The Multiple Criterion Technique of Subjective Appraisal

1950 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 124-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Hopkinson
Keyword(s):  
Functional Relationship ◽  
The Past ◽  
Radar Echoes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Discomfort Glare ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Visual Problems ◽  
Theoretical Import ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Made In

A technique is described by which, the quantitative connection between physical aspects of a stimulus situation and subjective aspects of the perceptual response may be conveniently and reliably determined. The subject is given control of one of the significant physical variables such, for instance, as brightness, and is asked to set this variable to correspond In turn with a limited number of defined criteria relating to a subjective variable such as glare-discomfort It is found that each criterion acts as a check upon judgments made in terms of the others, so that the scatter of the control settings Is less than when a single criterion is used The functional relationship between the physical and the subjective variable can be estimated, and provided care Is taken in the design of the experiment and In the selection of observers, consistent results are obtained. This technique has been applied during the past ten years to a wide range of visual problems which Include those of the visibility of radar echoes, the visibility of street-lighting from the air, discomfort-glare and ease of reading. It Is thought that It might find wide application not only in applied Psychological work but in the investigation of problems of theoretical import.

The Limits of Free Will

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Russell
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Free Will ◽  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Practical Reason ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Moral Capacity ◽  
Selection Of

This volume contains a selection of chapters concerning free will and moral responsibility. The problems arising in this field of philosophy, which are deeply rooted in the history of the subject, are also intimately related to a wide range of other fields, such as law and criminology, moral psychology, theology, and, more recently, neuroscience. The chapters included in this collection were written and first published over a period of three decades, although most have appeared in the past decade or so. During this period this area of philosophy has been particularly active and it continues to attract a great deal of interest and attention. Among the topics covered, as they relate to these problems, are the challenge of skepticism; moral sentiment and moral capacity; necessity and the metaphysics of causation; practical reason; free will and art; fatalism and the limits of agency; and our metaphysical attitudes of optimism and pessimism.

Hardseededness in Mediterranean annual pasture legumes in Australia: a review

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Management Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Laboratory Techniques ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Seed Hardness ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Softening Process ◽  
The Many ◽  
Made In

Hardseededness (seed coat impermeability) is the main seed dormancy mechanism for regulating germination of annual pasture legumes both within and between years. Progress made in Australia over the past 30 years towards an understanding and better utilisation of the mechanism is the subject of this review, together with relevant overseas studies. Although some legumes produce virtually no hard seeds, newly ripened seeds of most cultivated annual pasture legumes are >90% hard when produced under favourable seed maturation conditions. The pattern of seed softening (loss of impermeability) varies widely among legumes both within and between years and is one of the more important considerations in selection programs. The many factors that influence the longevity of seed hardness are described. Differences among legumes in patterns of summer and autumn seed softening, which may influence the extent of seed losses through false breaks of season, are explained in terms of a 2-stage conceptual model of the seed softening process. This model has led to the development of laboratory techniques that effectively simulate field softening behaviour in a wide range of legumes. Different rates of seed imbibition, which may be attributable to a previously unrecognised stage in the seed softening process, and which can offer some further protection against false breaks of season are also described. The wide range of seed softening characteristics that are now recognised provides opportunities for better adapting pasture legumes to particular management systems, including rotations with crops.

Evidence-based Assessment

2010 ◽  
pp. 76-98
Author(s):  
John Hunsley ◽  
Eric J. Mash
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
The Past ◽  
Specific Assessment ◽  
The Many ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Made In

Evidence-based assessment relies on research and theory to inform the selection of constructs to be assessed for a specific assessment purpose, the methods and measures to be used in the assessment, and the manner in which the assessment process unfolds. An evidence-based approach to clinical assessment necessitates the recognition that, even when evidence-based instruments are used, the assessment process is a decision-making task in which hypotheses must be iteratively formulated and tested. In this chapter, we review (a) the progress that has been made in developing an evidence-based approach to clinical assessment in the past decade and (b) the many challenges that lie ahead if clinical assessment is to be truly evidence-based.

