A bivariate normal example where the locally most powerful and distantly most powerful test statistics are beaten everywhere from a median p-value standpoint

1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 2343-2347
Author(s):  
Peter Thompson
Keyword(s):  
P Value ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Bivariate Normal ◽  
Powerful Test

scholarly journals The Science of Technology and Human Behavior: Standards, Old and New

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malte Elson ◽  
Andrew K Przybylski
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Average Power ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Healthy Sample ◽  
D 20 ◽  
Single Publication

Editorial of the Journal of Media Psychology special issue on "Technology & Human Behavior", and meta-analysis of the empirical research published in JMP since 2008.DATA AVAILABILITYWe were not able to identify a single publication reporting a link to research data in a public repository or the journal’s supplementary materials.STATISTICAL REPORTING ERRORSWe extracted a total of 1036 NHSTs reported in 98 articles. 129 tests were flagged as inconsistent (i.e., reported test statistics and degrees of freedom do not match reported p-values), of which 23 were grossly inconsistent (the reported p-value is <.05 while the recomputed p-value is >.05, or vice-versa). 41 publications reported at least one inconsistent NHST, and 16 publications reported at least one grossly inconsistent NHST. Thus, a substantial proportion of publications in JMP seem to contain inaccurately reported statistical analyses, of which some might affect the conclusions drawn from them.STATISTICAL POWERAs in other fields, surveys tend to have healthy sample sizes apt to reliably detect medium to large relationships between variables. The median sample size for survey studies is 327, allowing researchers to detect small bivariate correlations of r=.1 at 44% power (rs=.3/.5 both > 99%).For (quasi-)experiments, the outlook is a bit different, with a median sample size of 107. Across all types of designs, the median condition size is 30.67. Thus, the average power of experiments published in JMP to detect small differences between conditions (d=.20) is 12% (d=.50 at 49%, d=.80 at 87%).

scholarly journals An approach to gene-based testing accounting for dependence of tests among nearby genes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J Yurko ◽  
Kathryn Roeder ◽  
Bernie Devlin ◽  
Max G'Sell
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Testing ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
P Value ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Insight Into

In genome-wide association studies (GWAS), it has become commonplace to test millions of SNPs for phenotypic association. Gene-based testing can improve power to detect weak signal by reducing multiple testing and pooling signal strength. While such tests account for linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure of SNP alleles within each gene, current approaches do not capture LD of SNPs falling in different nearby genes, which can induce correlation of gene-based test statistics. We introduce an algorithm to account for this correlation. When a gene's test statistic is independent of others, it is assessed separately; when test statistics for nearby genes are strongly correlated, their SNPs are agglomerated and tested as a locus. To provide insight into SNPs and genes driving association within loci, we develop an interactive visualization tool to explore localized signal. We demonstrate our approach in the context of weakly powered GWAS for autism spectrum disorder, which is contrasted to more highly powered GWAS for schizophrenia and educational attainment. To increase power for these analyses, especially those for autism, we use adaptive p-value thresholding (AdaPT), guided by high-dimensional metadata modeled with gradient boosted trees, highlighting when and how it can be most useful. Notably our workflow is based on summary statistics.

scholarly journals Genes differentially expressed in medulloblastoma and fetal brain

1999 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. C. MICHIELS ◽  
E. OUSSOREN ◽  
M. VAN GROENIGEN ◽  
E. PAUWS ◽  
P. M. M. BOSSUYT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Northern Blot ◽  
Fetal Brain ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Childhood Brain Tumor ◽  
Germinal Layer ◽  
Test Statistic

Michiels, E. M. C., E. Oussoren, M. van Groenigen, E. Pauws, P. M. M. Bossuyt, P. A. Voûte, and F. Baas. Genes differentially expressed in medulloblastoma and fetal brain. Physiol. Genomics 1: 83–91, 1999.—Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) was used to identify genes that might be involved in the development or growth of medulloblastoma, a childhood brain tumor. Sequence tags from medulloblastoma (10229) and fetal brain (10692) were determined. The distributions of sequence tags in each population were compared, and for each sequence tag, pairwise χ2 test statistics were calculated. Northern blot was used to confirm some of the results obtained by SAGE. For 16 tags, the χ2 test statistic was associated with a P value < 10−4. Among those transcripts with a higher expression in medulloblastoma were the genes for ZIC1 protein and the OTX2 gene, both of which are expressed in the cerebellar germinal layers. The high expression of these two genes strongly supports the hypothesis that medulloblastoma arises from the germinal layer of the cerebellum. This analysis shows that SAGE can be used as a rapid differential screening procedure.

