scholarly journals THE ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE CELLS IN LYMPH FOLLOWING ANTIGENIC STIMULATION

1967 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Hall ◽  
Bede Morris ◽  
Giuliana D. Moreno ◽  
Marcel C. Bessis
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Classical Plasma ◽  
And Function

When a lymph node receives an antigenic stimulus the cell population in the efferent lymph changes and large basophilic cells appear. During a secondary immune response cells of this type may account for over 50% of the cells present in lymph. When examined by electron microscopy, many of these cells were found to be primitive undifferentiated blast cells with many free ribosomes in their cytoplasm and only an occasional piece of endoplasmic reticulum. Their nuclear chromatin was sparse and the nuclei contained several nucleoli. Many other cells which were judged to be more differentiated had large numbers of ribosomes arranged in clusters which took the form of rosettes or spirals. These cells also had more ergastoplasm but this occurred usually in the form of short pieces of disorganized endoplasmic reticulum. No cells with the ultrastructure of classical plasma cells were found in efferent lymph although these cells were abundant in the stimulated lymph nodes. It was shown that when the lymph which contained these cells was collected quantitatively no systemic immunity developed even though a vigorous immune response took place in the lymph node with the formation of many plasma cells. Failure of the systemic immune response to develop could not be explained merely in terms of the loss of antibody. It was concluded that these basophilic cells rather than antigen are responsible for propagating the immune response throughout the body and that they depend on an intact lymphatic pathway for their immediate transport. This view was supported by experiments which showed that these cells are capable of initiating immune responses in other lymph nodes of the same animal and of transferring active immunity between chimeric twins. The most likely explanation of these results is that the basophilic lymphoid cells carry out their messenger function by developing into plasma cells at sites remote from the site at which antigen is localized. However this has yet to be proven and the possibility remains that these mobile, highly motile, RNA-rich cells may express their messenger function by transferring information to other effector cells.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM IN THE REJECTION OF HOMOGRAFTS: A STUDY OF LYMPH FROM RENAL TRANSPLANTS

1970 ◽  
Vol 131 (5) ◽  
pp. 936-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels C. Pedersen ◽  
Bede Morris
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Kidney Graft ◽  
Blood Capillaries ◽  
Renal Lymph ◽  
Peritubular Capillaries ◽  
Blast Cells

The rejection of renal homografts has been studied in sheep by transplanting kidneys into the neck and preserving the renal lymphatic drainage intact. Chronic fistulae were established in the transplanted renal lymphatics and lymph collected throughout the life of the graft. The changes that occurred in homografts during the process of rejection were reflected in changes in the lymph. Large numbers of basophilic, blast, lymphoid cells appeared in the lymph, and lymph production in the grafted kidney increased 20–50 fold. Over a period of about 10 days, up to 60 g wet weight of lymphoid cells and up to 10 liters of lymph were collected from the graft. Within 24 hr of grafting, the host cells present in the renal lymph had become sensitized to the graft and transformed into blast cells when cultivated in Millipore chambers in vitro. When the cells leaving the graft during the first 18–48 hr were injected into distant nonstimulated lymph nodes of the host sheep, they evoked significant cellular and antibody responses in the nodes. Within the graft, the main pathological changes were found in the vascular endothelium and many of the peritubular capillaries become plugged with emboli comprised of blast cells. There was extensive infiltration of the renal parenchyma with lymphoid cells and evidence of their transformation and proliferation within the renal blood capillaries. When all the lymph and cells leaving the homograft were diverted from the body, there was a greatly decreased reaction in the regional prescapular lymph node, and no reaction in lymph nodes distant from the graft. In these circumstances, the survival of the graft was not prolonged, and it was rejected without involvement of the lymph nodes of the host. Humoral antibody was produced in the lymph node regional to the homograft within 48–60 hr of grafting. Antibody was not detected in the blood or in the renal lymph until near to the time the graft was rejected. It was thought that this was due to the binding of antibody by the kidney graft tissue. We conclude that all the events which lead to the recognition and rejection of renal homografts can occur centrally within the graft itself.