Introductory remarks

1977 ◽  
Vol 280 (972) ◽  
pp. 105-105
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Change ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Climatic Fluctuations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Different Sources

In the last year or two there has been a remarkable increase in the interest, both popular and scientific, in the subject of climatic change. This stems from a recognition that even a highly technological society is vulnerable to the effects of climatic fluctuations and indeed may become more so, as margins of surplus food production are reduced, and nations become more interdependent for their food supply. In this respect our concern is with quite small changes - a degree (Celsius) or less in temperature and 10 % or so in rainfall. Probably we may discount some of the more alarmist suggestions of an imminent and rapid change towards near glacial conditions as these are based on very sketchy evidence. However, whatever the time-scale of climatic fluctuations with which we are concerned, we may hope to learn a great deal which is relevant to the factors which will control our future climate from the study of its more extreme vagaries in the past. Information relevant to the weather in such extreme periods is coming forward in increasing detail and volume from a wide range of disciplines. The variety of the evidence, its lack of precision as a strict measure of climate, and the number of different sources all make it difficult for an individual to build up a clear picture of past climates. However such a picture is needed, if explanations and interpretation are to be possible. Ideally one would need a synchronous picture of the climate of the whole world at selected epochs in the past. Various international programmes are directed to forming such pictures.

REVIEW ARTICLE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 897-924
Author(s):  
Lytt I. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Tumor ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
The Past ◽  
Developing Area ◽  
Arbitrary Selection ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Colorimetric Methods ◽  
Made In

THE IDENTIFICATION and measurement of adrenocortical steroids in body fluids over the past 2 decades have made possible an extensive exploration of adrenal function. This review is restricted to adrenocortical metabolism in the fetus, infant and child. No attempt will be made to cover all of this rapidly developing area of endeavor. Certain aspects have been treated in other review articles, to which the reader is referred. The reviews by Moore on fetal endorinology, Klein on neonatal adrenal physiology, Lieberman and Teich and Roberts and Szego on steroid biochemistry, White and Wettstein and Anner on adrenal cortical hormones, Ingle on cortisone and Gaunt, Renzi and Chart on aldosterone are especially useful. The books by Wilkins and by Talbot and colleagues contain helpful treatments of this area. Due to the prolific nature of even the review literature, it is necessary to make a rather arbitrary selection of material. NEWER METHODOLOGY Within recent years a number of methods have been developed for the estimation of hormones in urine and plasma. Several techniques for the chromatographic separation of the 17-ketosteroids in urine have been described. Of particular value in the diagnosis of virilizing adrenal tumor has been the development of colorimetric methods for the estimation of dehydroepiandrosterone in urine. Some progress has been made in the estimation of corticosteroids in the urine. Techniques for the measurement of 11-oxygenated neutral 17-ketosteroids, pregnanetriol and pregnanediol in the urine of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia have been described. There has been a blossoming of methods for estimating steroids in plasma. Several varieties of techniques are now available for the measurement of corticosteroids and 17-ketosteroids in plasma.

Earth Satellites

1959 ◽  
Vol 63 (583) ◽  
pp. 394-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Space Travel ◽  
The Past ◽  
Scientific Exploration ◽  
Engineering Problems ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Selection Of

So much has been written, both of fact and fancy, about satellites and space travel in the past few years that the selection of material suitable for presentation to the members of a learned Society concerned mainly with purely aeronautical matters is a hazardous and difficult task. I propose in this paper to tackle it by restricting the subject severely to a description of the general characteristics of near earth satellites and the scientific exploration made possible by their use as observing platforms. The later sections of the paper have a bearing on the possibilities and engineering problems of space probes and space travel; I leave it to others to speculate on the likely time scale and types of such activities and attempt instead to make sure that the basic factors involved are made reasonably clear. To set the background it is important to review briefly the actual practical achievements up to the present time.

