Does Intermodal Equivalence Exist between Heteromodal Stimulus Dimensions or between Stimulus Values on those Dimensions?

1973 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 476-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Asymptotic Level ◽  
Set Size ◽  
Stimulus Pairing ◽  
Practice Trials

In a same—different judgement task with successively presented signals, subjects matched dots in different vertical positions and tones of different frequencies intramodally and intermodally. The first and second stimuli of trials in each of the four modality conditions were drawn from a set consisting of two, three or five alternatives. In all intermodal set size conditions, the dimensions of pitch and vertical position were related by the same equivalence rule. While intramodal performance improvement depended only on the total number of practice trials at matching on the relevant dimensions, intermodal performance improvement appeared to be related to the number of trials practice with each heteromodal stimulus pairing in a particular set. After performance had approached asymptotic level neither intramodal nor intermodal matching reaction time depended on set size. Mean “same” reaction time was less than mean “different” reaction time, and this difference was greater for intermodal matching than for intramodal matching. The results indicated that intermodal equivalence exists between discrete stimulus values on heteromodal dimensions rather than between the dimensions themselves.

The Effects of Increasing Semantic-Associate List Length on the Deese–Roediger–McDermott False Recognition Memory: Dual False-Memory Process in Retrieval from Sub- and Supraspan Lists

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 2076-2093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerwen Jou ◽  
Mario L. Arredondo ◽  
Cheng Li ◽  
Eric E. Escamilla ◽  
Richard Zuniga
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
False Memory ◽  
List Length ◽  
Correct Rejection ◽  
Memory Process ◽  
Retrieval Process ◽  
Critical Lure ◽  
Set Size ◽  
Sternberg Paradigm

In this study, the number of semantic associates in Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) lists was varied from 4 to 14 in a modified Sternberg paradigm. The false alarm (FA) and correct rejection (CR) reaction time (RT)/memory-set size (MSS) functions of critical lures showed a cross-over interaction at approximately MSS 7, suggesting a reversal of the relative dominance between these two responses to the critical lure at this point and also indicating the location of the boundary between the sub- and supraspan MSS. For the subspan lists, FA to critical lures was slower than CR, suggesting a slow, strategic mechanism driving the false memory. Conversely, for the supraspan lists, critical lure FA was faster than its CR, suggesting a spontaneous mechanism driving the false memory. Results of two experiments showed that an automatic, fast, and a slow, controlled process could be error-prone or error-corrective, depending on the length of the DRM memory list. Thus there is a dual retrieval process in false memory as in true memory. The findings can be explained by both the activation/monitoring and the fuzzy-trace theories.

Auditory Psychomotor Coordination

1988 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Perrott
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Auditory System ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Lateral Field ◽  
Initial Line

A series of choice-reaction time experiments are described in which subjects were required to locate and identify the information contained on a small visual target. Across trials, the lateral position of the target was randomly varied across a 240° region (± 120° relative to the subject's initial line of gaze). The vertical position of the target was either fixed at 0° elevation or varied by ± 46°. Whether the target was in the forward or lateral field, a significant reduction in the visual search period was evident when an acoustic signal indicated the location of the visual target. Auditory spatial information was particularly effective in improving performance when the position of the target was varied in elevation or the target was located in the rear field. The current results support the notion that the auditory system can be used to direct eye-head movements toward a remote visual target.

Numerical Simulation of Bubble Coalescence Based on VOF Method

2011 ◽  
Vol 148-149 ◽  
pp. 814-817
Author(s):  
Zhi Yong Yang ◽  
Jian Dong Li ◽  
Guo Hua Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Bubble Coalescence ◽  
Initial Time ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Volume Of Fluid Method ◽  
Group Research ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Different Diameters ◽  
Two Bubbles ◽  
Center Distance

This paper takes bubbles of bubble shell as research object, mainly studies two bubbles arranged in a vertical position. Applying VOF (volume of fluid) method to simulate interaction between two bubbles, analyses the effect of center distances and diameters on deformation and coalescence of bubbles. Results show that coalescence time of two bubbles with same diameters increases as the center distance increases. To two bubbles with different diameters, when the bigger bubble located beneath at the initial time, the smaller bubble moves upward first and then moves downward before two bubbles coalesce. When the smaller bubble located beneath at the initial time, bubble coalescence cannot happen. This paper is the basis of bubble group research, it is of positive significance to the bubble group research and performance improvement of bubble shell.