Scanning electron microscopy of freeze-fractured prescapular lymph node of caprine

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 244-245
Author(s):  
O. Faroon ◽  
F. Al-Bagdadi ◽  
T. G. Snider ◽  
C. Titkemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Cellular Constituent ◽  
Scanning Electron

The lymphatic system is very important in the immunological activities of the body. Clinicians confirm the diagnosis of infectious diseases by palpating the involved cutaneous lymph node for changes in size, heat, and consistency. Clinical pathologists diagnose systemic diseases through biopsies of superficial lymph nodes. In many parts of the world the goat is considered as an important source of milk and meat products.The lymphatic system has been studied extensively. These studies lack precise information on the natural morphology of the lymph nodes and their vascular and cellular constituent. This is due to using improper technique for such studies. A few studies used the SEM, conducted by cutting the lymph node with a blade. The morphological data collected by this method are artificial and do not reflect the normal three dimensional surface of the examined area of the lymph node. SEM has been used to study the lymph vessels and lymph nodes of different animals. No information on the cutaneous lymph nodes of the goat has ever been collected using the scanning electron microscope.

scholarly journals Ossifying fibrous epulis as an IgG4-related disease of the oral cavity: a case report and literature review

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiko Ike ◽  
Takahiro Shimizu ◽  
Masaru Ogawa ◽  
Takahiro Yamaguchi ◽  
Keisuke Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Maxillofacial Surgery ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pathological Diagnosis ◽  
Cervical Lymph Nodes ◽  
Related Disease ◽  
Igg4 Related Disease ◽  
Organ Manifestations

Abstract Background Fibrous sclerosing tumours and hypertrophic lesions in IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) are formed in various organs throughout the body, but disease in the oral region is not included among individual organ manifestations. We report a case of ossifying fibrous epulis that developed from the gingiva, as an instance of IgG4-RD. Case presentation A 60-year-old Japanese man visited the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Gunma University Hospital, with a chief complaint of swelling of the left mandibular gingiva. A 65 mm × 45 mm pedunculated tumour was observed. The bilateral submandibular lymph nodes were enlarged. The intraoperative pathological diagnosis of the enlarged cervical lymph nodes was inflammation. Based on this diagnosis, surgical excision was limited to the intraoral tumour, which was subsequently pathologically diagnosed as ossifying fibrous epulis. Histopathologically, the ossifying fibrous epulis exhibited increased levels of fibroblasts and collagen fibres, as well as infiltration by numerous plasma cells. The IgG4/IgG cell ratio was > 40%. Serologic analysis revealed hyper-IgG4-emia (> 135 mg/dL). The patient met the comprehensive clinical diagnosis criteria and the American College of Rheumatology and European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria for IgG4-RD. Based on these criteria, we diagnosed the ossifying fibrous epulis in our patient as an IgG4-related disease. A pathological diagnosis of IgG4-related lymphadenopathy was established for the cervical lymph nodes. Concomitant clinical findings were consistent with type II IgG4-related lymphadenopathy. Conclusions A routine serological test may be needed in cases with marked fibrous changes (such as epulis) in the oral cavity and plasma cells, accompanied by tumour formation, to determine the possibility of individual-organ manifestations of IgG4-related disease.

Comparison of Standard Distal Pancreatectomy and Splenectomy with Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Trottman ◽  
Katrina Swett ◽  
Perry Shen ◽  
Joseph Sirintrapun
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Distal Pancreatectomy ◽  
Tumor Staging ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lymph Node Count ◽  
Standard Resection ◽  
Lymph Node Retrieval ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy

Radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (RAMPS) has been reported to provide improved margin resection and lymph node retrieval for tumors of the body and tail of the pancreas compared with standard resection. We examined our experience with RAMPS and standard resection to determine differences in clinicopathologic outcomes. A comparison of RAMPS procedures was made to standard distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy examining various clinicopathologic variables through retrospective chart review. Twenty-six patients underwent distal pancreatectomy with or without splenectomy between November 2004 and June 2011. Twenty patients underwent standard resection and six patients underwent RAMPS procedures for a variety of histologies. As a result of the heterogeneity of diseases, which included benign lesions, margin status was not applicable in some cases and therefore was not assessed overall. Fisher's exact test and Wilcoxon rank sum tests demonstrated a significant difference in number of lymph nodes removed with mean of 4.3 and 11.2 lymph nodes obtained for standard resection and RAMPS, respectively ( P = 0.03). The RAMPS procedure for lesions of the body and tail of the pancreas retrieved significantly more lymph nodes than standard distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy. It should be the preferred surgical approach when lymph node count is important for tumor staging.

scholarly journals THE ORIGIN OF MONOCYTES IN CERTAIN LYMPH NODES AND THEIR GENETIC RELATION TO OTHER CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS

