scholarly journals Nutrition and the burden of disease in New Zealand: 1997–2011

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niki Stefanogiannis ◽  
Carlene MM Lawes ◽  
Maria Turley ◽  
Martin Tobias ◽  
Stephen Vander Hoorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Fruit Intake ◽  
High Cholesterol ◽  
High Systolic Blood Pressure

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the burden of disease due to selected nutrition-related risk factors (high total blood cholesterol, high systolic blood pressure, high body mass index (BMI) and inadequate vegetable and fruit intake) in 1997, as well as the burden that could potentially be avoided in 2011 if small, favourable changes in the current risk factor distribution were to occur.DesignData on risk factor levels, disease burden and risk associations were combined using comparative risk assessment methodology, a systematic approach to estimating both attributable and avoidable burden of disease. Disease outcomes assessed varied according to risk factor and included ischaemic heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus and selected cancers.SettingNew Zealand.ResultsApproximately 4500 deaths (17% of all deaths) in 1997 were attributable to high cholesterol, 3500 (13%) to high blood pressure, 3000 (11%) to high BMI and 1500 (6%) to inadequate vegetable and fruit intake. Taking prevalence overlap into account, these risk factors were estimated jointly to contribute to approximately 11 000 (40%) deaths annually in New Zealand. Approximately 300 deaths due to each risk factor could potentially be avoided in 2011 if modest changes were made to each risk factor distribution.ConclusionsHigh cholesterol, blood pressure and BMI, as well as inadequate vegetable and fruit intake, are major modifiable causes of death in New Zealand. Small changes in the population distribution of these risk factors could have a major impact on population health within a decade.

The Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Different Occupational Groups in New Zealand

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 645-658
Author(s):  
Lucy A Barnes ◽  
Amanda Eng ◽  
Marine Corbin ◽  
Hayley J Denison ◽  
Andrea ‘t Mannetje ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
General Population ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
High Cholesterol ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
General Population Survey

Abstract Objectives Although cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk has been shown to differ between occupations, few studies have specifically evaluated the distribution of known CVD risk factors across occupational groups. This study assessed CVD risk factors in a range of occupational groups in New Zealand, stratified by sex and ethnicity. Methods Two probability-based sample surveys of the general New Zealand adult population (2004–2006; n = 3003) and of the indigenous people of New Zealand (Māori; 2009–2010; n = 2107), for which occupational histories and lifestyle factors were collected, were linked with routinely collected health data. Smoking, body mass index, deprivation, diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol were dichotomized and compared between occupational groups using age-adjusted logistic regression. Results The prevalence of all known CVD risk factors was greater in the Māori survey than the general population survey, and in males compared with females. In general for men and women in both surveys ‘Plant and machine operators and assemblers’ and ‘Elementary workers’ were more likely to experience traditional CVD risk factors, while ‘Professionals’ were less likely to experience these risk factors. ‘Clerks’ were more likely to have high blood pressure and male ‘Agricultural and fishery workers’ in the general survey were less likely to have high cholesterol, but this was not observed in the Māori survey. Male Māori ‘Trades workers’ were less likely to have high cholesterol and were less obese, while for the general population survey, this was not observed. Conclusions This study showed differences in the distribution of known CVD risk factors across occupational groups, as well as between ethnic groups and males and females.

scholarly journals Contribution of Individual Risk Factor Changes to Reductions in Population Absolute Cardiovascular Risk

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Cochrane ◽  
Rachel Davey ◽  
Christopher Gidlow ◽  
Zafar Iqbal ◽  
Jagdish Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
High Cholesterol ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Individual Risk Factor ◽  
One Year ◽  
Individual Risk Factors

Background. Few studies have investigated individual risk factor contributions to absolute cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Even fewer have examined changes in individual risk factors as components of overall modifiable risk change following a CVD prevention intervention.Design. Longitudinal study of population CVD risk factor changes following a health screening and enhanced support programme.Methods. The contribution of individual risk factors to the estimated absolute CVD risk in a population of high risk patients identified from general practice records was evaluated. Further, the proportion of the modifiable risk attributable to each factor that was removed following one year of enhanced support was estimated.Results. Mean age of patients (533 males, 68 females) was 63.7 (6.4) years. High cholesterol (57%) was most prevalent, followed by smoking (53%) and high blood pressure (26%). Smoking (57%) made the greatest contribution to the modifiable population CVD risk, followed by raised blood pressure (26%) and raised cholesterol (17%). After one year of enhanced support, the modifiable population risk attributed to smoking (56%), high blood pressure (68%), and high cholesterol (53%) was removed.Conclusion. Approximately 59% of the modifiable risk attributable to the combination of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and current smoking was removed after intervention.