Determining Transfer of Training Using Curve Fitting

1988 ◽  
Vol 32 (18) ◽  
pp. 1276-1279
Author(s):  
Diane L. Damos
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Curve Fitting ◽  
Transfer Of Training ◽  
Rotation Curve ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Asymptotic Level ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Correct Reaction

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the measurement of learning and transfer using a curve-fitting technique discussed in a 1985 Human Factors article by Spears. The data were collected during an experiment that determined if rotation skills could become automated with practice and if the skills could transfer between stimuli. The dependent variables of interest were the slope and intercept of the regression equation relating correct reaction time and degrees of rotation. Curve fitting was accomplished using a common statistical package, BMDP, and an IBM-XT. The curve-fitting technique showed large initial transfer of training on several variables that did not affect the asymptotic level of performance. In contrast standard transfer of training calculations indicated small positive transfer.

Repeated Measures on a Choice Reaction Time Task

1982 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Krause
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Learning Effects ◽  
Current Investigation ◽  
Enlisted Men ◽  
Practice Trials

The current investigation examined a visual choice reaction time (CRT) task to determine its suitability for repeated measures experimentation. Fifteen Navy enlisted men served as subjects for one-, two-, and four-choice reaction time conditions. Fifty trials on each condition were administered for 15 consecutive workdays. Reaction time (RT), movement time (MT), and total time (TT) were recorded for each trial. Results indicated that across all RT conditions, intersession correlations were differentially stable by about Day 8, with reliabilities around .71. Means remained unchanged over the stable days and variances remained constant across all 15 days of the experiment for the RT measure. It was concluded that studies using RT as the dependent variable should allow for sufficient RT practice prior to data collection to ensure that the results are not contaminated by learning effects. It is recommended that at least 1000 practice trials be given prior to using an RT task to assess the effects of an environment.

scholarly journals Scandinavian baffle boiler design revisited

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 305-316
Author(s):  
Borivoj Stepanov ◽  
Ivan Pesenjanski ◽  
Momcilo Spasojevic
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Isothermal Model ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Mass Flows ◽  
Boiler Design

The aim of this paper is to examine whether the use of baffles in a combustion chamber, one of the well-known low-cost methods for the boiler performance improvement, can be enhanced. Modern day tools like computational fluid dynamics were not present at the time when these measures were invented, developed and successfully applied. The objective of this study is to determine the influence of location and length of a baffle in a furnace, for different mass flows, on gas residence time. The numerical simulations have been performed of a simple Scandinavian stove like furnace. The isothermal model is used, while air is used as a medium and turbulence is modeled by realizable k-epsilon model. The Lagrange particle tracking is used for the residence time distribution determination. The statistical analysis yielded the average residence time. The results of the computational fluid dynamics studies for different baffle positions, dimensions and flow rates show from up to 17% decrease to up to 13 % increase of residence time. The conclusion is that vertical position of the baffle is the most important factor, followed by the length of the baffle, while the least important showed to be the mass flow.

Task-Invariant Aspects of Goodness in Perceptual Representation

2005 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 1295-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Lachmann ◽  
Cees van Leeuwen
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Interstimulus Interval ◽  
Reaction Time Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Perceptual Representation ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Set Size ◽  
Pattern Structures ◽  
Size Measure

In two experiments, pairs of Garner's classical 5-dot patterns were presented with an interstimulus interval of 500 ms in a same–different task in which a physical sameness criterion was used: Rotated or reflected versions of the same pattern were rated as different. Patterns varied in “goodness” according to Garner's equivalence set size measure. Both first and second pattern goodness affected reaction time and accuracy. This result and fits of models to reaction time data indicate that equivalence set representations are used in the task, as in a related categorical matching task in previous studies. Two effects were observed that contrast with the categorical matching task: One is a conflict between the need to respond different to patterns that are categorically equivalent under the equivalence set representation; the other is that extra time is needed for rechecking of the representation if pattern structures are hard to distinguish. In combination with previous studies, the present results show that even though the processes differ, the same representational mechanism is used across tasks.

