scholarly journals Ребята, это не лингвистика, это языкознание!

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.Z. Demyankov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Whole Language ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Scientific Enterprise ◽  
Practical Activity ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Local Variant ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Local Term

В западноевропейских языках слово лингвист первоначально значило человек, профессионально занимающийся языком или языками. С начала XIX в., когда слово лингвистика начало употребляться в ученой среде, лингвистическое исследование как научное занятие претерпело значительные изменения. Первоначально слово лингвистика означало: 1) практическая деятельность, состоящая в использовании языка, и 2) научные методы сравнительно-исторического исследования языка, быстро сближавшиеся с методами палеонтологии. Но в культурах, в которых помимо латинской основы linguisticимелись еще конкурирующие местные именования типа немецкого Sprachwissenschaft и русского языкознание (с ученым вариантом языковедение), произошло постепенное переосмысление указанных наименований, так что неоднозначность начала пропадать. Лингвистика сегодня разнородная совокупность научной и околонаучной деятельности человека, опирающейся на знание и использование языка. А языкознание утратило значение практическое знание языка, которое ему присуще было в XIX в., и стало обозначать науку о языке. Произошла эта дифференциация под давлением дососсюровского подхода к лингвистике, главным предметом которой был langage (языковая деятельность), и соссюровского подхода, при котором в центре внимания исследователя langue язык как система знаков. В современном употреблении термин языкознание в русском языке привязан к соссюровскому подходу, а термин лингвистика к предструктуралистскому и постструктуралистскому подходам. Так борьба научных направлений сказалась на дифференциации терминов в обыденной речи.In West-European languages, linguist originally meant a person professionally dealing with language(s). From the beginning of the 19th century, when the word linguistics appeared on the European scene, linguistic investigation as a scientific enterprise underwent several transformations. Linguistics initially meant: 1) practical activity consisting in using languages and 2) scholarly methods of comparative-historical study of language, which rapidly evolved in the direction of paleontology. But in cultures where besides the term linguistics there is also a concurrent local term like the German Sprachwissenschaft and the Russian yazykoznanie (with a scholarly variant yazykovedenie), these meanings tended to associate with two different lexemes, i. e. linguistics proper (or rather its local variant of the Latin-Greek borrowed lexeme, the German Linguistik and the Russian lingvistika) and the indigenous local variant (the German Sprachwissenschaft and the Russian yazykoznanie). The concurrence of different terms denoting the English linguistics in Russian at the beginning of the 20th century was complicated by the existence of different approaches to language as a whole: language as the Saussurian langage (i. e. linguisticactivity) vs. language as the Saussurian langue (i. e. a system of linguistic signs). In the modern ordinary Russian usage, linguistika may be characterized as an activity consisting in using languages in general, whereas yazykoznanie and yazykovedenie are thought of as language sciences having to do with langue.

Pidgin as the style in Russian prose of Harbin (“Gamblers” by P.V. Shkurkin)

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-76
Author(s):  
Lin Guanqiong ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Chinese Population ◽  
Border Zone ◽  
Narrative Style ◽  
European Languages ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Far Eastern

The article presents a linguopoetic analysis of ethnographic short stories which compiled the cycle “Gamblers” (1926) by the Russian writer of the Harbin emigration P.V. Shkurkin. The Far Eastern Russian-Chinese pidgin is one of the brightest and richest pidgin branches of the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, widespread in the cultural and commercial exchanges. As a sinologist, Shkurkin actively used pidginized vocabulary instead of Russian equivalent words and phrases in “Gamblers”. The subject of this study is the Far Eastern Russian-Chinese pidgin in “Gamblers” as the characteristic of the ethnoculture of the Chinese-Russian border zone. The work also researches the vocabulary that reflected the impressions of Chinese about Russians. Shkurkin’s narrative style is characterized by the combination of pidgin and Chinese phraseological units. In addition, the author of “Gamblers” resorted to vocabulary of European languages which is specific to the Chinese population of the 1910–1920s. It is shown that in the Shkurkin’s short stories the language image is created. It is proved that pidgin is relevant to ethnographic prose, the image of the speech culture of the Chinese and Russian emigrants. The motivated use of pidgin by Shkurkin in the combination with other narrative lexical tricks contributed to the creation of a real appearance of China in the first decades of the 20th century.