1930 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude E. Forkner
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Peripheral Lymph ◽  
Undifferentiated Cells

1. The theories for the origin of monocytes from myeloblasts, lymphocytes, endothelium, macrophages, and primitive cells are reviewed and considered. 2. Monocytes in all stages of development have been demonstrated to be present constantly in large numbers in all the lymph nodes of the body, except in the large mesenteric group. 3. The relations of these cells to undifferentiated cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, and endothelium are described. 4. The origin of adult monocytes from primitive undifferentiated cells through the stages of monoblasts and pre-monocytes is described and illustrated. 5. The demonstration in certain lymph nodes of innumerable monocytes in all stages of development permits of a shifting of the term "monoblast" from a more or less theoretical name to its proper place as a term designating that particular cell which is derived from a primitive undifferentiated cell and which is the immediate precursor of the pre-monocyte. 6. The term "pre-monocyte" is proposed to designate the intermediate stage between the monoblast and the mature monocyte. 7. Evidence is advanced to show that monocytes are an independent strain of cells, but that under physiological conditions they may be transformed into macrophages, this representing at least one way in which the latter cells normally are produced. 8. In no organs or tissues other than in certain specific lymph nodes, chiefly the peripheral group, can one constantly find monocytes in all stages of development. 9. Developing monocytes occasionally may be found in small numbers in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, subcutaneous connective tissues, lungs, and omenta of normal rabbits, but their presence is by no means constant and their numbers are insignificant in comparison with those found in the peripheral lymph nodes. 10. Monocytes and pre-monocytes do not stain by the common methods used for the demonstration of the reticulo-endothelial system and therefore must be considered for the present as independent of this system, except in so far as monocytes may be transformed into macrophages. 11. Plasma cells, stained with the supravital technique, as seen in lymph nodes, are described. No basis has been found for the theory that plasma cells and monocytes are closely related structural elements.

scholarly journals Production of Macroglobulins in Vitro and a Study of Their Cellular Origin

Blood ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
DOROTHEA ZUCKER-FRANKLIN ◽  
EDWARD C. FRANKLIN ◽  
NORMAN S. COOPER
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Buffy Coat ◽  
Cellular Origin

Abstract Lymph nodes of three patients with macroglobulinemia of Waldenström were studied in tissue culture and shown to synthesize 19S γ-globulin in vitro. Lymph node imprints, bone marrow, and buffy coat smears of the same patients consisted almost entirely of lymphocytes. When these were stained with fluorescein-conjugated antiserum to macroglobulin, large and medium-sized lymphocytes and lymphoblasts rather than mature lymphocytes or plasma cells were shown to contain the protein. It is suggested that 19S γ-globulin may also be synthesized by cells belonging to the lymphoid series under normal circumstances.

Breast Tumors: Immunoglobulins in Axillary Lymph Nodes

1986 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 575-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariano Urdiales-Viedma ◽  
Francisco Nogales-Fernandez ◽  
Sebastian Martos-Padilla ◽  
Emilio Sanchez-Cantalejo
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Breast Tumors ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Axillary Lymph Nodes ◽  
Axillary Lymph ◽  
Lymphoid Follicles ◽  
Node Metastases ◽  
High Histologic Grade

The immnuohistochemical determination of immunoglobulins IgA, IgG and IgM in axillary lymph nodes from 50 unselected breast ductal carcinomas disclosed that lymph nodes with IgG-positive lymphoid follicles and/or metastasized lymph nodes with IgM-positive lymphoid cells are statistically related to breast tumors with a high histologic grade and more than 3 lymph node metastases.

scholarly journals THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES IN THE MOUSE

1967 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Eidinger ◽  
Hugh F. Pross
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Latent Period ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Secondary Response ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Antibody Activity ◽  
Cellular Activity ◽  
Sheep Erythrocytes ◽  
Draining Lymph Node