Target Set Size, Time Sharing and Vigilance Performance

1984 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-387
Author(s):  
Charles M. Hurts ◽  
Charles G. Halcomb
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Time Sharing ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Set Size ◽  
Hit Rate ◽  
Target Set ◽  
Over Time

The empirical literature describing the effect of number of signals (target set size) and number of signal sources to be monitored simultaneously (time sharing) on visual vigilance performance is reviewed. It is concluded that greater target sets and time sharing generally result in lower vigilance performance but that these effects are probably mediated through different information processing mechanisms. Moreover, the classical vigilance decrement was oftentimes found not to occur under time sharing conditions. A possible explanation of this phenomenon in information processing terms is offered. In order to test these generalizations a visual vigilance experiment was set up in which subjects had to monitor one or two dials for the occurrence of one or two kinds of critical signals. Results show that target set size had the expected deteriorating effect on hit rate and reaction time. However, time sharing only affected reaction time (longer) and did not interact with number of signals or time on task with respect to hit rate, sensitivity, false alarm rate or R:S ratio. The latter measures did not change over time. However, reaction times showed a signficant improvement (shorter) over time under time sharing conditions. In the discussion of these results issues like power of the design, learning effects, and signal conspicuity are addressed. Recommendations are given for future research.

Individual Pattern Representations are Context Independent, but their Collectiverepresentation is Context Dependent

2005 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 1265-1294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Lachmann ◽  
Cees Van Leeuwen
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Interstimulus Interval ◽  
Context Dependency ◽  
Set Size ◽  
Individual Pattern ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Generic Representation ◽  
Collective Representations ◽  
Different Levels

We studied context dependency of the representations underlying perceptual “goodness”. Three experiments used a same– different task with classical Garner 5-dot patterns presented with an interstimulus interval (ISI) of 500 ms. Same patterns were allowed to be rotated or reflected versions of each other. Pattern goodness was varied according to rotation and reflection equivalence, using Garner's equivalence set size (ESS) measure. The ESS of both first and second patterns affected reaction time and accuracy. A model based on assumptions that Garner's equivalence sets constitute the generic representation of these patterns and that items within these sets are accessed serially was fitted to the data. Excellent fits were obtained, which were robust against frequency-induced bias at the level of the individual pattern, but sensitive to such bias at the level of the equivalence set. It was concluded that individual pattern representations are context independent, whereas their collective representations are context dependent. Simplicity and likelihood principles, therefore, seem to apply to different levels of a representation hierarchy.

scholarly journals Effect of Set Size, Age, and Mode of Stimulus Presentation on Information-Processing Speed

1972 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 1003-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Carling Norton
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
First Graders ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Third Graders ◽  
Information Value ◽  
Information Processing Speed ◽  
Set Size ◽  
Printed Word ◽  
Effect Of Age

First, second, and third grade pupils served as Ss in an experiment designed to show the effect of age, mode of stimulus presentation, and information value on recognition time. Stimuli were presented in picture and printed word form and in groups of 2, 4, and 8. The results of the study indicate that first graders are slower than second and third graders who are neatly equal. There is a gross shift in reaction time as a function of mode of stimulus presentation with increase in age. The first graders take much longer to identify words than pictures, while the reverse is true of the older groups. With regard to set size, a slope appears in the pictures condition in the older groups, while for first graders, a large slope occurs in the words condition and only a much smaller one for pictures. For the older groups, there is no increase in reaction time with larger set sizes in the words condition, and, in fact, the values tend to decrease.

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