Influence of Patterns of Events in Sequence on Resistance to Extinction

1963 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail B. Capaldi ◽  
E. J. Capaldi
Keyword(s):  
Extinction Training ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sequence Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Partial Control ◽  
Resistance To Extinction ◽  
Opposite Sequence

Six groups of Ss were trained to guess whether or not a second light would be illuminated following the illumination of a first light. Two consistent groups, two 50% partial groups, and two patterns in sequence groups were employed. In one sequence group consistent training followed partial training and in the other the opposite sequence of patterns was employed. All groups received extinction training. It was found that the sequence groups differed from each other in extinction and from the consistent and partial control groups.

Effect of Reward Sequence on Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery

1972 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 668-670
Author(s):  
William N. Boyer ◽  
Henry A. Cross
Keyword(s):  
Large Reward ◽  
Spontaneous Recovery ◽  
Small Reward ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sequential Learning ◽  
Resistance To Extinction ◽  
Learning Hypothesis ◽  
Opposite Sequence

Rats were tested in an alley to determine the effect of reward sequence on the extinction and spontaneous recovery of latency and time. Daily, half of the Ss received a small reward on Trial 1 and a large reward on Trial 2 (SL), while the other half received the opposite sequence of rewards (LS). Resistance to extinction and spontaneous recovery were greater when a large reward fallowed a small reward than when a small reward followed a large reward. The results were discussed in terms of Capaldi's (1967) sequential learning hypothesis.

Effect of Interpolated Extinction after Partial Delay of Reward Training on Subsequent Reacquisition and Extinction

1968 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Thomas Surridge ◽  
Karen R. Mock ◽  
Abram Amsel
Keyword(s):  
Straight Runway ◽  
Extinction Training ◽  
The Other ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Extinction Period ◽  
Resistance To Extinction ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Partial Delay ◽  
Delay Of Reward

Four groups of albino rats were run four trials a day in a straight runway for 44 days. On the first 15 days, two groups were given continuous immediate reward (IR) and two groups a 50 per cent, schedule of 30-sec. partial delay of reward (PDR). On the next 15 days, one IR group and one PDR group were extinguished, while the other IR and PDR groups remained on their original schedules. In the third phase, all groups received 8 days of training on IR. Finally, all groups were given 6 days of extinction training. In the first extinction, PDR produced greater resistance to extinction than IR. In the second extinction period, the PDR group which had previously been given extinction and the two IR groups extinguished relatively rapidly and at approximately the same rates, while the PDR group which had not been extinguished was significantly more resistant to extinction than the other three groups.

scholarly journals Using historical data to facilitate clinical prevention trials in Alzheimer disease? An analysis of longitudinal MCI (mild cognitive impairment) data sets

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Berres ◽  
Andreas U. Monsch ◽  
René Spiegel
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Placebo Treatment ◽  
Drug Trial ◽  
The Other ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Community Needs ◽  
Clinical Prevention

Abstract Background The Placebo Group Simulation Approach (PGSA) aims at partially replacing randomized placebo-controlled trials (RPCTs), making use of data from historical control groups in order to decrease the needed number of study participants exposed to lengthy placebo treatment. PGSA algorithms to create virtual control groups were originally derived from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) data of the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. To produce more generalizable algorithms, we aimed to compile five different MCI databases in a heuristic manner to create a “standard control algorithm” for use in future clinical trials. Methods We compared data from two North American cohort studies (n=395 and 4328, respectively), one company-sponsored international clinical drug trial (n=831) and two convenience patient samples, one from Germany (n=726), and one from Switzerland (n=1558). Results Despite differences between the five MCI samples regarding inclusion and exclusion criteria, their baseline demographic and cognitive performance data varied less than expected. However, the five samples differed markedly with regard to their subsequent cognitive performance and clinical development: (1) MCI patients from the drug trial did not deteriorate on verbal fluency over 3 years, whereas patients in the other samples did; (2) relatively few patients from the drug trial progressed from MCI to dementia (about 10% after 4 years), in contrast to the other four samples with progression rates over 30%. Conclusion Conventional MCI criteria were insufficient to allow for the creation of well-defined and internationally comparable samples of MCI patients. More recently published criteria for MCI or “MCI due to AD” are unlikely to remedy this situation. The Alzheimer scientific community needs to agree on a standard set of neuropsychological tests including appropriate selection criteria to make MCI a scientifically more useful concept. Patient data from different sources would then be comparable, and the scientific merits of algorithm-based study designs such as the PGSA could be properly assessed.

