scholarly journals Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Triacetin

2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Expert Panel ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Food Ingredient ◽  
Ocular Irritation ◽  
Cosmetic Formulations ◽  
Cell Growth And Proliferation ◽  
Available Information

Triacetin, also known as Glyceryl Triacetate, is reported to function as a cosmetic biocide, plasticizer, and solvent in cosmetic formulations, at concentrations ranging from 0.8% to 4.0%. It is a commonly used carrier for flavors and fragrances. Triacetin was affirmed as a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) human food ingredient by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Triacetin was not toxic to animals in acute oral or dermal exposures, nor was it toxic in short-term inhalation or parenteral studies, and subchronic feeding and inhalation studies. Triacetin was, at most, slightly irritating to guinea pig skin. However, in one study, it caused erythema, slight edema, alopecia, and desquamation, and did cause some irritation in rabbit eyes. Triacetin was not sensitizing in guinea pigs. Triacetin was not an irritant or a sensitizer in a clinical maximization study, and only very mild reactions were seen in a Duhring-chamber test using a 50% dilution. In humans, Triacetin reportedly has caused ocular irritation but no injury. Triacetin was not mutagenic. Although there were no available reproductive and developmental toxicity data, Triacetin was quickly metabolized to glycerol and acetic acid and these chemicals were not developmental toxins. Reports of 1,2-glyceryl diesters, which may be present in Triacetin, affecting cell growth and proliferation raised the possibility of hyperplasia and/or tumor promotion. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel concluded, however, that the effects of 1,2-glyceryl diesters on cell growth and proliferation require longer ester chains on the glycerin backbone than are present when acetic acid is esterified with glycerin, as in Triacetin. On the basis of the available information, the CIR Expert Panel concluded that Triacetin is safe as used in cosmetic formulations.

scholarly journals Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Stearoxy Dimethicone, Dimethicone, Methicone, Amino Bispropyl Dimethicone, Aminopropyl Dimethicone, Amodimethicone, Amodimethicone Hydroxystearate, Behenoxy Dimethicone, C24–28 Alkyl Methicone, C30–45 Alkyl Methicone, C30–45 Alkyl Dimethicone, Cetearyl Methicone, Cetyl Dimethicone, Dimethoxysilyl Ethylenediaminopropyl Dimethicone, Hexyl Methicone, Hydroxypropyldimethicone, Stearamidopropyl Dimethicone, Stearyl Dimethicone, Stearyl Methicone, and Vinyldimethicone

2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 10-35
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Expert Panel ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fluid Mixture ◽  
Inhalation Study ◽  
Cosmetic Formulations ◽  
Siloxane Polymers

Dimethicone is a fluid mixture of fully methylated linear siloxane polymers end-blocked with trimethylsiloxy units. Methicone is a linear monomethyl polysiloxane. The other dimethicones and methicones covered in this review are siloxane polymers of Dimethicone and Methicone. Most of these ingredients function as conditioning agents in cosmetic formulations at current concentrations of use of ≤ 15%. Clinical and animal absorption studies reported that Dimethicone was not absorbed following oral or dermal exposure. Dimethicone, Methicone, and Vinyldimethicone were not acutely toxic following oral exposure. No adverse reactions were found in rabbits following short-term dermal dosing with 6% to 79% Dimethicone, yet adverse effects were noted with a hand cream formulation containing 1% Dimethicone, suggesting something else in the preparation was toxic. Mice and rats were dosed for 90 days with up to 10% Dimethicone without adverse effect. Dimethicone did not produce adverse effects in acute and short-term inhalation-route studies, Methicone and Vinyldimethicone were negative in acute exposure studies using rats, but Hexyl Methicone was toxic to rats at 5 mg/L delivered in small particle (mean diameter of 0.29 μ) aerosols. Most dermal irritation studies using rabbits classified Dimethicone as a minimal irritant. Dimethicone (tested undiluted and at 79%) was not a sensitizer in four assays using mice and guinea pigs. It was not a sensitizer at 5.0% in a clinical repeated insult patch test using 83 panelists. Most ocular irritation studies using rabbits classified Dimethicone as a mild to minimal irritant. Dimethicone was tested in numerous oral-dose (using rats) and dermal-dose (using rats, rabbits, and monkeys) reproductive and developmental toxicity studies. In a few studies, treated males had significantly decreased body weight and/or decreased testes or seminal vesicles weights. No treatment-related adverse findings were noted in dosed pregnant females or fetuses. Dimethicone was negative in all genotoxicity assays. It was negative in both an oral (tested at 91%) and dermal (tested at an unknown concentration) dose carcinogenicity assay using mice. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel considered it unlikely that any of these polymers would be significantly absorbed into the skin due to their large molecular weight. Although adverse effects were noted in one inhalation study with small aerosol particles, the expected particle sizes for cosmetic products would primarily be in the range of 60 to 80 μ, and less than 1% would be under 10 μ, which is an upper limit for respirable particles. Overall, the safety test data support the safety of these ingredients at the concentrations they are known to be used in cosmetic formulations. Accordingly, the CIR Expert Panel was of the opinion that Stearoxy Dimethicone, Dimethicone, Methicone, Amino Bis-propyl Dimethicone, Aminopropyl Dimethicone, Amodimethicone, Amodimethicone Hydroxystearate, Behenoxy Dimethicone, C24–28 Alkyl Methicone, C30–45 Alkyl Methicone, C30–45 Alkyl Dimethicone, Cetearyl Methicone, Cetyl Dimethicone, Dimethoxysilyl Ethylenediaminopropyl Dimethicone, Hexyl Methicone, Hydroxypropyldimethicone, Stearamidopropyl Dimethicone, Stearyl Dimethicone, Stearyl Methicone, and Vinyldimethicone are safe as used in cosmetic formulations.

