes. This will entail a better understanding of the relationships between dietary protein and health.

scholarly journals Dietary protein quality and malnutrition in Africa

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (S2) ◽  
pp. S69-S76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hettie Carina Schönfeldt ◽  
Nicolette Gibson Hall
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Persistent Problem

The WHO (2007) Technical Report on protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition states that the best estimate for a population average requirement is 105 mg nitrogen/kg body weight per day, or 0·66 g protein/kg body weight per day. In many developing countries protein intake falls significantly short of these values. Apart from protein quantity, protein quality including bioavailability and digestibility, from different food sources, are currently on the global agenda. The 1st International Symposium on Dietary Protein for Human Health held in Auckland, in March 2011, and the consecutive Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Expert Consultation on Dietary Protein Quality, both highlighted the importance of assessing the quality of protein from different food sources through determination of amino acid content. Throughout the developed world, animal products and cereals are the two most important sources of protein; in developing countries this order is reversed. In low income countries only 3 % of total dietary energy, as an indicator of diet composition, is derived from meat and offal, 11 % from roots and tubers and 6 % from pulses, nuts and oilseeds. The remainder of the dietary energy is mainly derived from cereal-based staple food. Although the production of livestock has increased in developing countries, the consumption of protein in these countries with people consuming the most limited amounts of protein are continually decreasing. Undernutrition, including insufficient consumption of protein, remains a persistent problem in the developing world, and although many diets within these developing countries are deficient in thequantityof protein compared to recommendations, thequalityof the protein also strongly comes into focus.

scholarly journals Dietary Protein Quality in Humans—An Overview

2005 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 874-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J Moughan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Utilization ◽  
Dietary Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Amino Acid Score

Abstract The first objective in evaluating protein quality is to permit a ranking of proteins according to their potential nutritive value and to permit detection of changes in nutritive value due to processing and/or storage. The second objective is to permit prediction of the contribution a food protein, or mixture of food proteins, makes toward meeting nitrogen and amino acid requirements for growth or maintenance. Different approaches are used in meeting these distinct aims. The preferred current method to meet the second aim is the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS). This article introduces the concept of PDCAAS and places it in the context of the series of papers published in this Special Guest Editor Section addressing aspects of dietary amino acid utilization.

scholarly journals Effect of L-citrulline, L-leucine, and multicomponent exercises on body compositions, physical activity, and amino acid concentrations in older Japanese women with low body mass index: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mijin Kim ◽  
Hiroko Isoda ◽  
Tomohiro Okura
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Low Body Mass Index ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

Abstract Background: The intake of citrulline (CIT) and leucine (LEU) can stimulate protein synthesis. However, the efficacy of the combined intervention of CIT and LEU intake with exercise on body composition and physical activity (PA) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the combined effect of CIT and LEU intake and weight-bearing exercises (WBE) and square stepping exercise (SSE) for 20 weeks on body composition, PA, and amino acid concentration in older women with low body mass index (BMI) (16 to 21 kg/m 2 ). Methods: A total of 23 participants practiced WBE and SSE once a week for 75 minutes and were administered supplement (Ex + CIT·LEU group: CIT 0.8 g and LEU 1.6 g; Ex + Placebo group: 3.5 g carbohydrate) twice a day for 20 weeks. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. PA, including leisure-time, household, and occupational PA, was assessed using the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly. Amino acid concentrations in the blood were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography.Results: Significant interactions were observed in the body weight, BMI, lean mass, body mass, household and total PA, tyrosine, and phenylalanine. The within-group analysis showed that tyrosine of post-intervention measurement (Post) significantly in both groups ( p < 0.05). Body weight, BMI, lean mass, body mass, household PA, total PA, and phenylalanine of Post increased significantly in the Ex + CIT·LEU group ( p < 0.05). Additionally, significant positive correlations were observed between the intake rate of supplements and bone mass ( r = 0.80) and between the practice rate of WBE at home and bone mineral density ( r = 0.66) in the Ex + CIT·LEU group. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the intake of CIT and LEU, with the practice of WBE and SSE, could improve body weight, muscle mass, bone mass, and PA in older women with low BMI, which may prevent sarcopenia and frailty.Trial registration: UMIN000022385. Registered 20 May 2016, https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-39 bin/ctr/ctr.cgi?function=brows&action=brows&recptno=R000025797&type=summary&language=J

scholarly journals Effect of Citrulline and Leucine Intake with Exercises on Body Composition, Physical Activity, and Amino Acid Concentration in Older Women: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 3117
Author(s):  
Mijin Kim ◽  
Hiroko Isoda ◽  
Tomohiro Okura
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Double Blind Placebo ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