scholarly journals To determine how the effect of station technique on students’ achievement in astronomy subjectsAstronomi konularında istasyon tekniğinin öğrencilerin akademik başarısına nasıl etki ettiğini belirlemek

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 4561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamza Albayrak ◽  
Paşa Yalçın ◽  
Sema Altun Yalçın
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
T Test ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Science Lesson ◽  
Test Model ◽  
Meaningful Difference ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Post Test

In this research, it was aimed to determine the effect of learning stations designed for astronomy subjects on the academic achievement of students and give an alternative method for teaching astronomy in the literature. The mixed approach in which mixed quantitative and qualitative methods were used together was preferred in the study. Among the quantitative methods, the pre-test and post-test model of the semi-experimental method was used; in addition, the protocols were applied about the method, which was used. The research was carried out with 98 seventh class students, who were under education in a secondary school located in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey in the education year of 2015-2016. The quantitative data were analysed via the Astronomy Achievement Test (AAT) developed by the researchers and had 0,795 Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient. The astronomy subjects in science lesson of the seventh class were studied with the experimental group through the learning stations; on the other hand, they were studied with the students in the control group through the activities stated in the textbook prepared by the Ministry of Education. The AAT was applied for the experimental, control groups using the pre- and post-tests, and data were analysed with the t-test. Meaningful difference was determined in AAT pre-test average scores of experimental and control groups; on the other hand, a meaningful difference was determined between the groups according to the independent samples t-test results applied with the average scores of the post-test(p<0.05). As a result of the analysis of the data gathered with the Station Observation Form (SOF), developed for the research, it was found out that the students recognise the learning stations as a technique of useful, entertaining, engaging, and easy-to-learn that enable them to learn astronomy topics effectively.Extended English abstract is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetBu araştırmada, astronomi konuları için tasarlanan öğrenme istasyonlarının öğrencilerin akademik başarılarına etkisini belirlemek ve literatüre astronomi öğretimi için alternatif bir yöntem sunmak amaçlanmıştır.  Araştırmada karma nicel ve nitel yöntemlerin birlikte kullanıldığı karma yaklaşım tercih edilmiştir. Nicel yöntemlerden yarı deneysel yöntemin ön test- son test modeli kullanılmış olup ayrıca uygulanan yöntem hakkında öğrenci görüşmeleri yapılmıştır. Araştırma 2015- 2016 eğitim öğretim döneminde Doğu Anadolu Bölgesinde yer alan bir ortaokulda öğretim gören 98 yedinci sınıf öğrenci ile yürütülmüştür.  Nicel veriler için araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen ve cronbac’h alpha güvenlik katsayısı 0.795 olan Astronomi Başarı Testi (ABT) kullanılmıştır.  Yedinci sınıf fen bilimleri dersi içerisindeki astronomi konuları deney grubu ile öğrenme istasyonları yardımıyla, kontrol grubundaki öğrencilerle MEB’in ön gördüğü ders kitabında yer alan etkinlikler takip edilerek işlenmiştir. ABT deney ve kontrol gruplarına ön test- son test olarak uygulanarak t testi ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmada deney ve kontrol gruplarının ABT ön test ortalama puanları arasında anlamlı bir farklılık belirlenmişken, son test puan ortalamaları ile yapılan bağımsız örnekler t testi sonuçlarına göre gruplar arasında anlamlı bir farklılık belirlenmiştir (p<0.05). Araştırma için geliştirilen İstasyon Gözlem Formu (İGF) ile elde edilen verilerinin analizi sonucunda öğrenciler öğrenme istasyonlarını, astronomi konuları için etkili öğrenmeyi sağlayan, faydalı, eğlenceli, ilgi çekici ve kolay öğrenmeyi destekleyen bir teknik olarak gördükleri bulunmuştur.