scholarly journals Final Report on the Safety Assessment of PEG-2, -3, -4, -6, -8, -9, -12, -20, -32, -50, -75, -120, -150, and -175 Distearate’

1999 ◽  
Vol 18 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 51-59
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Ocular Irritation ◽  
Cosmetic Formulations ◽  
Mild Irritant ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
Related Compounds

PEG Distearate compounds are the polyethylene glycol (PEG) diesters of Stearic Acid. They are manufactured by the esterification of Stearic Acid with a the number of moles of ethylene oxide corresponding to the average polyethylene glycol chain length desired. PEGs Distearate are used as emulsifying, cleansing, and solubilizing agents in a wide variety of cosmetic formulations. Not all of the polymer chain lengths covered in this assessment are currently reported to be used, but all are listed as cosmetic ingredients and may have been used in the past and could be used in the future. Very little toxicity data are available for the PEGs Distearate. Related compounds including PEGs, PEGs Stearate, Steareths, and Stearic Acid, have previously been reviewed. In general, PEGs have a low level of toxicity whether the exposure is oral or dermal. Minimal ocular irritation is seen with PEGs, PEGs Stearate, Steareths, and Stearic Acid. No evidence of mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, or reproductive and developmental toxicity of these related compounds was found. Based on clinical data in bum patients, PEGs were mild irritant/sensitizers and there was evidence of nephrotoxicity. Cosmetic manufacturers should continue to adjust product formulations to minimize any untoward effects when products are used on damaged skin. PEGs Stearate, Steareths, and Stearic Acid were not irritants, sensitizers, or phototoxins. Because of the possibility of residual ethylene oxide and/or 1,4-dioxane impurities in PEGs Distearate, cosmetic formulators are urged to continue efforts to remove these impurities before blending PEGs Distearate into cosmetic formulations. Although metabolites of ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers are reproductive and developmental toxins, it was considered unlikely that the relevant metabolites would be found in or produced from the use of PEGs Distearate in cosmetic formulations. Based on the available data on related compounds, and current industry practices in the use and manufacture of PEGs Distearate, it was concluded that PEG-2, -3, -4, -6, -8, -9, -12, -20, -32, -50, -75, -120, -150, and -175 Distearate are safe for use in cosmetic formulations under the present practices of use.