scholarly journals Trends in prevalence, mortality and morbidity associated with high systolic blood pressure in Brazil from 1990 to 2017: estimates from the “Global Burden of Disease 2017” (GBD2017) study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Ramos Nascimento ◽  
Luisa Campos Caldeira Brant ◽  
Simon Yadgir ◽  
Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira ◽  
Gregory Roth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Global Burden Of Disease ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
High Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Death Rates

Abstract Background Hypertension remains the leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) worldwide, and its impact in Brazil should be assessed in order to better address the issue. We aimed to describe trends in prevalence and burden of disease attributable to high systolic blood pressure (HSBP) among Brazilians ≥ 25 years old according to sex and federal units (FU) using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. Methods We used the comparative risk assessment developed for the GBD study to estimate trends in attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALY), by sex, and FU for HSBP from 1990 to 2017. This study included 14 HSBP-outcome pairs. HSBP was defined as ≥ 140 mmHg for prevalence estimates and a theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) of 110–115 mmHg was considered for disease burden. We estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs attributed to HSBP. We also explored the drivers of trends in HSBP burden, as well as the correlation between disease burden and sociodemographic development index (SDI). Results In Brazil, the prevalence of HSBP is 18.9% (95% uncertainty intervals [UI] 18.5–19.3%), with an annual 0.4% increase rate, while age-standardized death rates attributable to HSBP decreased from 189.2 (95%UI 168.5-209.2) deaths to 104.8 (95%UI 94.9-114.4) deaths per 100,000 from 1990 to 2017. In spite of that, the total number of deaths attributable to HSBP increased 53.4% and HSBP raised from 3rd to 1st position, as the leading risk factor for deaths during the period. Regarding total DALYs, HSBP raised from 4th in 1990 to 2nd cause in 2017. The main driver of change of HSBP burden is population aging. Across FUs, the reduction in the age-standardized death rates attributable to HSBP correlated with higher SDI. Conclusions While HSBP prevalence shows an increasing trend, age-standardized death and DALY rates are decreasing in Brazil, probably as results of successful public policies for CVD secondary prevention and control, but suboptimal control of its determinants. Reduction was more significant in FUs with higher SDI, suggesting that the effect of health policies was heterogeneous. Moreover, HSBP has become the main risk factor for death in Brazil, mainly due to population aging.

scholarly journals Trends in prevalence, mortality, and morbidity associated with high systolic blood pressure in Brazil from 1990 to 2017: estimates from the “Global Burden of Disease 2017” (GBD 2017) study

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Ramos Nascimento ◽  
Luísa Campos Caldeira Brant ◽  
Simon Yadgir ◽  
Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira ◽  
Gregory Roth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Global Burden Of Disease ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
High Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Death Rates

Abstract Background Hypertension remains the leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) worldwide, and its impact in Brazil should be assessed in order to better address the issue. We aimed to describe trends in prevalence and burden of disease attributable to high systolic blood pressure (HSBP) among Brazilians ≥ 25 years old according to sex and federal units (FU) using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. Methods We used the comparative risk assessment developed for the GBD study to estimate trends in attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALY), by sex, and FU for HSBP from 1990 to 2017. This study included 14 HSBP-outcome pairs. HSBP was defined as ≥ 140 mmHg for prevalence estimates, and a theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) of 110–115 mmHg was considered for disease burden. We estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs attributed to HSBP. We also explored the drivers of trends in HSBP burden, as well as the correlation between disease burden and sociodemographic development index (SDI). Results In Brazil, the prevalence of HSBP is 18.9% (95% uncertainty intervals [UI] 18.5–19.3%), with an annual 0.4% increase rate, while age-standardized death rates attributable to HSBP decreased from 189.2 (95%UI 168.5–209.2) deaths to 104.8 (95%UI 94.9–114.4) deaths per 100,000 from 1990 to 2017. In spite of that, the total number of deaths attributable to HSBP increased 53.4% and HSBP raised from 3rd to 1st position, as the leading risk factor for deaths during the period. Regarding total DALYs, HSBP raised from 4th in 1990 to 2nd cause in 2017. The main driver of change of HSBP burden is population aging. Across FUs, the reduction in the age-standardized death rates attributable to HSBP correlated with higher SDI. Conclusions While HSBP prevalence shows an increasing trend, age-standardized death and DALY rates are decreasing in Brazil, probably as results of successful public policies for CVD secondary prevention and control, but suboptimal control of its determinants. Reduction was more significant in FUs with higher SDI, suggesting that the effect of health policies was heterogeneous. Moreover, HSBP has become the main risk factor for death in Brazil, mainly due to population aging.