The apoptotic effect of midazolam on the salivary gland of rats and the reversal effect by pilocarpine

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (9) ◽  
pp. 898-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Rinaldi ◽  
Aline Cristina Batista Rodrigues Johann ◽  
Patrícia Vida Cassi Bettega ◽  
Fábio Rocha ◽  
Sérgio Aparecido Ignácio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Apoptotic Index ◽  
The Other ◽  
Parotid Glands ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Reversal Effect ◽  
Apoptotic Effect

To evaluate the apoptosis in parotid glands of rats treated with midazolam associated or not with pilocarpine, 60 Wistar rats were assigned to 6 groups: control groups received saline solution for 30 days (S30) and 60 days (S60) and the other groups received pilocarpine for 60 days (P60), midazolam for 30 days (M30), midazolam for 30 days and 30 days of saline (M30 + S30), and finally midazolam for 30 days and 30 days of midazolam and pilocarpine (M30 + MP30). Histological sections were subjected to the TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick and labeling technique. The number of positive and negative cells was quantified, calculating the apoptotic index. ANOVA at 2 criteria and Tukey’s test were used. A greater apoptotic index was observed in the M30 (52.79 ± 9.01) and M30 + S30 (62.43 ± 8.52) groups when compared with the S30 (37.94 ± 5.94) and S60 (31.85 ± 9.18) groups, respectively (p < 0.05). There was no difference between M30 + MP30 (30.98 ± 6.19) and S60 (31.85 ± 9.18) groups regarding apoptotic index. Chronic administration of midazolam has been shown to increase the number of apoptotic cells in the parotid glands of rats. However, pilocarpine inhibited this effect, thus inhibiting the apoptosis.

Effect of water restriction on urinary concentrating ability of K-depleted rats

1960 ◽  
Vol 199 (5) ◽  
pp. 912-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Blythe ◽  
Margaret Newton ◽  
Fernando Lazcano ◽  
Louis G. Welt
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
The Other ◽  
Potassium Depletion ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Urinary Concentrating Ability ◽  
Excessive Water ◽  
Urine Concentrating Ability ◽  
Concentrating Defect

In order to test the possibility that the urinary concentrating defect associated with potassium depletion results from excessive water intake that accompanies potassium depletion, water intake was restricted in one half of a group of rats undergoing potassium depletion. The other one half of the group was allowed to drink ad libitum After 14 days, ability to concentrate the urine was tested in both groups as well as in two groups of control rats, one of which was allowed to drink ad libitum and the other having water intake restricted. Although both potassium-depleted groups concentrated urine less than the control groups, there was no difference in urine-concentrating ability between the two potassium-depleted groups. It is concluded that the urinary concentrating defect in potassium depletion is not due to excessive water intake.

Effect of Reward on the Attributed Meaning of Nonsense Forms

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 825-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. McNamara ◽  
R. I. Fisch
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Differential ◽  
University Student ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Dollar Bill ◽  
Student Union ◽  
Integrative Function ◽  
The University ◽  
Conceptual Meaning

Three nonsense forms were differentially rewarded by having Ss spend them as money at the University Student Union. There were two control groups, one having comparable experience with the forms but not rewarded, the other having minimal experience. When the meaning of these forms, as measured by the semantic differential, was compared with the meaning of actual money (a dollar bill), the meanings were found to be consistent, that is, the nonsense forms used as money took on the same meaning as money. A secondary inference was that conceptual meaning processes serve an integrative function in perception.

scholarly journals Delaying meiotic resumption during transportation of bovine cumulus–oocyte complexes: effects on development, apoptosis and caspases activity of in vitro-produced embryos

Zygote ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 740-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscila Chediek Dall'Acqua ◽  
Beatriz Caetano da Silva Leão ◽  
Nathália Alves de Souza Rocha-Frigoni ◽  
Fernanda Patrícia Gottardi ◽  
Gisele Zoccal Mingoti
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Fetal Calf Serum ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Developmental Competence ◽  
Bovine Oocyte ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Meiotic Inhibitors