Final Report On the Safety Assessment of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)

1998 ◽  
Vol 17 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 95-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bindu Nair
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Skin Irritation ◽  
Lymphoid Hyperplasia ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Ocular Irritation ◽  
Negative Findings ◽  
Gross Lesions

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is a linear polymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone monomers used as a binder, emulsion stabilizer, film former, hair fixative, and suspending agent-nonsurfactant. The molecular weight of the polymer ranges from 10,000 to 700,000. PVP K-30, with an average molecular weight of 40,000, is typically used in cosmetic formulations. The highest concentration reported to be used is 35%. There was no significant absorption of PVP K-30 given orally to rats, and the acute oral LD50 was >100 g/kg for rats and guinea pigs. Neither toxic effects nor gross lesions were found in rats maintained for two years on a diet containing 10% PVP K-30. Short-term PVP inhalation studies produced mild lymphoid hyperplasia and fibroplasia in rats, but no inflammatory response. In animal studies, no evidence of significant ocular irritation, skin irritation, or skin sensitization was found at PVP-iodine solution concentrations of 10%. While PVP-iodine is not a cosmetic ingredient, these negative findings were considered to support the safety of the PVP component. Undiluted PVP K-30 was not a dermal irritant or sensitizer in clinical tests. No developmental toxicity was seen in vehicle controls where PVP was used as a vehicle for another agent. In certain assay systems, PVP was genotoxic, but was negative in the majority of studies. Orally administered PVP significantly decreased the rate of bladder tumors in mice exposed to bracken fern. Several studies tested the carcinogenicity of subcutaneous implants of particulate PVP in rats, mice, and rabbits. Although the majority of these studies conducted in rats were positive, tumors (sarcomas) were localized to the site of implantation. Based on the available data, it was concluded that PVP is safe as used in cosmetics.

scholarly journals Safety Assessment of Polyquaternium-22 and Polyquarternium-39 as Used in Cosmetics

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 47S-53S ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilbur Johnson ◽  
Bart Heldreth ◽  
Wilma F. Bergfeld ◽  
Donald V. Belsito ◽  
Ronald A. Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Expert Panel ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Skin Irritation ◽  
Cosmetic Products ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Local Effects ◽  
Cosmetic Formulations ◽  
Monomer Content ◽  
Unreacted Monomer

Polyquaternium-22 and polyquaternium-39 are polymers that function as antistatic agents, film formers, and hair fixatives in cosmetic products. These ingredients are being used at concentrations up to 2% (polyquaternium-22, in a rinse-off product) and up to 3% (polyquaternium-39, in rinse-off and leave-on products). The unreacted monomer content of these ingredients was considered low and of no toxicological concern. Limited data showed no skin irritation/sensitization. Although these ingredients were nongenotoxic in bacterial assays, mammalian genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and reproductive and developmental toxicity data were not available. These polymers, however, are large, highly polar molecules that would likely not be absorbed, and neither local effects in the respiratory tract nor systemic toxicity are expected following product application/exposure. The Expert Panel concluded that polyquaternium-22 and polyquaternium-39 are safe in the present practices of use and concentration in cosmetic formulations.

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Isostearamidopropyl Morpholine Lactate

1999 ◽  
Vol 18 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Alan Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Metabolic Activation ◽  
Skin Penetration ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Inhalation Toxicity ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Rabbit Skin ◽  
Cosmetic Formulations ◽  
Mammalian System

Isostearamidopropyl Morpholine Lactate is the lactic acid salt of isostearamidopropyl morpholine used as an antistatic agent in 20 cosmetic formulations, mostly hair preparations. The concentration of use in hair preparations is in the 1-5% range- Isostearamidopropyl Morpholine Lactate was nontoxic in acute oral toxicity studies in rats. Although Morpholine is considered a cutaneous, ocular, and mucous membrane irritant, and a sensitizer, Isostearamidopropyl Morpholine Lactate exhibits none of the sensitization and irritant reactions observed with Morpholine. Isostearamidopropyl Morpholine Lactate was minimally irritating to rabbit eyes, and mildly irritating to intact and abraded rabbit skin. Although sensitization was not seen in clinical tests, some irritancy was noted. Isostearamidopropyl Morpholine Lactate was not mutagenic in the Ames test, with or without metabolic activation, although cell killing was seen at most test concentrations. Although Morpholine is readily nitrosated to form carcinogenic nitrosamines, N-nitroso impurities were not detected in Isostearamidopropyl Morpholine Lactate. Mutagenicity data on Isostearamidopropyl Morpholine Lactate in a mammalian system were not available, nor were data available on skin penetration or toxicity associated with inhalation exposures. Accordingly, the safety of this ingredient in leave-on cosmetic formulations could not be determined. Based on the available data, this ingredient was considered safe for use in rinse-off cosmetic products. Additional data needed for assessing the safety of leave-on uses include: (i) skin penetration; if there is significant skin penetration, then both a 28-day dermal toxicity study to assess general skin and systemic toxicity, and a reproductive and developmental toxicity study are needed; (ii) one genotoxicity study in a mammalian system; if positive, then a 2-year dermal carcinogenesis study using National Toxicology Program (NTP) methods may be needed; and (iii) inhalation toxicity data.