Inconsistencies in Reported p-Values in Spanish Journals of Psychology

Methodology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Manuel Caperos ◽  
Ricardo Olmos ◽  
Antonio Pardo
Keyword(s):  
Type I Error ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Type I ◽  
Simultaneous Inference ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Type I Errors ◽  
P Values ◽  
Editorial Boards ◽  
Correlation Tests

Abstract. Correlation analysis is one of the most widely used methods to test hypotheses in social and health sciences; however, its use is not completely error free. We have explored the frequency of inconsistencies between reported p-values and the associated test statistics in 186 papers published in four Spanish journals of psychology (1,950 correlation tests); we have also collected information about the use of one- versus two-tailed tests in the presence of directional hypotheses, and about the use of some kind of adjustment to control Type I errors due to simultaneous inference. Reported correlation tests (83.8%) are incomplete and 92.5% include an inexact p-value. Gross inconsistencies, which are liable to alter the statistical conclusions, appear in 4% of the reviewed tests, and 26.9% of the inconsistencies found were large enough to bias the results of a meta-analysis. The election of one-tailed tests and the use of adjustments to control the Type I error rate are negligible. We therefore urge authors, reviewers, and editorial boards to pay particular attention to this in order to prevent inconsistencies in statistical reports.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENERAPAN SENAM HOOK UPS TERHADAP TINGKAT PERCAYA DIRI ANAK

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 441-448
Author(s):  
R. Nur Abdurakhman ◽  
Eva Latifatul Fajriyah
Keyword(s):  
T Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Confidence Levels ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Comparison Groups ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Paired T Test

Salah satu aspek  yang perlu diperhatikan pada siswa sekolah  adalah percaya diri (self confidence), percaya diri merupakan salah satu modal dalam kehidupan yang harus ditumbuhkan pada  setiap siswa agar mereka dapat menjadi manusia yang bisa mengontrol berbagai aspek yang ada pada dirinya.masalah fisik, obesitas dan kurangnya berat badan, keterlambatan dalam menerima pelajaran dikelas, yang mengakibatkan seorang anak kurang percaya diri. salah satu metodenya yaitu dengan memberikan gerakan senam hook ups.  Adapun tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penerapan senam hook ups terhadap peningkatan percaya diri anak kelas dua. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimen semu atau quasy eksperimen tanpa kelompok pembanding (one group pretest and post test), dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 35 siswa/i kelas dua MIN Guwa Kidul. Pengumpulan data selama satu bulan untuk pre test dilakukan dengan responden mengisi kuisioner sebelum intervensi,  post test  dilakukan pengumpulan data pada minggu ke empat . Uji statistik dengan Uji Paired t – test dengan nilai t- post test 85.636 dan p Value 0.000.Hasil uji statistik didapatkan bahwa  ada perbedaan tingkat percaya diri sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan senam Hook Ups dengan nilai mean 0,32 dan menunjukkan ada peningkatan tingkat percaya diri setelah dilakukan senam Hook Ups ( p value 0,000).Kata Kunci          : senam Hook Ups, tingkat percaya diri.ABSTRACTOne aspect to note is the school student confidence (self-confidence), self-confidence is one of the capital in a life that must be grown on each student so that they can be a man who can control every aspect of the physical dirinya.masalah, obesity and lack of weight gain, delays in receiving lessons in class, which resulted in a child's lack of confidence. one method is to provide the hook ups gymnastics movement. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the application of gymnastics hook ups to the increased confidence graders.The method used was experimental or quasi-experimental Quasy without comparison groups (one group pretest and post-test), with a sample size of 35 students / class i MIN Guwa two Kidul. The collection of data for a month to pre-test conducted with respondents fill out questionnaires before the intervention, post-test data collection at week four. Test statistics with the Paired t- test, post test  85.636 and p Value 0.000.Statistical test results showed that there are differences in confidence levels before and after exercise Hook Ups with a mean of 0.32 and showed no increase in confidence levels after exercise Hook Ups (p value 0.000).Keywords             : gymnastics Hook Ups, confidence level.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Penggunaan Multimedia Interaktif Model Tutorial dalam Pembelajaran Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas VIII SMPN 17 Padang