SummaryThis study examined the effects of meiosis inhibition during bovine oocyte transportation on developmental competence and quality of produced embryos. The transportation medium was supplemented with: 100 μM butyrolactone I (BL), 500 μM IBMX + 100 μM forskolin (mSPOM), 100 μM milrinone (MR) or follicular fluid (bFF), and was carried out in a portable incubator for 6 h. Next, oocytes were in vitro matured (IVM) for 18 h, without the meiotic inhibitors, with the exception of mSPOM group, in which was added 20 μM cilostamide. The three control groups were IVM with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) (Control Lab FCS) or 0.6% bovine serum albumin (BSA) (Control Lab BSA) in a CO2 in air incubator or in the portable incubator with 0.6% BSA (Control Transp BSA). Higher cleavage rates (P < 0.05) were obtained in the Control Lab FCS group (84.5 ± 5.3%) compared with the other groups (59.6 ± 3.4% to 70.9 ± 2.3%). Embryonic development was higher (P < 0.05) in the Control Lab FCS group (39.8 ± 4.7%) than in the Control Transp BSA (22.7 ± 3.4%) and MR (21.6 ± 2.3%) groups. However, they were similar (P > 0.05) to the other groups (23.6 ± 3.3% to 28.8 ± 2.7%). The total number of blastomeres was higher (P < 0.05) in the Control Lab FCS group (85.2 ± 5.6) than in Control Lab BSA (53.6 ± 2.9), Control Transp BSA (55.5 ± 4.4), BL (58.2 ± 3.0), mSPOM (57.9 ± 4.9) and MR (59.2 ± 3.9), but all these treatments did not differ (P > 0.05) from bFF (67.7 ± 4.2). No differences (P > 0.05) were found in apoptosis by the activity of caspases (139.0 ± 3.2 to 152.4 ± 6.5, expressed in fluorescence intensity) as well as the percentage of TUNEL-positive cells (12.3 ± 2.0% to 15.7 ± 1.7%). In conclusion, the transportation of oocytes over 6 h with BL, mSPOM or bFF enabled the acquisition of developmental competence at similar rates to the Control Lab FCS group.

Dimension of the Pharyngo-Esophageal Segment in Dysfunction of the Cricopharyngeal Muscle

1986 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 539-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Ekberg
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Cricopharyngeal Muscle ◽  
Cricopharyngeal Dysfunction ◽  
Dysphagic Patients

Defective relaxation of the cricopharyngeal muscle (cricopharyngeal dysfunction) is radiographically demonstrated as a posterior impression into the pharyngo-esophageal segment of the gullet in patients with dysphagia. It has been assumed that this impression implies a mechanical obstacle to the swallowed bolus. Therefore, the width of the pharyngo-esophageal segment was measured in three groups of individuals; 139 non-dysphagic volunteers, 25 dysphagic patients with a normal relaxation of the cricopharyngeus and 25 dysphagic patients with cricopharyngeal dysfunction. Compared with the other two groups of patients studied the patients with cricopharyngeal dysfunction were found to have a slightly wider gullet above and below the cricopharyngeal muscle. However, at the level of the cricopharyngeal muscle they had an equal sized or slightly narrower lumen than the patients in the two control groups. The results obtained suggest that the posterior impression due to cricopharyngeal dysfunction does not cause a substantial mechanical obstacle to swallowing in the majority of patients.

Effect of Different Intermediary Bases on Microleakage of a Restorative Material in Class II Box Cavities of Primary Teeth

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faika Y. Abdelmegid ◽  
Fouad S. Salama ◽  
Waleed M. Al-Mutairi ◽  
Saud K. Al-Mutairi ◽  
Sultan O. Baghazal
Keyword(s):  
Primary Teeth ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Introduction The aim of this in vitro study was to assess and compare the effect of different intermediary bases on microleakage between tooth and a nanocomposite interface in Class II box cavities in primary teeth. Methods Standard Class II box cavities were prepared in 52 primary molars and randomly divided into 9 groups according to the intermediary base used (Multicore Flow, Fuji II LC, SDR, Smart Dentin Replacement, and Biodentine). All specimens were subjected to thermocycling and prepared for microleakage testing and evaluation. Results There was significant difference in the mean ranks of microleakage between the 9 groups, which was observed in the gingival side (p<0.0001) and the occlusal side (p<0.0001). The mean ranks microleakage was significantly higher with experimental SDR, experimental Multicore Flow, and positive control materials when compared with the other 6 groups. The microleakage mean ranks were statistically significantly lower in experimental Fuji II LC, experimental Biodentine, and all negative control groups when compared with the other 3 groups. Conclusions Microleakage is affected by the application of intermediate material. Experimental Biodentine and Fuji II LC showed the lowest microleakage while experimental SDR and experimental Multicore Flow showed the highest microleakage.

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