The UK Government’s Global Partnership Programme: Its Achievements Over the Past Five Years and Challenges Ahead

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Heyes
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Partnership ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nuclear Security ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Made In

Through the Global Partnership the UK continues to make a significant contribution to improve national and global security. Over the past year the UK has continued to implement a wide range of projects across the breadth of its Global Partnership Programme. As well as ensuring the Programme is robust and capable of dealing with new challenges, the UK has cooperated with other donor countries to help them progress projects associated with submarine dismantling, scientist redirection, enhancing nuclear security and Chemical Weapons Destruction. The Global Partnership, although only five years old, has already achieved a great deal. Some 23 states, plus the European Union, are now working closer together under the Global Partnership, and collectively have enhanced global regional and national security by reducing the availability of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) materials and expertise to both states of concern and terrorists. Considerable progress has already been made in, for example: • Improving the security of fissile materials, dangerous biological agents and chemical weapons stocks; • Reducing the number of sites containing radioactive materials; • Working towards closure of reactors still producing weapon-grade plutonium; • Improving nuclear safety to reduce the risks of further, Chernobyl style accidents; • Constructing facilities for destroying Chemical Weapons stocks, and starting actual destruction; • Providing sustainable employment for former WMD scientists to reduce the risk that their expertise will be misused by states or terrorists. By contributing to many of these activities, the UK has helped to make the world safer. This paper reports on the UK’s practical and sustainable contribution to the Global Partnership and identifies a number of challenges that remain if it is to have a wider impact on reducing the threats from WMD material.

Zoonoses

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
John S Mackenzie ◽  
David Williams
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Zoonotic Diseases ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogen ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Ancient Mesopotamia ◽  
Selection Of

The selection of papers included in this issue of Microbiology Australia present a broad brush of zoonotic diseases, from those known or described in ancient times such as rabies, first described in the Eshnunna cuneiform law tablets from ancient Mesopotamia dating back to the 18th–19th centuries BC, and glanders, thought to be first described in donkeys by Aristotle in Ancient Greece in 420–450 BC and subsequently by the Romans, to some discovered or recognised as zoonotic within the past 30 years, such as the recently described zoonotic bat-borne pathogens in Australia, and Clostridium difficile, only recently recognised as a zoonotic pathogen. The selection of papers also demonstrates the wide range of zoonotic origins, including arthropod-borne viruses and potentially seafood-borne parasites.

Introduction: Immigration and Incorporation

1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubén G. Rumbaut
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Immigrant Settlement ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
American Society

In at least one sense the “American century” is ending much as it had begun: the United States has again become a nation of immigrants, and it is again being transformed in the process. But the diversity of the “new immigration” to the United States over the past three decades differs in many respects from that of the last period of mass immigration in the first three decades of the century. The immigrants themselves differ greatly in their social class and national origins, and so does the American society, polity, and economy that receives them—raising questions about their modes of incorporation, and challenging conventional accounts of assimilation processes that were framed during that previous epoch. The dynamics and future course of their adaptation are open empirical questions—as well as major questions for public policy, since the outcome will shape the future contours of American society. Indeed, as the United States undergoes its most profound demographic transformation in a century; as inexorable processes of globalization, especially international migrations from Asia, Africa, and the Americas, diversify still further the polyethnic composition of its population; and as issues of immigration, race and ethnicity become the subject of heated public debate, the question of incorporation, and its serious study, becomes all the more exigent. The essays in this special issue of Sociological Perspectives tackle that subject from a variety of analytical vantages and innovative approaches, covering a wide range of groups in major areas of immigrant settlement. Several of the papers focus specifically on Los Angeles and New York City, where, remarkably, fully a quarter of the total U.S. immigrant population resides.

Developing an Understanding of Organisational Knowledge Creation: A Review Framework

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (02) ◽  
pp. 1750020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Chidiogo Izunwanne
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Creation ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Extensive Review ◽  
Extant Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Organisational Knowledge ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Made In

The purpose of this paper is to develop an understanding of the dimensions of organisational knowledge creation. To this end, the literature from numerous bodies of research is reviewed. Over the past 20 years, the literature on organisational knowledge creation has significantly grown and advanced. Many new and conflicting terminologies have evolved to shed more light on the subject. As a result, there are overlaps and conflicts in the literature. The framework suggested in this paper is therefore considered to be a useful means to structure further research on the subject. This paper presents an extensive review of the organisational knowledge creation literature as well as an overview of existing empirical studies. The framework that is presented in this paper emerged from the review and maps out two dimensions of organisational knowledge creation. Although there are many other possible dimensions that could potentially be included in the framework, this study focuses on the dimensions that are believed to reflect more obvious distinctions made in the extant literature on organisational knowledge creation. Furthermore, limiting the review to only two dimensions is believed to provide more coherence.

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