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yami Noverdika
Keyword(s):  
P Value ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Teacher Centered

Berdasarkan hasil observasi yang dilakukan di SMP Negeri 17 Padang, terlihat bahwa kegiatan pembelajaran TIK masih berpusat pada guru (Teacher Centered). Guru mendominasi kegiatan pembelajaran, sedangkan siswa mendengar dan mencatat apa yang disampaikan guru sehingga siswa masih kesulitan dalam memahami materi pelajaran karena penyampaian materi yang disampaikan guru terlalu cepat. Kurangnya partisipasi siswa dalam pembelajaran berdampak terhadap rendahnya hasil belajar, untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, diperlukan media pembelajaran yang melibatkan siswa dalam proses pembelajaran berupa multimedia interaktif model tutorial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Pengaruh Penggunaan Multimedia Interaktif Model Tutorial pada Pembelajaran Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas VIII SMPN 17 Padang tahun ajaran 2019/2020. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif berbentuk quasy experiment. Populasi penelitian adalah seluruh siswa kelas VIII SMPN 17 Padang yang berjumlah 217 orang yang terdiri dari 7 kelas dan sampel diambil dengan teknik Cluster Rondom Sampling, kelas VIII1 sebagai eksperimen yang menggunakan multimedia interaktif model tutorial dan siswa kelas VIII4 sebagai kelas kontrol yang menerapkan metode penugasan berbantuan LKS, masing-masingnya berjumlah 31 orang. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan tes objektif sebanyak 25 butir soal, dan alat pengumpul data lembaran jawaban. Jenis data penelitian berupa data hasil belajar siswa dan sumber datanya adalah nilai siswa. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney (U). Hasil penelitian diperoleh nilai rata-rata kelas eksperimen yang menggunakan multimedia interaktif model tutorial 84 standar deviasi 7,80 dan varians 60,91 lebih tinggi dari nilai rata-rata kelas kontrol 76 standar deviasi 9,68 dan varians 93,86. Berdasarkan perhitungan menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney (U) diperoleh tabel Test Statistics ,baris Mann-Whitney U diperoleh harga U = 275,5 dan p-value = 0,04/2 = 0,02 < 0,05 atau H0 ditolak, sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa ada perbedaan yang singnifikan antara hasil belajar kelas yang menggunakan multimedia interaktif model tutorial dan kelas yang menggunakan metode penugasan berbantuan LKS.

scholarly journals DYNAMIC MODELING OF TIME SERIES DATA USING BEKK-GARCH MODEL

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (36) ◽  
pp. 1186-1198
Author(s):  
Mustofa USMAN ◽  
N INDRYANI ◽  
WARSONO A. ◽  
AMANTO WAMILIANA
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Granger Causality ◽  
Impulse Response ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Granger Causality Test ◽  
Share Price ◽  
Series Data ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Causality Test

The Vector Autoregressive Moving Average (VARMA) model is one of the models that is often used in modeling multivariate time series data. In time-series data of economics, especially data return, they usually have high fluctuations in some periods, so the return volatility is unstable. In modeling data return of share prices ADRO and ITMG, the behavior of high volatility will be considered. This study aims to find the best model that fits the data return of share price of the energy companies of PT Adaro Energy Tbk (ADRO) and PT Indo Tambangraya Megah Tbk (ITMG), to analyze the behavior of impulse response of the variables data return ADRO and ITMG, to analyze the granger causality test, and to forecast the next 12 periods. Based on the selection of the best model using the criteria of AICC, HQC, AIC, and SBC, it was found that the VARMA (2.2) -GARCH (1.1) model is the best one for the data in this study. The model VARMA(2,2)-GARCH (1,1) is then written as a univariate model. For the univariate ADRO model, the test statistics F = 4,73 and P-value = 0,0084, which indicates the model is very significant; and for the univariate ITMG model, the test statistics is F = 5,82 and P-value 0,0001, which indicates the model is significant. Based on the best model selected, the impulse response, Granger causality test, and forecasting for the next 12 periods are discussed.

