Beliefs and Social Norms About Ephedra Onset and Perceived Addiction Among College Male and Female Athletes

Some sport scientists have suggested that various rule violating behaviors (including aggressive player behavior) are normative behaviors perceived to be “legitimate violations” by participants (e.g., Silva, 1981; Vaz, 1979). In an attempt to determine if sport socialization influences the degree of perceived legitimacy of rule violating sport behavior, 203 male and female athletes and nonathletes were shown a series of eight slides. Seven of these slides clearly depicted rule violating behavior. The subjects rated the unacceptability-acceptability of the behavior shown on each slide on a scale of 1 to 4 (totally unacceptable-totally acceptable). Subjects were categorized according to: (a) gender, (b) amount of physical contact, (c) highest level of organized sport participation, and (d) years of participation. Regression and polynomial regressions indicated that male respondents rated rule violating behavior significantly more acceptable than females. Trend analyses on the other categorical variables indicated support for an in-sport socialization process that legitimizes rule violating behavior. This perceived legitimacy was considerably more pronounced for males than for females at all levels of analysis.

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2: 15 p.m.: ANDROGEN LEVELS IN MALE AND FEMALE ATHLETES PARTICIPATING IN DIFFERENT SPORTS

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/00005768-198101320-00330 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 135

Author(s):

W. W. Hutchison ◽

R. Eichner ◽

P. Martin ◽

R. Strohbehn

Keyword(s):

Female Athletes ◽

Male And Female ◽

Androgen Levels

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Psychological Effects of Caffeine on Players Performance

THE SKY-International Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (IJPESS) ◽

10.51846/the-sky.v4i1.826 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 183-194

Author(s):

Sajjad Ali Gill ◽

Komal Shahbaz ◽

Dr. Muhammad Tahir Nazeer

Keyword(s):

Survey Research ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Psychological Effects ◽

Primary Effect ◽

Working Capacity ◽

Male And Female ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Attention Level

The present study conducted to check the effects of caffeine on players performance through survey research. A caffeine-based 20 Statements (questionnaire) filed to the players, who were regular consumers of caffeine. 20 statements mentioned related to the positive effects of caffeine. Most of the players, who addicted to take caffeine on regularly basis approved all statements which showed that caffeine could affect the athlete's performance. The majority athletes agreed that caffeine enhanced their concentration, alertness and attention level. The primary effect of caffeine on vigilance granted by most of the players. Caffeine can enhance the working capacity of players by increasing their vigilances. Results show that caffeine helped them to train longer and harder which showed its benefits between male and female athletes, especially in off-season training periodization.

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Ambivalent Gender Identities in Contemporary African Literature: A Butlerian Perspective

Journal for the Study of English Linguistics ◽

10.5296/jsel.v4i1.9558 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 81

Author(s):

Léonard KOUSSOUHON ◽

Fortuné AGBACHI

Keyword(s):

Social Norms ◽

African Literature ◽

Gender Identities ◽

Men And Women ◽

Male And Female ◽

Socially Constructed ◽

Good Will ◽

Gender Performances ◽

The Way

This paper is an attempt to examine the way male and female participants perform gender in 03 novels, Everything Good Will Come (2006), Swallow (2010) and A Bit of Difference (2013), by a contemporary Nigerian writer called Sefi Atta. The study draws on Gender Performative Theory as developed by the feminist Butler (1990/1999). This theory considers gender identities as being socially constructed. The study highlights the multiple ways in which male and female participants perform gender according to established social norms in the selected novels. Regarding the existing social norms in Nigeria, the findings by scholars like Fakeye, George and Owoyemi (2012), Mejiuni and Awolowo (2006), Bourey et al (2012), Gbadebo, Kehinde and Adedeji (2012), Okunola and Ojo (2012) exude that men are traditionally portrayed as career people, assertive, powerful and active, independent and violent while women are stereotypically depicted as housewives, submissive, powerless and passive, dependent and non-violent (or victims). Based on the above dichotomies between men and women, the study unveils the ideology that underpins gender performances in the novels.