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Oleth-2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -12, -15, -16, -20, -23, -25, -30, -40, -44, and -501

1999 ◽  
Vol 18 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Alan Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Oleyl Alcohol ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Exposure Group ◽  
Cosmetic Formulations ◽  
Mild Irritant

The Oleth family of ingredients are the polyethylene glycol (PEG) ethers of oleyl alcohol. They are manufactured by the ethoxylation of oleyl alcohol with the number of moles of ethylene oxide corresponding to the average polyethylene glycol chain length desired. Not all of the polymer chain lengths covered in this assessment are currently reported to be used, but all are listed as cosmetic ingredients and may have been used in the past and could be used in the future. Oleths are surfactants used as emulsifying, cleansing, and solubilizing agents in cosmetic formulations. Limited safety test data are available on ingredients in the Oleth family, all consistent with surfactant properties. In feeding studies, Oleth-20 was associated with reduced body weight gain. Hepatic lesions in one exposure group were not found in any other exposure group, but were found in the controls. Oleth-20 and Oleth-10 were found to have moderate ocular irritation potential, and Oleth-10 was considered to be a cumulative skin irritant. Toxicity data, including reproductive and developmental toxicity, carcinogenesis data, and clinical testing data, available from previous safety assessments on Polyethylene Glycol and Oleyl Alcohol, were summarized. The principal finding related to PEGs, based on clinical data in burn patients, is that PEGs were mild irritant/sensitizers and there was evidence of nephrotoxicity. No such effects were seen in animal studies on intact skin. Cosmetic manufacturers should adjust product formulations containing Polyethylene Glycol to minimize any untoward effects when products are used on damaged skin. Although metabolites of ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers are reproductive and developmental toxins, it was considered unlikely that the relevant metabolites would be found in or produced from the use of Oleths in cosmetic formulations. Of concern was the possible presence of 1,4-dioxane and ethylene oxide impurities. The importance of using the necessary purification procedures to remove these impurities was stressed. Based on particle size and cosmetic use considerations, it was not considered that these ingredients, in formulation, are respirable. Based in part on the limited data available on Oleths included in the report and on the previous reviews of Polyethylene Glycol and Oleyl Alcohol, it was concluded that Oleth-2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -12, -15, -16, -20, -23, -25, -30, -40, -44, and -50 are safe in the present practices of use.

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Dimethyl Stearamine

1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 428-432
Keyword(s):  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Inhalation Toxicity ◽  
Dermal Toxicity ◽  
Ocular Irritation ◽  
Dermal Irritation ◽  
Safety Test ◽  
Mammalian System ◽  
Additional Safety

Dimethyl Stearamine is a tertiary aliphatic amine that is used as an antistatic agent in cosmetics at concentrations up to 5%. Bacterial studies suggest antibacterial action at concentrations as low as 3.6 moles per 106. Mutagenicity testing was negative, even though the ingredient can act as a biocide. Additional safety test data are needed, including concentration of use, impurities, inhalation toxicity (or information on particle size), ocular irritation, dermal irritation and sensitization, and a 28-day dermal toxicity study (possibly followed by absorption, distribution, and metabolism studies). Additionally, if significantly absorbed, reproduction and developmental toxicity (including teratogenicity) data and two genotoxicity assays, one using a mammalian system, are needed. If the mutagenesis data are positive, then a dermal carcinogenesis study may be needed. In the absence of this further information, the available data are insufficient to support the safety of Dimethyl Stearamine in cosmetics.

scholarly journals Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Polybutene

1982 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 103-118 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Skin Irritation ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Cosmetic Formulations ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
Available Information

