Wax Content of Crude Oil: A Function of Kinematic Viscosity and Pour Point

Paraffinic crude oils are desirable because of their high content of saturated hydrocarbons but may present handling challenges due to crystallization of high molecular weight paraffin at low temperatures. The prediction of wax properties and behavior of waxy crude oil is important in order to adopt appropriate mitigative measures to forestall flow assurance problems associated with wax crystallization and deposition. Accurate predictive models are limited mainly by the sheer complexity of crude oil composition. Result of analysis of saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltene content of crude oils (SARA) has been used as a simple tool to predict and interpret crude oil properties and behavior but has been found inadequate in predicting wax instability. In this paper, we report on the use of SARA analysis and paraffin distribution data to interpret the wax properties and flow behavior of Niger-Delta crude oils. The crude oil properties determined include wax content, asphaltene and resin content by gravimetry, pour point, wax appearance temperature by cross-polarized microscopy and paraffin carbon number distribution of whole oil and wax precipitate by GC-FID. Asphaltene and resin content were found to influence the oil pour point, while saturates content, paraffin carbon number of crystallizing waxes and wax content control its low-temperature flow properties.

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Effect of Pour Point Depressants on the Impedance Spectroscopy of Waxy Crude Oil

Energy & Fuels ◽

10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c03378 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 433-443

Author(s):

Hongying Li ◽

Chaohui Chen ◽

Qian Huang ◽

Yifei Ding ◽

Yu Zhuang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Impedance Spectroscopy ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Pour Point ◽

Waxy Crude Oil ◽

Waxy Crude ◽

Pour Point Depressants

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Effects of 4-vinylbenzyl trioctylphosphonium- bentonite containing poly(octadecylacrylate-co-1-vinyldodecanoate) pour point depressants on the cold flow characteristics of waxy crude oil

Fuel ◽

10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118817 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 282 ◽

pp. 118817

Author(s):

M.A. Betiha ◽

Tahany Mahmoud ◽

A.M. Al-Sabagh

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Pour Point ◽

Flow Characteristics ◽

Waxy Crude Oil ◽

Waxy Crude ◽

Cold Flow ◽

Pour Point Depressants

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E EVALUASI MUTU MINYAK BUMI DENGAN DISTILASI TRUE BOILING POINT (TBP) BERDASARKAN PARAMETER UJI SIFAT FISIKA SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU PRODUK KEROSIN DAN AVTUR

Jurnal Teknik Patra Akademika ◽

10.52506/jtpa.v10i01.83 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (01) ◽

pp. 20-27

Author(s):

Dian Kurnia Sari ◽

Rian Ternando

Keyword(s):

Refractive Index ◽

Specific Gravity ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Boiling Point ◽

Kinematic Viscosity ◽

Freezing Point ◽

Smoke Point ◽

Flash Point ◽

Primary Process ◽

Copper Strip

Minyak bumi dievaluasi guna menentukan potensi minyak bumi sebagai bahan baku kilang minyak untuk menghasilkan fraksi yang dikehendaki. Evaluasi yang dilakukan meliputi pengujian sifat umum minyak bumi, klasifikasi minyak bumi dengan distilasi True Boiling Point (TBP) wide cut (pemotongan jarak lebar) serta analisis fraksi kerosin. Fraksi kerosin yang dihasilkan dari primary process dapat diolah menjadi bahan bakar rumah tangga (minyak tanah) dan bahan bakar lampu penerangan. Selain itu fraksi kerosin juga dapat dioalah menjadi bahan bakar untuk pesawat terbang jenis jet (avtur). Avtur adalah kerosin yang dengan spesifikasi yang diperketat, terutama mengenai titik uap dan titik beku. Untuk melakukan pengolahan pada minyak bumi perlu diketahui karakteristik dan spesifikasi minyak bumi (bahan baku) yang akan diolah untuk mengetahui mutu dan manfaat minyak bumi tersebut. Salah satu parameter uji analisis minyak bumi yaitu parameter sifat fisika. Dari data distilasi TBP diperoleh persentase fraksi kerosin Crude Oil 99 PT HS sebesar 29 % vol sedangkan Crude Oil 165 PT RT sebesar 23 % vol. Berdasarkan analisis sifat fisika yang meliputi Specific Gravity, Refractive Index nD20, Freezing Point, Smoke Point, Flash Point “Abel”, Aniline Point, Copper Strip Corrosion, Kinematic Viscosity dan Characterization KUOP. Crude Oil 99 dan Crude Oil 165 memiliki mutu yang baik serta memenuhi spesifikasi produk kerosin maupun produk avtur.

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Enhancing Rheological Properties and Reduction of Total Acid Number of a Heavy Crude Oil Using Ethanol and Trona

10.2118/205621-ms ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ahmed Almadhaji ◽