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Collegiate Athletes’ Gendered Perceptions of a Hypothetical Male and Female Coach

Journal of Coaching Education ◽

10.1123/jce.3.1.42 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 42-55

Author(s):

Lori Rittenhouse-Wollmuth ◽

Cindra S. Kamphoff ◽

Jon Lim

Keyword(s):

Female Athletes ◽

Collegiate Athletes ◽

Physical Contact ◽

Head Coach ◽

Male Athletes ◽

Male And Female ◽

Female Head ◽

Study Results ◽

Female Collegiate Athletes ◽

Female Coaches

Historically, the world of sport is considered a masculine domain characterized by power, aggression, and physical contact (Hall, 1996). The exclusionary elements of the male culture of sport have created gender inequities in participation (Birrell & Theberge, 1994), and a gendered perception of male and female coaches (Frankl & Babitt, 1998; Weinberg, Reveles, & Jackson, 1984). The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of male and female collegiate athletes of a hypothetical male and female coach, and to determine if female coaches are more accepted compared to Weinberg et al.’s study investigating male and female athletes’ perceptions of a hypothetical coach. The Attitudinal Questionnaire (Weinberg, Reveles, & Jackson, 1984) was utilized to determine athletes’ attitudes about a hypothetical coach. A 2 × 2 MANOVA indicated a significant interaction between the gender of a hypothetical head coach and the gender of an athlete, and a significant main effect for gender. Univariate ANOVA results indicate that males and females differed in their attitudes and perceptions of both a hypothetical male and female head coach. The female athletes, compared to male athletes, were more likely to be accepting of coaches regardless of the coaches’ gender. Furthermore, male athletes were less accepting of female coaches. In addition, when comparing the means of the current study to Weinberg et al.’s (1984) study, results indicate that female coaches were not more accepted than in 1984.

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Características psicológicas relevantes para el rendimiento deportivo: diferencias de género en fútbol juvenil

Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte ◽

10.6018/cpd.417711 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 127-137

Author(s):

Aurelio Olmedilla ◽

Marta Cánovas ◽

Belén Olmedilla-Caballero ◽

Enrique Ortega

Keyword(s):

Female Athletes ◽

Psychological Characteristics ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Sports Performance ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Male And Female ◽