scholarly journals Emerging risk factors and the disease pattern in Turkey: an analysis based on burden of diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 3638
Author(s):  
Seval H. Akgun ◽  
Rajasekharan K. Nayar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Health Improvement ◽  
High Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
The Impact

Knowledge about the burden of disease and injury alone is not sufficient for health improvement and for defining and evolving policies and strategies. In many low and middle income countries, the impacts of chronic diseases are increasing gradually each year. Anticipating, understanding and reducing the impact of chronic diseases on human health is of great importance. The aim of this paper was to assess the main risk factors in chronic diseases in a developing country and to identify the effects of individual risk factors on burden of disease by using comparative risk assessment methodology. The first BoD study in 2003 revealed that the high systolic blood pressure was ranked first and the prevention of high systolic blood pressure would prevent 108.468 of 430.459 deaths in Turkey. Smoking was at the second rank and prevention of smoking would prevent 54.699 deaths while control of cholesterol level within the normal limits would prevent 49.029 deaths. It is also indicated that adequate levels of physical activity would prevent 45.120 deaths and that consumption of the recommended amount of fruits and vegetables would prevent 38.734 deaths. In the 2013 study, smoking ranked first, followed by nutritional risks at the second rank followed by high BMI, high blood pressure and high sugar level respectively. Smoking, high blood pressure, obesity and tobacco use are the most important problems among the preventable deaths and disability in Turkey. It can be concluded that Turkey now resembles the pattern seen in developed countries and some developing countries with low mortality.  

P1947Trends in prevalence, mortality and morbidity associated with high systolic blood pressure in Brazil from 1990 to 2017: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A L P Ribeiro ◽  
L C C Brant ◽  
S Yadgir ◽  
G M M Oliveira ◽  
S D Glenn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Global Burden Of Disease ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
High Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Life Years

Abstract Background Hypertension remains the leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease worldwide. In Brazil, a third of adults have hypertension. The prevalence and impact of this risk factor on disease burden in Brazil and its federal units should be assessed in order to better address the issue. Objective To describe trends in prevalence and burden of diseases attributable to high systolic blood pressure (HSBP) among Brazilians ≥25 years old according to sex and federal units using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. Methods We used the comparative risk assessment developed for the GBD study to estimate trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALY), by sex, and federal units for HSBP from 1990 to 2017. This study included 14 HSBP-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for evidence of causation. HSBP was defined as ≥140mmHg for prevalence estimates and, to evaluate the burden of HSBP, a theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) of 110–115 mmHg was considered. We estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to HSBP. We also explored the drivers of trends in attributable burden of HSBP, as well as the relation of HSBP burden and sociodemographic development. Results In Brazil, the prevalence of HSBP is 18.9 (95% uncertainty intervals [UI] 18.5 to 19.3%) and the age-standardized death rate attributable to HSBP decreased from 189.2 (95%UI 168.5 to 209.2) deaths to 104.8 (95%UI 94.9 to 114.4) deaths per 100,000 from 1990 to 2017. In spite of that, the total number of deaths attributable to HSBP increased 53.4% and HSBP raised from 3rd to 1st position, as the leading risk factor for deaths during the period. Regarding total DALYs, HSBP raised from 4th in 1990 to 2nd cause in 2017 - in the last, only behind smoking. The main driver in the change of HSBP burden in Brazil is population aging. Across federal units, the reduction in the age-standardized death rates attributable to HSBP are heterogeneous and the greater reduction correlated to higher sociodemographic development. Conclusions The age-standardized death and DALY rates attributable to HSBP are decreasing in Brazil, probably as results of successful public health policies for primary prevention and control of HSBP. However, the reduction was more significant in federal units with higher sociodemographic development, suggesting that the effect of health policies was heterogeneous. Moreover, HSBP has become the main risk factor for death in the country, mainly due to population aging. As such, the Brazilian health system should increase investments in policies to address the situation and prepare itself to cope with higher burden of HSBP in the near future. Acknowledgement/Funding The GBD 2017 Brazil study is primarily funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Morbidity Related to Smoking and other Risk Factors