Polybutenes are the isotactic polymers of isobutene and n-butene. Polybutenes provide viscosity or emulsifiability to more than 80 cosmetic products in concentrations up to 50%. The results of acute oral and percutaneous toxicity tests of Polybutenes show these materials to be relatively harmless. Acute skin irritation tests on rabbits showed no or mild irritation. Other test results indicate that Polybutenes are not toxic: (a) there were no observable effects in rats after inhalation at concentrations up to 18.5 mg/l of air; (b) there was only mild, transient eye irritation in rabbits; (c) intravaginal application of concentrated Polybutene daily for 30 days produced no observable effect in rabbits. Chronic oral toxicity in rats fed up to 20,000 ppm for three successive generations showed no impairment in reproduction. The available human clinical data indicated only very mild effects. Skin tests for sensitization, irritancy, phototoxicity, and photosensitization were limited to cosmetic formulations. On the basis of the available information, it was concluded that Polybutenes are safe as presently used in cosmetics.

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Peg-30,-33,-35,-36, ANd-40 Castor Oil and Peg-30 and-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil

1997 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-306 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Data ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Carcinogenic Effect ◽  
Intravenous Drugs ◽  
Cosmetic Formulations ◽  
Anaphylactoid Reactions ◽  
Hydrogenated Castor Oil

PEG Castor Oils and PEG Hydrogenated Castor Oils are a family of polyethylene glycol derivatives of castor oil and hydrogenated castor oil that are used in over 500 formulations representing a wide variety of cosmetic products. They are used as skin conditioning agents and as surfactants (emulsifying and or solubilizing agents). The PEG Castor Oils and PEG Hydrogenated Castor Oils include various chain lengths, depending on the quantity of ethylene oxide used in synthesis. Although not all polymer lengths have been studied, it is considered acceptable to extrapolate the results of the few that have been studied to allingredients in the family. Because a principal noncosmetic use of PEG Castor Oils is as solvents for intravenous drugs, clinical data are available that indicate intravenous exposure can result in cardiovascular changes. Results from animal studies indicate very high LD50 values, with some evidence of acute nephrotoxicity in rats but not in rabbits. Short-term studies with intravenous exposure produced some evidence of toxicity in dogs but not in rabbits. Intramusuclar injection produced no toxicity in several species, including dogs. Subchronic oral studies also were negative. No dermal or ocular irritation was observed in studies in rabbits. Irritation was seen during induction, but no sen-sitization was found on challenge in guinea-pig studies using up to 50% PEG-35 Castor Oil; however, thisingredient was found to be a potent adjuvant in guinea pigs and mice. No evidence of developmental toxicity was seen in mice and rat feeding studies. Theseingredients, tested as vehicle controls, produced no mutagenic or carcinogenic effect. Clinical data are generally negative for irritation and sensitization, although some anaphylactoid reactions have been seen in studies of intravenous drugs in which PEG-35 Castor Oil was used as the vehicle. Because the maximum concentration used in animal sensitization studies was 50% for PEG Castor Oils and 100% for PEG Hydrogenated Castor Oils, it was concluded that PEG Castor Oils are safe for use in cosmetic formulations up to a concentration of 50% and that PEG Hydrogenated Castor Oils are safe as used in cosmetic formulations.

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Adipic Acid Dihydrazide

1994 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-156 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Test Data ◽  
Adipic Acid ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Cosmetic Products ◽  
Uv Spectrum ◽  
Ocular Irritation ◽  
Dermal Irritation ◽  
Safety Test ◽  
Cosmetic Formulations

Adipic Acid Dihydrazide has been used as a chemical additive in a variety of cosmetic products. The ingredient was previously reported to be used; however, there are no reported uses of Adipic Acid Dihydrazide during 1992. The available safety test data were insufficient to judge the safety of use of Adipic Acid Dihydrazide in cosmetic products. The types of data required before an evaluation on the safety of use of this cosmetic ingredient include: metabolism (stability of compound in vivo, with respect to hydrolysis to hydrazine); stability and impurities (specifically, data on hydrazine content is necessary); concentration of use in cosmetic formulations. If the interpretation of the preceding requested data indicates that this ingredient could be safely used in cosmetic formulations, the following additional safety test data must be available and evaluated before it can be determined whether this compound may be safely used in cosmetic products. The needed data include: chemistry (including pH, method of manufacture, and UV spectrum); ocular irritation; dermal irritation; dermal sensitization; dermal photosensitization (only if the compound absorbs in the UV spectrum); 28-day dermal toxicity; genotoxicity (at least two assays); carcinogenicity may be requested if genotoxicity assays are positive.

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