Immigrant Arab Women in Chile during the Renaissance (Nahda), 1910s-1920s

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Sarah Limorté
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
New World ◽  
Arab Women ◽  
Arab Woman ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

Levantine immigration to Chile started during the last quarter of the 19th century. This immigration, almost exclusively male at the outset, changed at the beginning of the 20th century when women started following their fathers, brothers, and husbands to the New World. Defining the role and status of the Arab woman within her community in Chile has never before been tackled in a detailed study. This article attempts to broach the subject by looking at Arabic newspapers published in Chile between 1912 and the end of the 1920s. A thematic analysis of articles dealing with the question of women or written by women, appearing in publications such as Al-Murshid, Asch-Schabibat, Al-Watan, and Oriente, will be discussed.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN SHIP-ACCOUNTING PRACTICES TO 1900: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE VESSELS

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-51
Author(s):  
Jan Richard Heier
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Accounting Model ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The U.S

Accounting has always been utilitarian in nature. It adapts to the changes in the business environment by meeting the need for new types of information. The change in waterborne transportation in the U.S. during the 19th century provides an example of such an environmental change that led to a need for accounting adaptation. With the advent of the steamboat, old accounting methods were modified and new ones created to meet the changes in the business environment. In the process, a standardized ships-accounting model was developed. The model can be seen in the accounting records of three ships that sailed at the beginning of the 20th century.

scholarly journals Catalogue of the primatological collection of the Torino University

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Calvini ◽  
Maria Stella Siori ◽  
Spartaco Gippoliti ◽  
Marco Pavia
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Type Specimen ◽  
Zoological Garden ◽  
Historical Material ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

The revised catalogue of primatological material stored in the Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali of Torino and in the Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi of the Università degli Studi di Torino and belonging to the historical material of the Torino University is introduced. The material, 494 specimens belonging to 399 individuals of 122 taxa, is of particular importance since specimens were mainly obtained during the 19th Century and the beginning of the 20th Century. A relevant part of the collection was created by the collaborators of the Museum, among which it is worth to mention F. De Filippi, A. Borelli and E. Festa, while other material came from purchases and donations from private people or the Royal Zoological Garden of Torino. Great part of the specimens is stuffed but also the osteological materials are of particular importance, as many of them derived from the specimens before being prepared and consisting of skulls or more or less complete skeletons. After this revision, the Lectotype and Paralectotypes of <em>Alouatta</em> <em>palliata</em> <em>aequatorialis</em> have been selected, and the type-specimen of the <em>brunnea</em> variety of <em>Cebus</em> <em>albifrons</em> <em>cuscinus</em> has been recognized. In addition, some specimens of particular historical-scientific importance have also been identified and here presented for the first time.

scholarly journals Most Frequent Problems of Building Structures of Urban Apartment Buildings from 2nd Half of 19th Century and the Start of 20th Century

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Klara Kroftova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Structural Safety ◽  
Horizontal Load ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Basic Prerequisite

An urban residential building from the second half of the 19th century and the start of the 20th century, the so-called tenement house, is a significant representative of the architecture of the developing urban fabric in Central Europe. The vertical and horizontal load-bearing structures of these houses currently tend to show characteristic, repeated defects and failures. Their knowledge may, in many cases, facilitate and speed up the design of the historic building’s restoration without compromising its heritage value in this process. The article presents the summary of the most frequently occurring defects and failures of these buildings. The summary, however, is not an absolute one, and, in the case of major damage to the building, it still applies that, first of all, a detailed analysis of the causes and consequences of defects and failures must be made as a basic prerequisite for the reliability and long-term durability of the building’s restoration and rehabilitation. An integral part of the rehabilitation of buildings must be the elimination of the causes of the appearance of their failures and remediation of all defects impairing their structural safety, health safety and energy efficiency.