Mohammed Saeed ◽

Hitham Ibrahim ◽

Anas Ahmed ◽

Ragaei Maher

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Rheological Properties ◽

Kinematic Viscosity ◽

Acid Number ◽

Capillary Viscometer ◽

Heavy Crude Oil ◽

Production Operation ◽

Total Acid ◽

Total Acid Number ◽

Heavy Crude

Abstract One of Sudanese fields has a heavy crude oil which has a high Total Acid Number (TAN) and high viscosity, can cause a lot of problems in production operation, transport, and storage facilities. The effect of ethanol dilution on the rheological properties of crude (especially the kinematic viscosity) was studied and presented. Moreover, the consequence of blending Trona (NaHCO3.Na2CO3) with a specified amount of Ethanol in the crude can reduce (TAN) to acceptable limits for solving corrosion and flowability problems. The approach is based on the experiments and laboratory works on the crude's samples after blending with a certain amount of Trona and Ethanol. It depends on the results of apparatuses, that are used to measure the samples, for instance, Calibrated glass capillary viscometer and ASTM D664 titration volume Total Acid Number tester which are employed to get the values of kinematic viscosity and TAN, respectively. The tests are established with crude have kinematic viscosity (187 cst) at temperature 75°C and TAN almost (8.51). While increasing the dosage of Trona at the ambient temperature (38°C) with the certain mass percentage of Ethanol (5%), TAN is decreased from (8.51 to 4.00 mgKOH/g). Also, the kinematic viscosity is declined from (187 cst to 96.75 cst) after increasing the volume of Ethanol at 75°C. These outcomes indicated that Ethanol could reduce Sudanese heavy crude's viscosity, and the Trona could decrease the TAN. This reduction occurred due to Ethanol dilution. The Ethanol molecules disturb the molecular structure of the crude, which forms polar bond within the hydrocarbon chain that leads to lower the friction between molecules of hydrocarbon in the crude. Also, Trona shrinks TAN because the Hydroxide ions (OH+) that founded in Trona neutralize the Hydrogen ions (H−) in Naphthenic acid in Sudanese heavy crude. This study can be summarized in the ability to solve the difficulty of transporting and processing the heavy crude oil in refineries; maintains the quality of the crude while utilizing it with friendly environmental materials and low cost.

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Application of Synthesized Novel Biodegradable Pour-Point Depressant from Natural Source on Flow Assurance of Indian Waxy Crude Oil and Comparative Studies with Commercial Pour-Point Depressant

SPE Journal ◽

10.2118/208578-pa ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Biswadeep Pal ◽

Tarun Kumar Naiya

Keyword(s):

Interfacial Tension ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Pour Point ◽

Microscopic Analysis ◽

Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽

Flow Assurance ◽

Pour Point Depressant ◽

Waxy Crude Oil ◽

Waxy Crude ◽

Point Depressant

Summary Pour-point depressants (PPDs) were synthesized from natural sources and used in waxy crude oil transportation to reduce the pour point and improve flow. A biodegradable PPD (BPPD) was synthesized and tested to mitigate crude oil flow assurance problems in the present work. The transesterification process was used to synthesize coconut oil ethyl ester (COEE, termed as BPPD). Fourier transform electron spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR), and microscopic analysis were performed for better understanding of mechanisms for both BPPD and a commercially available PPD named PPD-A. The pour point of crude oil was reduced by 12 and 9°C after the addition of 800 ppm BPPD and PPD-A, respectively. The microscopic analysis confirms that the crystals of wax converted to very fine and dispersed particles during mixing of additives, which in turn increase flowability. BPPD performs better to reduce interfacial tension than PPD-A. The maximum reduction of 19% in interfacial tension was observed after the addition of 800 ppm BPPD. BPPD alters the wettability of the pipeline surface from intermediate wet to water-wet within 60 seconds, which results in reduced slip velocity and consequently lessens the deposition of wax. As a result, crude oils will not stick to the wall of the pipe surface and will experience less resistance to flow through pipelines. FTIR analysis indicated that long-chain alkane and aromatic groups are responsible for a higher pour point, and their concentration level was reduced after the addition of BPPD. The viscosity of crude oil was reduced by almost 94% after the addition of 800 ppm BPPD with crude oil, which in turn minimizes pumping costs for crude oil. As a result, the total project cost was reduced substantially. Biodegradability tests confirm that the BPPD is biodegradable and nontoxic. Due to its biodegradability and nontoxic nature, BPPD has a promising capacity to be used in the petroleum industry for easier pipeline transportation of waxy crude.

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Effect of solid contents and the ratio of EVA/ Octadecylacrylate blends on Paraffin Inhibition and pour point temperature of waxy crude oil

Egyptian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.21608/ejchem.2021.70234.3547 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

pp. 0-0

Author(s):

Ragab A. A. ◽

M. A. Sayed ◽

Sameh A. Elbanna ◽

Eslam Hafez ◽

M. Roushdi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Pour Point ◽

Waxy Crude Oil ◽

Point Temperature ◽

Waxy Crude

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Evaporation of Heavy Crude Oil in Soil

Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology ◽

10.9734/ajee/2021/v16i430259 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 59-62

Author(s):

Etini Etefia ◽

L. O. Odokuma

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Pour Point ◽

Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽

Heavy Crude Oil ◽

Percentage Reduction ◽

Oil Spillage ◽

Heavy Crude ◽

Rate Of Evaporation ◽

Oil Density

Heavy crude oil spillage on soil threatens productivity and affects the natural biota of the ecosystem. Evaporation is an important parameter increases crude oil density, viscosity and fraction of lower molecular weight substances which reduce its infiltration into the soil and groundwater. The evaporation of heavy crude oil showed API of 21.5, viscosity of 15mm2/s, density 0.8952 g/cm3, pour point of 11.37. The crude oil was exposed to solar radiation for 35 days. The percentage reduction in mass of the crude oil and temperature on five day interval showed 8.22(38OC) on day 0, on day 5 was 8.13(34oC), on day 10 was 5.92(39oC), on day 15 was 5.38(39oC), on day 20 was 3.16(37oC), on day 25 was 2.94(31oC), on day 20 was 2.56 (41oC) and on day 35 was 1.79(38oC). The lighter molecules evaporated first leaving the heavier molecules behind causing a reduction in the rate of evaporation with time. This analysis will be provide insight to modelling oil spill in terrestrial ecosystem.

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