Effect of Interpolated Extinction after Partial Delay of Reward Training on Subsequent Reacquisition and Extinction

1968 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Thomas Surridge ◽  
Karen R. Mock ◽  
Abram Amsel
Keyword(s):  
Straight Runway ◽  
Extinction Training ◽  
The Other ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Extinction Period ◽  
Resistance To Extinction ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Partial Delay ◽  
Delay Of Reward

Four groups of albino rats were run four trials a day in a straight runway for 44 days. On the first 15 days, two groups were given continuous immediate reward (IR) and two groups a 50 per cent, schedule of 30-sec. partial delay of reward (PDR). On the next 15 days, one IR group and one PDR group were extinguished, while the other IR and PDR groups remained on their original schedules. In the third phase, all groups received 8 days of training on IR. Finally, all groups were given 6 days of extinction training. In the first extinction, PDR produced greater resistance to extinction than IR. In the second extinction period, the PDR group which had previously been given extinction and the two IR groups extinguished relatively rapidly and at approximately the same rates, while the PDR group which had not been extinguished was significantly more resistant to extinction than the other three groups.

A Study of Position Habits Induced by Reward and “Frustration”

1951 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger W. Russell ◽  
Robert G. F. Pretty
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Experimental Situation ◽  
Central Element ◽  
The Other ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Preliminary Training ◽  
The Third ◽  
Training Development ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats ◽  
Learning Principles

Predictions from Maier's theory of “frustration”-instigated behaviour have been tested in an experimental situation differing significantly from that in which the theory was propounded yet containing the central element of “frustration”—the insoluble problem. A water discrimination unit was employed in which the performance of rats would be observed during attacks on insoluble problems, position problems or symbol problems. Two groups, each containing ten Wistar albino rats, served as subjects. The research design consisted of the following phases: preliminary training, development of position responses, exposure to a symbol-reward problem with 50 per cent, punishment and exposure to a symbol-reward problem with 100 per cent, punishment. The design differed for the two groups only at the phase in which the position responses were established. During this phase one group was exposed to a position-reward problem and the other to an insoluble problem. Position responses were established as frequently under position-“frustration” (position stereotypes) as under position-reward (position habits) conditions. Position stereotypes were more rigid—more resistant to extinction—than position habits under conditions of 50 per cent, punishment. Position stereotypes were as readily extinguished under 100 per cent, punishment as were position habits under 30 per cent, punishment. The first two observations conform to predictions made from Maier's theory. The third does not. That is to say, not all situations containing the basic elements of “frustration” give rise to stereotyped behaviour patterns which are as rigid or “fixated” as Maier's theory would predict. It is a reasonable hypothesis that the characteristics of stereotyped responses established in certain “frustration” situations may be described adequately in terms of conventional learning principles without the necessity of resorting to a distinction between “goal-motivated” and “frustration-instigated” behaviour.

scholarly journals Connecting professionalism, learning and identity

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-56
Author(s):  
Manon C. P. Ruijters ◽  
P. Robert-Jan Simons
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Learning ◽  
Professional Identity ◽  
Professional Learning ◽  
Learning Preferences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Learner Identity ◽  
New Model ◽  
Work Related ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase

This is a conceptual article in which we try to connect some of our previous publications into a coherent new model of learner identity. The first phase of our research concerns the research and theories about professional and work-related learning, followed by work on the learning landscape: a metaphor for organizational learning. The third phase looks at added learning preferences: five ways of work-related learning. Phase four introduces the concept of the learning professional, and phase five looks at research and theories about professional identity: what inalienably connects: who you are (person), the work you do (profession) and the context in which you shape it. In the discussion, we try to explain how the various models can be connected, differentiated and integrated. Professional identity is the basis for all the other approaches. In an integrated set of questions, we bring it all together, introducing the new concept of learner identity and focusing on consequences for facilitating a professional learning culture.

Partial Reinforcement and Partial Delay of Reinforcement Effects with 72-Hour Intertrial Intervals and Interpolated Continuous Reinforcement

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Rashotte ◽  
C. Thomas Surridge
Keyword(s):  
Straight Runway ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement ◽  
The Third ◽  
Partial Delay ◽  
Delay Of Reinforcement ◽  
Group A

Three groups of rats ran 108 trials in a straight runway, one trial every 3 days. On the first 44 trials, one group received continuous (and immediate) reinforcement (CRF), a second group 50 per cent partial reinforcement (PRF), and the third group a 50 per cent schedule of partial delay of reinforcement (PDR). All groups received CRF on the next 20 trials, and extinction on the last 44 trials. The PRF and PDR groups extinguished at approximately the same rate, and significantly more slowly than the CRF group.

Contemporary Relevance of Nehru

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-168
Author(s):  
Baljit Singh
Keyword(s):  
World View ◽  
Cultural Nationalism ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Washington Consensus ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

The subject contemporary relevance of Nehru is unfolded into five sections. First section introduces the subject by contextualising Nehru’s ideas in the contemporary scenario. Nehruvian ideological system and its utility in the age of globalisation constitute the body of this article. His nationalism, socialism and world view are located and discussed in the second, third and fourth sections, respectively. Nehru’s idea of composite culture, contested by cultural nationalism from the one end and ethno-nationalism from the other end of spectrum comprises the second section. The third section discusses the conception, consolidation, retreat and revival of Nehruvian model of economic development in the light of Washington Consensus and Post-Washington Consensus. His idea of socialism and the mixed economy are debated in liberal, neoliberal and post-neoliberal scenario. His world view faced rough weather during the second and third phase of India’s foreign policy. The former was set in motion after his death, whereas the latter started taking shape in the Post-Soviet world, which has acquired the hegemonic overtones. Contemporary significance of Nehru’s world view in the hegemonic world is probed in the fourth section. The last section sums up the discussion in the form of concluding observations.