1980 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olof Lannerstad
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Disability Pension ◽  
Hospitalization Rate ◽  
Pulmonary Diseases ◽  
High Cholesterol ◽  
High Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
High Cholesterol Level ◽  
High Triglyceride

In 1969 a cohort of 703 men born in 1914 was screened to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases among middle-aged men. Smoking habits and other cardiovascular risk factors were registered. Hypertension was treated. The disability pension rate among non-smokers was considerably lower than that for smokers. Also the proportion of individuals who had been admitted to hospital and the proportion of individuals who had reported sick was lower in non-smokers than in smokers. The ex-smokers showed an intermediate position both in terms of disability pension rate and in proportion of individuals admitted to hospital. High systolic blood pressure, high cholesterol level and high triglyceride values in 1969 were not associated with increased disability pension rate, hospitalization rate or with increased sick leave.

scholarly journals The impact of obesity on cardiovascular disease risk factor

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
The World

Obesity has emerged as the most potential cardiovascular risk factor and has raised concern among public and their health related issues not only in developed but also in developing countries. The Worldwide obesity occurrence has almost has gone three times since 1975. Research suggests there are about 775 million obese people in the World including adult, children, and adolescents. Nearly 50% of the children who are obese and overweight in Asia in are below 5 years. There is a steep incline of childhood obesity when compared to 1971 which is not only in developed countries but also in developing countries. A considerable amount of weight gain occurs during the transition phase from adolescence to young adulthood. It is also suggested that those adultswho were obese in childhood also remained obese in their adulthood with a higher metabolic risk than those who became obese in their adulthood. In India, the urban Indian female in the age group of 30-45 years have emerged as an 〝at risk population” for cardiovascular diseases. To understand how obesity can influence cardiovascular function, it becomes immense important to understand the changes which can take place in adipose tissue due to obesity. There are two proposed concepts explaining the inflammatory status of macrophage. The predominant cause of insulin resistance is obesity. Epidemiological and research studies have indicated that the pathogenesis of obesity-related metabolic dysfunction involves the development of a systemic, low-grade inflammatory state. It is becoming clear that targeting the pro-inflammatory pathwaymay provide a novel therapeutic approach to prevent insulin resistance, particularly in obesity inducedinsulin resistance. Some cost effective interventions that are feasible by all and can be implemented even in low-resource settings includes - population-wide and individual, which are recommended to be used in combination to reduce the greatest cardiovascular disease burden. The sixth target in the Global NCD action plan is to reduce the prevalence of hypertension by 25%. Reducing the incidence of hypertension by implementing population-wide policies to educe behavioral risk factors. Reducing cigarette smoking, body weight, blood pressure, blood cholesterol, and blood glucose all have a beneficial impact on major biological cardiovascular risk factors. A variety of lifestyle modifications have been shown, in clinical trials, to lower bloodpressure, includes weight loss, physical activity, moderation of alcohol intake, increased fresh fruit and vegetables and reduced saturated fat in the diet, reduction of dietary sodium intake, andincreased potassium intake. Also, trials of reduction of saturated fat and its partial replacement by unsaturated fats have improved dyslipidaemia and lowered risk of cardiovascular events. This initiative driven by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, State Governments, Indian Council of Medical Research and the World Health Organization are remarkable. The Government of India has adopted a national action plan for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) with specific targets to be achieved by 2025, including a 25% reduction inoverall mortality from cardiovascular diseases, a 25% relative reduction in the prevalence of raised blood pressure and a 30% reduction in salt/sodium intake. In a nutshell increased BMI values can predict the nature of obesity and its aftermaths in terms inflammation and other disease associated with obesity. It’s high time; we must realize it and keep an eye on health status in order to live long and healthy life.

