Formulation of Cinchona Extract (Cinchona succirubra) Cream and The Safety as Hair Fertilizer

Background: cinchona extract contains quinoline alkaloids, has telangiectatic activity, is practically insoluble in water so penetration into hair follicles is low and requires a delivery system, namely cream. Objective: to determine the formula of cinchona extract cream with good activity, physical stability and safety. Methodology: cinchona bark extraction (soxhletation method), phytochemical screening, cinchona extract dosage determination, optimization of cream formula using Design Expert software version 11. Evaluation: pH, adhesion, spreadability, viscosity and cycling test stability. Activity test using guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) for 14 days, parameters of hair length/2 days, hair mass (14th day). Acute dermal irritation test using rabbit (Orycogalus cuniculus) by erythema and edema index parameters. Results: cinchona extract (13.32% yield) contained quinoline alkaloids, cinchona extract dosage was 20% (p<0.05). The optimum formula is F2 with characteristics: pH 6.48±0.07, adhesion 1.16±0.07, spreadability 4.99±0.85 and viscosity 3067±416.45, has good physical stability. Activity test: test area hair length 13.54 – 62.14% longer than normal control and 10.10 – 49.17% than negative control. The hair mass of test area was 122.91% heavier than normal control and 104.48% of negative control (p<0.05). Cinchona extract and excipients were non-irritant. Conclusion: Cinchona extract cream (20%) has hair fertilizer activity, good physical stability and safety.

Assessment of Skin Irritation and Sensitisation Effects by Topical Pterostilbene

Pterostilbene has dermal medicinal benefits such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidative effects and photoprotective properties against UVB radiation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dermal toxicity of pterostilbene via skin irritation and sensitisation. A skin irritation test was done according to the Organization Economic Co-operation and Development 404 guideline with the scoring of irritation based on erythema and oedema in 5 albino rabbits were observed up to 14 days. The sensitisation test using the Buehler Test in accordance with the ISO 10993-10 guideline was used to study the sensitisation effect of pterostilbene on the skin surface of albino guinea pigs. According to the primary dermal irritation index (PDII), the positive control group was classified with severe irritation (scorings of 7.71). No irritation was observed for the negative control and the 5% pterostilbene treated groups. But, a slight irritation reaction with PDII scorings of 0.86 was observed in the 10% pterostilbene treated group. The sensitisation study indicated that pterostilbene did not produce any sensitisation signs, thus classified as a non-sensitiser agent according to the Magnusson & Kligman classification. Pterostilbene-treated skin also did not indicate any signs of irritation and sensitisation. In conclusion, pterostilbene did not cause dermal toxicity upon application on the skin.

Effect of the Structural and Morphological Properties of Surfactant-Assisted Hydroxyapatite on Dermal Irritation and Antibacterial Activity

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles with a homogeneous rod morphology were successfully synthesized using the hydrothermal method. The powders were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The antibacterial and dermal irritation analyses of the samples were performed and discussed. The use of cationic and anionic surfactants, namely, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), respectively, at a low concentration (2.5 mol%) modified the length/diameter (L/D) ratio of the HAp rods. Structural characterizations of hydroxyapatite synthesized without surfactant (HA), with 2.5 and 5 mol% of SDS (SDS− and SDS+, respectively), and with 2.5 and 5 mol% of CTAB (CTAB− and CTAB+, respectively) revealed well-crystallized samples in the hexagonal phase. The CTAB− sample presented antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus anginosus, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, suggesting that antimicrobial susceptibility was promoted by the bacterial nature and the use of the surfactant. Dermal irritation showed no clinical signs of disease in rabbits during the study, where there was neither erythema nor necrosis at the inoculation sites.

Dermal Irritation Study of Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Cream/Thermagel, a Potent Polyherbal Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Formulation for Topical Application in Healthy New Zealand White Rabbits

Pankajakasthuri orthoherb cream/thermagel is a polyherbal topical medication formulated for managing inflammation and pain. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the skin irritation potential of Pankajakasthuri orthoherb cream/thermagel on a single and repeated application in New Zealand white rabbits. The rabbits were dermally exposed with Pankajakasthuri orthoherb cream/thermagel and the appearance of each application site at 1 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 7th day and 14th day was recorded. The dermal reactions (erythema and edema) were evaluated according to the skin reactions scoring system. Pankajakasthuri orthoherb

The stability and irritability study of the chitosan–Aloe vera spray gel as wound healing

Objectives Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide widely used in various clinical applications including regeneration of skin tissue. Aloe vera has properties in healing burns on the skin, anti-inflammatory effect, and leaves a protective layer on the skin after drying so it provides protection to the wound. The spray gel of chitosan–A. vera was developed as a wound healing that has combined of effect of both component and easy to use. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical stability and irritability of chitosan–A. vera spray gel. Methods The spray gel stability test was conducted using thermal cycling and centrifugation methods. The organoleptic, viscosity, and pH of the spray were evaluated. The irritation test was performed by Draize Rabbit Test method. Results Chitosan (0.5%)–A. vera (1%) spray gel characteristics has a weak yellow color, clear, and a strong A. vera odor. The pH of the spray gel was 4.88 ± 0.01; and the viscosity was 36.50 ± 0.23 cps. The result from the chitosan (0.5%)–A. vera (1%) spray gel stability test using thermal cycling method showed a decrease of viscosity, but remained stable when evaluated using centrifugation method. There was no difference in the pH and organoleptic observation from both tests. Based on the scoring and analysis of the reaction in rabbit skin, the Primary Irritation Index (PII) obtained was 0.56. Conclusions The spray gel of chitosan (0.5%)–A. vera (1%) was stable and according to response category from the acute dermal irritation test, it can be concluded that chitosan (0.5%)–A. vera (1%) spray gel had a slightly irritating effect.

Anti-osteoarthritis potential of peppermint and rosemary essential oils in a nanoemulsion form: behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological evidence

Background This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nanoemulsion containing peppermint and rosemary essential oils in rats with osteoarthritis (OA). Methods In this experimental study, we prepared a nanoemulsion containing peppermint and rosemary essential oils by spontaneous emulsification and evaluated the nanoemulsion’s dermal irritation and toxicity. Investigating the analgesic effect of the nanoemulsion, we randomly assigned 36 male rats to 6 groups: Control (saline injection into the knee), osteoarthritis (intra-articular injection of 2 mg monosodium iodoacetate), and four groups of OA treated with nanoemulsion gel, nanoemulsion solution, rosemary and peppermint essential oil gel, or diclofenac sodium. Treatments were administered topically at a dose of 1 ml daily. Using behavioral tests, we assessed pain on days 1, 4, 7, and 14 after injection. Finally, we did the histopathological and biochemical evaluation of rats’ knee joints. Results There were no irritation signs on the animals’ skin after receiving the nanoemulsion and no changes in the hematological and biochemical parameters of rats’ blood compared to the control group. Receiving nanoemulsion decreased the mechanical (P < 0.001) and thermal allodynia (P < 0.05), thermal hyperalgesia (P < 0.05), and ambulatory-evoked pain in comparison with the OA group. Also, the nanoemulsion receiving rats showed an increase in SOD and GPx activity and a decrease in MDA level. Histopathology of synovial tissues confirmed the results of behavioral and biochemical tests. Conclusion The nanoemulsion containing essential oils of peppermint and rosemary reduces osteoarthritis pain via increasing antioxidant capacity and improving the histopathological features of the rats’ knee joint.