Youth Soccer ◽

Track Record ◽

The One ◽

The Impact

El estudio de los factores psicológicos relacionados con el rendimiento deportivo tiene un importante recorrido en la literatura científica. Conocer si existen diferencias entre hombres y mujeres deportistas, cuáles son estas, y en qué aspectos se manifiestan es una cuestión que podría ayudar a mejorar la labor de entrenadores y técnicos deportivos. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar si existen diferencias de género en el perfil psicológico de futbolistas juveniles relacionado con el rendimiento deportivo. Se utilizó un diseño descriptivo transversal. La muestra objeto de estudio estuvo formada por un total de 329 jugadores juveniles de fútbol (46.8% varones y 53,2% mujeres), con una edad media de 17.02 (±1.50) años;. Para la evaluación de las características psicológicas se utilizó el Cuestionario Características Psicológicas Relacionadas con el Rendimiento Deportivo (CPRD). Los resultados de este estudio indican que existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre chicos y chicas en control de estrés (CE), influencia de la evaluación del rendimiento (IER) y en cohesión de equipo (CH). Los jugadores chicos manifiestan puntuaciones mayores que las jugadoras chicas en CE, es decir, gestionan mejor el estrés propio de la competición, y en IER, es decir, los jugadores chicos gestionan mejor que las jugadoras chicas el impacto que supone la evaluación de su rendimiento, el que hacen los otros (entrenadores, compañeros, padres/madres, etc.) y el que se hace a sí mismo. Sin embargo, las jugadoras chicas presentan mejores puntuaciones en CH, es decir, manifiestan una mayor tendencia a trabajar en grupo y fortalecer el equipo. The study of psychological factors related to sports performance has an important track record in the scientific literature. Knowing if there are differences between male and female athletes, what they are, and in what aspects they manifest is an issue that could help improve the work of coaches and sports technicians. The aim of this study is to determine if there are gender differences in the psychological profile of youth soccer players related to sports performance. A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. The sample under study was formed by a total of 329 youth soccer players (46.8% male and 53,2% female), with an average age of 17.02 (± 1.50) years. The Psychological Characteristics Questionnaire Related to Sports Performance (CPRD) was used to evaluate psychological characteristics. The results of this study indicate that there are statistically significant differences between male and female in stress control (CE), influence of performance evaluation (IER) and in team cohesion (CH). The male players show higher scores than the female players in CE, that is, they better manage the stress of the competition, and in IER, that is, the male players manage better than the female players the impact of evaluating their performance, the one that others do (coaches, partners, fathers / mothers, etc.) and the one that makes itself. However, female players have better CH scores, that is, they show a greater tendency to work in groups and strengthen the team. O estudo de fatores psicológicos relacionados ao desempenho esportivo tem um histórico importante na literatura científica. Saber se existem diferenças entre atletas masculinos e femininos, o que são e em que aspectos eles se manifestam é uma questão que pode ajudar a melhorar o trabalho de treinadores e técnicos esportivos. O objetivo deste estudo é determinar se existem diferenças de gênero no perfil psicológico de jovens jogadores de futebol relacionados ao desempenho esportivo. Foi utilizado um desenho descritivo de corte transversal. A amostra estudada foi composta por um total de 329 jogadores de futebol juvenil (46,8% masculino e 53,2% feminino), com idade média de 17,02 (± 1,50) anos. O Questionário de Características Psicológicas Relacionadas ao Desempenho Esportivo (CPRD) foi utilizado para avaliar as características psicológicas. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que existem diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre meninos e meninas no controle do estresse (EC), influência da avaliação de desempenho (IER) e na coesão da equipe (HC). Os jogadores pequenos apresentam pontuações mais altas do que as jogadoras da CE, ou seja, administram melhor o estresse da competição, e no IER, ou seja, os jogadores pequenos gerenciam melhor do que as jogadoras o impacto de avaliar seu desempenho , o que os outros fazem (treinadores, parceiros, pais / mães, etc.) e o que se faz. No entanto, as jogadoras têm melhores pontuações no HC, ou seja, mostram maior tendência a trabalhar em grupo e fortalecer a equipe

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Image and sport: exhibition of brazilian athletes on the instagram social network

Manual Therapy Posturology & Rehabilitation Journal ◽

10.17784/mtprehabjournal.2019.17.685 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Vivian de Oliveira ◽

Ivan Wallan Tertuliano ◽

José Maria Montiel ◽

Daniel Bartholomeu ◽

Afonso Antonio Machado

Keyword(s):

Social Networks ◽

Social Network ◽

New Media ◽

Social Relations ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Common Type ◽

Traditional Media ◽

Male And Female ◽

Study Results ◽

Analysis Of The Images

Background: Social networks have changed the dynamics of society in communication, commercial and social relations, advertising, among others. In sports, this would not be different. Along with this, the new media open up new possibilities for exploration of the image of the athlete, since traditional media conduct different treatments for male and female athletes. Objective: To verify the posts made on Instagram by Brazilian athletes and to verify if there are differences related to the gender of the athletes in the contents posted. Methods: The subjects selected for this research were Brazilian athletes and medalists of the 2012 Summer Olympics. The data were obtained through the collection of the images that the athletes posted on the Instagram and after that, the analysis of the images were made with the use of a checklist created for that study. Results: The results indicated that male and female did not present differences between categories of posted images. The most common type of images posted are the images in which the athlete is present, in places related to their work and in moments of relaxation. It also highlights the fact that most of the images posted do not make any reference to the sponsorships of the athletes. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that male and female have the same behavior of photo posting on social networks. It is also observed that the potential of social networks for advertising is still little explored by Brazilian athletes. Due to the originality of this work and because it seems to be a very pertinent theme in the present day, it is suggested the extension of this study.

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