Abstract P146: Uric Acid is an Independent Risk Factor for Developing Hypertension From Prehypertension: A 5-year Japanese Cohort Study

Hypertension ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masanari Kuwabara ◽  
Shigeko Hara ◽  
Koichiro Niwa ◽  
Minoru Ohno ◽  
Ichiro Hisatome
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Serum Uric Acid ◽  
Independent Risk Factor ◽  
Drinking Habits

Objectives: Prehypertension frequently progresses to hypertension and is associated with cardiovascular diseases, stroke, excess morbidity and mortality. However, the identical risk factors for developing hypertension from prehypertension are not clarified. This study is conducted to clarify the risks. Methods: We conducted a retrospective 5-year cohort study using the data from 3,584 prehypertensive Japanese adults (52.1±11.0 years, 2,081 men) in 2004 and reevaluated it 5 years later. We calculated the cumulative incidences of hypertension over 5 years, then, we detected the risk factors and calculated odds ratios (ORs) for developing hypertension by crude analysis and after adjustments for age, sex, body mass index, smoking and drinking habits, baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, and serum uric acid. We also evaluated whether serum uric acid (hyperuricemia) provided an independent risk for developing hypertension. Results: The cumulative incidence of hypertension from prehypertension over 5 years was 25.3%, but there were no significant differences between women and men (24.4% vs 26.0%, p=0.28). The cumulative incidence of hypertension in subjects with hyperuricemia (n=726) was significantly higher than those without hyperuricemia (n=2,858) (30.7% vs 24.0%, p<0.001). After multivariable adjustments, the risk factors for developing hypertension from prehypertension were age (OR per 1 year increased: 1.023; 95% CI, 1.015-1.032), women (OR versus men: 1.595; 95% CI, 1.269-2.005), higher body mass index (OR per 1 kg/m 2 increased: 1.051; 95% CI 1.021-1.081), higher baseline systolic blood pressure (OR per 1 mmHg increased: 1.072; 95% CI, 1.055-1.089) and diastolic blood pressure (OR per 1 mmHg increased: 1.085; 95% CI, 1.065-1.106), and higher serum uric acid (OR pre 1 mg/dL increased: 1.149; 95% CI, 1.066-1.238), but not smoking and drinking habits, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and chronic kidney diseases. Conclusions: Increased serum uric acid is an independent risk factor for developing hypertension from prehypertension. Intervention studies are needed to clarify whether the treatments for hyperuricemia in prehypertensive subjects are useful.

The effects of household income distribution on stroke prevalence and its risk factors of high blood pressure and smoking: a cross-sectional study in Saskatchewan, Canada

2016 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yelena Bird ◽  
Mark Lemstra ◽  
Marla Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Statistical Adjustment ◽  
Stroke Prevalence

Background: Stroke is a major chronic disease and a common cause of adult disability and mortality. Although there are many known risk factors for stroke, lower income is not one that is often discussed. Aims: To determine the unadjusted and adjusted association of income distribution on the prevalence of stroke in Saskatchewan, Canada. Methods: Information was collected from the Canadian Community Health Survey conducted by Statistics Canada for 2000–2008. In total, 178 variables were analysed for their association with stroke. Results: Prior to statistical adjustment, stroke was seven times more common for lower income residents than higher income residents. After statistical adjustment, only four covariates were independently associated with stroke prevalence, including having high blood pressure (odds ratio (OR) = 2.62; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.12–3.24), having a household income below CAD$30,000 per year (OR = 2.49; 95% CI = 1.88–3.29), being a daily smoker (OR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.16–1.58) and being physically inactive (OR = 1.27; 95% CI = 1.13–1.43). After statistical adjustment, there were five covariates independently associated with high blood pressure prevalence, including having a household income below CAD$30,000 per year (OR = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.41–1.63). After statistical adjustment, there were five covariates independently associated with daily smoking prevalence, including having a household income below CAD$30,000 per year (OR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.25–1.33). Conclusions: Knowledge of disparities in the prevalence, severity, disability and mortality of stroke is critically important to medical and public health professionals. Our study found that income distribution was strongly associated with stroke, its main disease intermediary – high blood pressure – and its main risk factor – smoking. As such, income is an important variable worthy of public debate as a modifiable risk factor for stroke.

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