scholarly journals Reliability of Panoramic Radiography for Vertical Facial Pattern Assessment Assessment

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Waqar Jeelani ◽  
◽  
Maheen Ahmed ◽  
Shakeel Ahmed ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Lateral Cephalogram ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gonial Angle ◽  
Lateral Cephalograms ◽  
Orthodontic Patients ◽  
Facial Pattern ◽  
Dental Screening

The orthopantomogram (OPG) is a common dental screening radiograph that has multiple implications. However, lateral cephalogram is the investigation of choice for the assessment of vertical facial pattern. Objective: The aim of the current study was to investigate the validity of an OPG parameter i.e. panoramic gonial angle (PGoA) for the assessment of the vertical facial pattern. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on the pretreatment OPG and lateral cephalograms of 200 orthodontic patients aged 15-40 years. The PGoA was measured on both sides and an average was used for statistical analysis. The Pearson’s correlations of PGoA were measured with cephalometric gonial angle (CGoA), SN-GoGn, MMA, FMA, LAFH/TAFH% and PFH/TAFH%. The diagnostic test statistics were applied for PGoA against gold standard “definitive diagnosis (DD)” derived from SN GoGn and FMA. A p-value ofResults: The mean CGoA was 121.18º ± 5.16º which was significantly different (pConclusion: The current study identifies PGoA as a valid tool for the assessment of vertical facial pattern of orthodontic patients with its normal value 116º±3º in our sample.

scholarly journals Developing Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland using Pumice and Chrysopogon zizanioides for Tannery Wastewater Treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mekonnen Birhanie Aregu
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Tannery Wastewater ◽  
P Value ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Total Chromium ◽  
Chrysopogon Zizanioides ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Hazardous Pollutants

Abstract Background: High-strength wastewater defined by elevated levels of hazardous pollutants measured in BOD, heavy metals, nutrients and other toxic substances. This kind of wastewater discharged to water body without treatment from different industrial sectors that adversely affects aquatic environment and downstream water consumers. The general objective of this study is to investigate efficient substrate with selected plant type for constructed wetland to remove hazardous pollutants from tannery wastewater. This study was conducted at Modjo town from 2016 to 2018. Plug flow experimental study design was carried out. The substrate (Pumice) was collected around the study area and chemical characteristics were determined. Chrysopogon zizanioides was planted and grown for five months before running tannery wastewater for the treatment. The composite wastewater was introduced to the constructed wetland from Modjo leather industry, Ethiopia. The physicochemical analysis of the sample wastewater was done before and after treatment at four different hydraulic retention time.Results: Characterization of the untreated tannery wastewater revealed that the mean concentration of BOD5, COD, TSS, PO4-P, TP, NO3-N, TN and total chromium were 1641±373.6, 6953.33±339.4, 1868±863.1, 88.06 ±40.8, 144.53 ±20.8, 116.66 ±26.6, 650.33 ±93.6 and 18.33±6.7 mg/l respectively beyond the permissible limits. The maximum removal efficiency of the constructed wetland in pumice bed revealed that BOD5 at HRT 7and 9 days (96.42%, 96.30%), COD at HRT 5 and 7 days (96.76%, 96.91%), NO3-N at HRT 5 and 7 days (99.99%, 99.68%), TN (98.67%, 99.00%), PO4-P HRT 7and 9 days (96.97%,100%), TP at HRT 5 and 7 days (94.79%, 96.17%) and total Chromium at HRT 5 and 7 days (98.36%, 98.91%) respectively. Whereas, the removal efficiency of constructed wetland bed with gravel substrate used as a control subject with similar condition to pumice showed lower performance. The result between pumice and gravel bed was tested for their significance difference using two sample t-test statistics. Based on the test statistics, the pumice substrate perform better than the gravel significantly at 95% confidence interval, p-value = 0.01.Conclusion: Pumice substrate and Chrysopogon zizanioides have a potential ability to remove hazardous pollutants from tannery wastewater in horizontal subsurface constructed wetlands.

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