Breath of hospitality

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 902-909
Author(s):  
Lenart Škof
Keyword(s):  
Ethic Of Care ◽  
The Other ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Epistemological Views

In this paper we outline the possibilities of an ethic of care based on our self-affection and subjectivity in the ethical spaces between-two. In this we first refer to three Irigarayan concepts – breath, silence and listening from the third phase of her philosophy, and discuss them within the methodological framework of an ethics of intersubjectivity and interiority. Together with attentiveness, we analyse them as four categories of our ethical becoming. Furthermore, we argue that self-affection is based on our inchoate receptivity for the needs of the other(s) and is thus dialectical in its character. In this we critically confront some epistemological views of our ethical becoming. We wind up this paper with a proposal for an ethics towards two autonomous subjects, based on care and our shared ethical becoming – both as signs of our deepest hospitality towards the other.

Influence of Patterns of Events in Sequence on Resistance to Extinction

1963 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail B. Capaldi ◽  
E. J. Capaldi
Keyword(s):  
Extinction Training ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sequence Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Partial Control ◽  
Resistance To Extinction ◽  
Opposite Sequence

Six groups of Ss were trained to guess whether or not a second light would be illuminated following the illumination of a first light. Two consistent groups, two 50% partial groups, and two patterns in sequence groups were employed. In one sequence group consistent training followed partial training and in the other the opposite sequence of patterns was employed. All groups received extinction training. It was found that the sequence groups differed from each other in extinction and from the consistent and partial control groups.

scholarly journals Tekste, ko-tekste en kon-tekste van die leë graf in die Jesus-tradisie

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (2/3) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.G. Van Aarde
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
The Other ◽  
Textual Evidence ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
Resurrection Of The Dead ◽  
Ex Nihilo ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Corporate Personality

Texts, co-texts, and con-texts of the empty tomb in the Jesus traditionAn investigation of texts, co-texts and con-texts of the empty tomb in the Jesus tradition provides a “situation-specific common background knowledge” (Auer, 1996:18-19) from which perspective this article is written. The article aims to argue that the myth behind the empty tomb in the Jesus tradition deploys a trajectory of five links. Its origin, the first of the five links, is to be found in the metaphorical use of the motif of recreation analogous to the foundational narrative in Israel’s historical memoirs of God’s “creatio ex nihilo”. The foundational narrative consists of a collective anthropological facet and an indivdual psychological facet. The anthropological facet is manifested in the memoir of the suppression of Israel as a downtrodden nation. The individual facet pertains to the martyred heroes in Israel’s history. In this article the five links of the trajectory are conceptualised in five chronological phases represented by specific textual evidence. They are, firstly, the descent of a corpse into the sheol; secondly, the objectifying of metaphorical language about the resurrection of the dead, which refers to either Israel as a “corporate personality” or individuals; thirdly, the Hellenisation of the resurrection belief pattern which existed in the Semitic, Eastern-Mediterranean world, in the light of the theology of apotheosis/divinisation and ideas about immortality and reincarnation; and fourthly, the empowerment of suffering righteous mortals when participating in the renewed life of resurrected/ascended divine heroes. The fifth phase pertains to the period when the other four phases reached an apogee and resurrection belief served as a kind of coping-healing. The article aims to argue that the hermeneutical significance of the empty tomb in the Jesus tradition is to be found in the third phase. The modes in terms of which Jesus’ empty tomb were interpreted by the first “Christ-followers” are to be found in phases four and five.

Partial Reinforcement Effect under Odor Control

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Prytula ◽  
Cecil C. Bridges ◽  
H. R. Anderson ◽  
Larry C. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Partial Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Straight Runway ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Odor Control ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement ◽  
Partial Schedule ◽  
Resistance To Extinction

4 groups ( ns = 10) of albino rats were given 40 acquisition and 25 extinction trials in a straight runway under one of the following conditions: (1) continuous reinforcement with an exhaust fan operative; (2) continuous reinforcement with exhaust fan operating but blocked from exhausting; (3) partial reinforcement with exhaust fan operating but blocked, and (4) partial reinforcement with exhaust fan operative. The results imply that exhausting odor(s) under a partial schedule increases running speeds during acquisition and resistance to extinction. The study points to important methodological implications for partial reinforcement research.

Age and style of mesostructures in north-central Gaspé, Quebec

1976 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1537-1544 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. de Romer
Keyword(s):  
Regional Metamorphism ◽  
The Other ◽  
North Central ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
The Third ◽  
Structural Style ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Acadian Orogeny ◽  
Geological Units ◽  
Planar Fabric

Three main geological units are distinguished in the Mount McGerrigle area of north-central Gaspé, each different in lithology, structural style, and age: a Cambro-Ordovician, complexly deformed assemblage of eugeosynclinal rocks is discordantly intruded by a composite pluton, and is unconformably overlain by mildly deformed Silurian–Devonian platform deposits. Three phases of deformation (F1, F2, F3) have affected the Quebec and Schickshock Groups of Cambro-Ordovidian age. The F1, deformation was accompanied by lowgrade regional metamorphism resulting in a penetrative planar fabric. The F2 deformation deformed pre-existing structures and produced the prevalent northeasterly trending and shallowly plunging folds. The third phase was least penetrative, resulting in broad and upright east-northeasterly striking F3 folds that modify the orientation of F2 structures. The forcefully injected Mount McGerrigle pluton, a late intrusion of the Acadian orogeny, truncates and deforms the F1 and F2 fabric elements of the Cambro-Ordovician rock. Multiphase deformation thus preceded the Acadian orogeny in the area. Silurian–Devonian rocks, on the other hand, have been affected only by the F3 deformation during the Acadian orogeny.

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