The origins of syncopation in American popular music

Popular Music ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-41
Author(s):  
David Temperley
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Popular Music ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Vocal Music ◽  
Piano Music ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
American Popular Music ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Fourth Position

AbstractThe origins of syncopation in 20th-century American popular music have been a source of controversy. I offer a new account of this historical process. I distinguish between second-position syncopation, an accent on the second quarter of a half-note or quarter-note unit, and fourth-position syncopation, an accent on the fourth quarter of such a unit. Unlike second-position syncopation, fourth-position syncopation tends to have an anticipatory character. In an earlier study I presented evidence suggesting British roots for second-position syncopation. in contrast, fourth-position syncopation – the focus of the current study – seems to have had no presence in published 19th-century vocal music, British or American. It first appears in notation in ragtime songs and piano music at the very end of the 19th century; it was also used in recordings by African-American singers before it was widely notated.

Zum Aufstieg und Niedergang des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses in Deutschland 1800-2010 - ein Forschungsprojekt

2009 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toni Pierenkemper ◽  
Klaus F. Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Employment Contract ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
The Future ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Welfare State

AbstractThis paper attempts to trace the construction of the standard employment contract in Germany from the beginning of the 19th century onwards. In 20th century Germany, it was reinforced alongside with the consolidation of the welfare state and developed into the modern concept of the standard employment contract. Due to globalization forces and dynamics of capitalist market economies, the standard employment contract has turned into an obstacle in the way of modern economy’s progress. The future might be determined by increasing work flexibility, rising working hours, falling income and increasing unemployment rates, rendering the standard employment contract anachronistic and obsolete.

Politieke statistiek in België : Oproep bij het einde van 170 jaar België

Res Publica ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 379-389
Author(s):  
Wilfried Dewachter
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Global Approach ◽  
Institutional Approach ◽  
Static View ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century

The great promises that "Statistik" yielded in the 19th century in Belgium, did  not materialise. At least as far as political statistics are concerned. In the second half of the 20th century the output was rather limited and thus very incomplete, not very professionally conceived and elaborated, disorderly provided, strongly related to an outrunned institutional approach and thus quite conservative in its orientation, veiled in inaccurate categories with the static view rather dominant. Therefore, starting from a global approach of the 3 P's (=polity, politics and policy), a rebuilding is necessary. This should provide for an inventory of existing statistical data and -above all -a masterplan to achieve a straightforward view on the 3 P's in Belgium: polity, politics and policy. A polyarchy has the right and the need to in depth information that is as complete as feasible. Statistics are very handy tools to provide this information to both policymakers and citizens.

Kazania dla młodzieży żydowskiej w Galicji

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicja Maślak-Maciejewska
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Jewish Students ◽  
Jewish Youth ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Selection Of

The book contains a selection of eighty eight sermons (so-called exhortations) for the Jewish youth, which were written in Galicia at the end of the 19th century and in the first decades of the 20th century. They constituted part of religious education of Jewish students who attended secular primary and secondary schools. The authors of the sermons were teachers such as Natan Szyper, Arnold Friedman or Samuel Wolf Guttman who was the preacher of the progressive synagogue in Lviv.

Origine et diffusion des expressions romanes du type jaune paille

2021 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-27
Author(s):  
Sara Matrisciano ◽  
Franz Rainer
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Short Discussion ◽  
Colour Term ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
And Diffusion

All major Romance languages have patterns of the type jaune paille for expressing shades of colour represented by some prototypical object. The first constituent of this pattern is a colour term, while the second one designates a prototypical representative of the colour shade. The present paper starts with a short discussion of the controversial grammatical status of this pattern and its constituents. Its main aim, however, concerns the origin and diffusion of this pattern. We have not found hard and fast evidence that Medieval Italian pigment compounds of the type verderame influenced the rise of the jaune paille pattern, which first appears in French in the 16th century. This pattern continued to be a minority solution during the 17th century, but established itself during the 18th century. In the 19th century, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese adopted the pattern jaune paille, while it did not reach Catalan and Romanian before the 20th century.

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