The combined intake of citrulline (CIT) and leucine (LEU) can stimulate protein synthesis. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of combined intake of CIT and LEU accompanied by exercise for 20 weeks on body composition, physical activity (PA), and amino acid concentrations in older Japanese women with low body mass index (BMI) (16 to 21 kg/m2) using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. The supplement was administered twice a day for 20 weeks (Ex (exercise) + CIT·LEU group, n = 10: mainly 0.8 g CIT and 1.6 g LEU; Ex + Placebo group, n = 13: mainly 3.5 g carbohydrate). Additionally, both groups exercised (weight-bearing exercise, square stepping exercise) once a week for 75 min. Body composition, PA, and amino acid concentrations in the plasma were measured. Body weight, BMI, body mass, household PA, total PA, and phenylalanine significantly increased in the Ex + CIT·LEU group (p < 0.05) post intervention. This study suggests that the combined intake of CIT and LEU accompanied by exercise can improve body weight, BMI, body mass, and PA in older women with low BMI, which may prevent sarcopenia and frailty.

scholarly journals Efficiency of post-dilution online hemodiafiltration therapy in combination with ketoanalogues of amino acid in the correction of protein-energy malnutrition in hemodialysis patients

2018 ◽  
pp. 174-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Yakovenko
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Ideal Body Weight ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Adequate Intake ◽  
Essential Nutrients ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Ideal Body ◽  
Keto Analogues

Purpose of the study. Evaluate the efficiency of permanent post-dilution online hemodiafiltration therapy in combination with the prescription of keto analogues of amino acid at a dose of 0,2 g/kg of ideal body weight/day to correct protein-energy malnutrition in hemodialysis patients with adequate intake of essential nutrients. Patients and methods. A total of 645 patients with terminal renal failure received programmed hemodialysis, of which there were 300 men and 345 women aged 58,8 ± 6,9 years. All patients received treatment with programmed GD for 6,9 ± 2,1 years. All patients underwent a comprehensive assessment of nutritional status. The level of leptin and interleukin-6 serum was determined. Patients with signs of protein-energy malnutritian (PEM) were divided into three groups, depending on the method of PEM correction. Results. The study showed the efficiency of postdilution online hemodiafiltration therapy on an ongoing basis in combination with keto-analogues of amino acids at a dose of 0,2 g/kg of ideal body weight/day for correction of PEM in hemodialysis patients. Conclusion. The post-dilution online hemodiafiltration therapy combined with keto-analogues of amino acid at a dose of 0.2 g /kg of ideal body weight/day can be considered one of the pathogenetically grounded methods for correcting PEM in patients receiving programmed hemodialysis with adequate intake of essential nutrients. 

EVALUATION OF PROTEIN IN FOODS: III. A STUDY OF BACTERIOLOGICAL METHODS

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 1351-1360 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Rogers ◽  
J. M. McLaughlan ◽  
D. G. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Rat Growth ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Growth Assay ◽  
Assay Methods ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
Egg Powder

Bacteriological methods for the determination of protein quality were evaluated by comparison with protein efficiency ratio (P.E.R.) values determined by a standardized rat growth assay. Enzyme or acid hydrolyzates of foods were used as the source of amino acids with hydrolyzed whole egg powder as the reference standard. With Streptococcus faecalis A.T.C.C. 9790 autolysis occurred in media containing hydrolyzates of proteins deficient in lysine, and was largely responsible for results which did not agree with P.E.R. values. In methods employing Leuconostoc mesenteroides P-60 A.T.C.C. 8042, growth was influenced only by the most limiting amino acid relative to the requirements of the test organism.Results with enzyme hydrolyzates correlated poorly with P.E.R. values, whereas, with acid hydrolyzates, a good correlation was obtained for cereal proteins. A difference in amino acid requirements was largely responsible for the lack of agreement between the P.E.R. assay and methods employing L. mesenteroides, particularly for legumes and foods of animal origin. It was concluded that bacteriological assay methods which have been proposed for protein evaluation are unsatisfactory as screening procedures for the evaluation of protein in foods.

PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKENS SUBJECTED TO WEEKLY CHANGES IN DIET COMPOSITION BASED ON PREDICTED AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 983-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARY LOU FISHER ◽  
S. LEESON ◽  
J. D. SUMMERS ◽  
K. SCHAEFER
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Model Treatment ◽  
Bird Weight

A 7-wk floor trial experiment was conducted with male broiler chicks to investigate the use of a model equation to predict amino acid requirements. Chicks were fed two least-cost diet treatments based on (1) the National Research Council (NRC 1977) and (2) model-calculated amino acid recommendations. The dietary treatment based on model-calculated amino acid requirements supported a significantly (P < 0.01) better bird weight at 7 and 14 days. No significant difference (P > 0.05) in body weight was noted between treatments for the remainder of the growing period. A similar trend was noted for feed conversion, as the model treatment supported significantly better ratios (P < 0.01) from 0 to 7 and from 8 to 14 days of age. No significant differences (P > 0.05) in conformation, fleshing, breast or back finish were noted between birds of the two treatments. A cost analysis is presented; on the basis of feed cost per bird the model treatment was significantly (P < 0.01) superior to the NRC treatment for producing birds of a similar body weight in 49 days. However, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was noted between the two treatments on the basis of feed cost per kilogram of bird weight. These results indicate the potential of using model-predicted amino acid values as a basis for diet formulation.

scholarly journals Protein Quality Assessment of Follow-up Formula for Young Children and Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Foods: Recommendations by the FAO Expert Working Group in 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 150 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirupama Shivakumar ◽  
Alan Anthony Jackson ◽  
Glenda Courtney-Martin ◽  
Rajavel Elango ◽  
Shibani Ghosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Working Group ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Expert Working Group ◽  
Amino Acid Score

ABSTRACT The FAO of the UN convened an Expert Working Group meeting to provide recommendations related to protein quality evaluation of Follow-up Formula for Young Children (FUF-YC) and Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Foods (RUTFs). The protein and amino acid (AA) scoring patterns for the target age groups were defined and recommendations provided on the use of currently available protein and indispensable AA digestibility data. For FUF-YC, an age category of 1–2.9 y was identified, and a matching protein requirement of 0.86 g · kg−1 · d−1 with corresponding AA requirements were recommended. For RUTF, the protein requirement recommended was 2.82 g · kg−1 · d−1, to achieve a catch-up weight gain of 10 g · kg−1 · d−1 in children recovering from severe acute malnutrition. The AA requirements were factorially derived based on the adult protein requirement for maintenance and tissue AA composition. A flowchart was proposed for the best available methods to estimate digestibility coefficients (of either protein or AAs), in the following order: human, growing pig, and rat true ileal AA digestibility values. Where this is not possible, fecal protein digestibility values should be used. The Expert Working Group recommends the use of the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS), with existing protein digestibility values, or the Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score provided that individual AA digestibility values are available for protein quality evaluation using the latter score. The Group also recommends the use of ileal digestibility of protein or of AAs for plant-based protein sources, recognizing the possible effects of antinutritional factors and impaired gut function. A PDCAAS score of ≥90% can be considered adequate for these formulations, whereas with a score &lt;90%, the quantity of protein should be increased to meet the requirements. Regardless of the protein quality score, the ability of formulations to support growth in the target population should be evaluated. Future research recommendations are also proposed based on the knowledge gaps identified.

scholarly journals Developing Young Children's Understanding of Work as a Social Institution

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-93
Author(s):  
Nigel Hall ◽  
Anne Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Police Officer ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Economic Understanding ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Economic Transaction ◽  
Socially Situated

In the UK very young children's experience of ‘work’ (as in adult paid activity) in school is usually restricted to activities which focus on the more concrete manifestations of a task: the police officer arrests, the baker bakes and the nurse takes temperatures. Learning about work as a socially situated activity is usually felt to be too difficult for children aged as young as five years. However, recent studies in childhood and literacy are showing that young children are able to exert agency and understanding in many complex situations. This papers details part of a case study focusing on five-year-olds in which through a series of activities related to sociodramatic play experiences they gained experience of work and bureaucracy, work and community, and work and economic transaction. Instead of finding these too difficult it was clear that the complexity fully engaged the children and that they began to understand that work was not simply a physical activity but was a social phenomenon which involved regulation, community relationships, and economic understanding.

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