The direct and indirect plaque technique for the detection of antibody-forming cells against sheep erythrocytes was utilized for the investigation of a number of biological parameters of the primary and secondary immune response on a cellular level. The sequential pattern of 19S followed by 7S antibody formation was elicited in the primary response after a latent period of at least 1–2 days and 2–3 days respectively. The secondary response initiated 140 days after primary immunization, in contrast, was characterized by the simultaneous appearance of 19S and 7S antibody-forming cells after an observed latent period of 2–3 days. The cellular dynamics of the recruitment phase of the respective immunoglobulins in the primary and secondary response was interpreted as evidence for the derivation of the two classes of immunoglobulins from separate progenitors. The 19S antibody-forming cells were derived predominantly by a process of transformation and maturation and 7S antibody formers by a process of cellular division with a doubling time of about 12 hr. The draining lymph node exhibited maximal immunological reactivity due to its capacity to retain the particulate antigen. This capacity was considerably enhanced in the sensitized draining lymph node. Minimal cellular activity was also noted in distal lymphoid tissues which included the thymus. Focal cellular activity was observed in the draining lymph node for 60 days after immunization. Subsequently, very low level plaque-forming cellular activity was observed in association with persistence of maximal antibody activity. The appearance at 120 days of a generalized peak of cellular activity in lymphoid tissues throughout the host was considered an explanation for this discrepancy. The change in distribution of cellular antibody-forming activity, from a local to a generalized lymphatic response during the late phase of the immune response, implied a fundamental alteration in homeostatic mechanisms associated with maintenance of immune reactivity. Further manifestations of such an alteration were indicated by the appearance of 2-ME-sensitive 7S antibody nearly 3 months after primary intradermal immunization, which in the ensuing 5 months was associated with, and inversely related to, two major fluctuations in 2-ME-resistant 7S antibody. Evidence for the existence of immunological memory in the 19S system was not established in the present work. 19S anamnesis, for which evidence was derived from measurements of circulating antibody levels, was interpreted from cellular studies as the result of the substantial activity of previously uncommitted 19S lymphoid cells in distal lymphoid tissue associated with previously committed 19S cells contained in the draining lymph node.

scholarly journals Anti-Cancer Immune Reaction and Lymph Node Macrophage; A Review from Human and Animal Studies

Immuno ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-230
Author(s):  
Yoshihiro Komohara ◽  
Toshiki Anami ◽  
Kenichi Asano ◽  
Yukio Fujiwara ◽  
Junji Yatsuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Antigen Presenting Cells ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Lymph Node Sinus ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Lymph nodes are secondary lymphoid organs that appear as bean-like nodules usually <1 cm in size, and they are localized throughout the body. Many antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages reside in lymph nodes, where they mediate host defense responses against pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. In cancers, antigen-presenting cells induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to react to cancer cell-derived antigens. Macrophages located in the lymph node sinus are of particular interest in relation to anti-cancer immune responses because many studies using both human specimens and animal models have suggested that lymph node macrophages expressing CD169 play a key role in activating anti-cancer CTLs. The regulation of lymph node macrophages therefore represents a potentially promising novel approach in anti-cancer therapy.

The Pro-Inflammatory IL23/IL23R/IL17 Axis Is Active in IL23R-Expressing Circulating CLL Cells in Patients with Poor Prognosis

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (21) ◽  
pp. 3889-3889
Author(s):  
Fortunato Morabito ◽  
Giovanna Cutrona ◽  
Anna Grazia Recchia ◽  
Sonia Fabris ◽  
Serena Matis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Fish Analysis ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Abstract 3889 Inflammatory cytokines play a biological role in the pathogenesis of Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). IL23 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in T-cell responses and in tissue remodeling. It has been shown that the IL23 receptor (IL23R) is up-regulated in primary acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells, and that IL23 inhibits ALL cell growth. Nevertheless, the anti-tumor function of IL23 still remains controversial. The role of the IL23R/IL23 axis in CLL has not been investigated so far. Herein we evaluated the expression pattern of IL23R/IL23 axis and its correlation with progression free survival (PFS) in CLL patients. A total of 233 newly diagnosed Binet stage A CLL cases from Italian institutions (clinicaltrials.gov NCT00917540) were studied for IL23R expression by flow-cytometry (FC) (median percentage IL23R expression=22.7, range 1.2–91.1). The median follow-up was 23 months (range 1–47). PFS information was obtained in 203 patients. Using the median value of 23% of IL23R as threshold, 8/102 IL23Rneg and 23/101 IL23Rpos CLL cases progressed with therapy requirement. The 2-year PFS probability of IL23Rneg patients was 89.7% as compared to 80.7% of IL23Rpos cases [χ2 7.7, P=.006; HR=3.0, 95%CI (1.3–6.6)]. Cases were then stratified according to IL23R positivity [IL23Rneg (102 cases) versus IL23Rpos (101 cases)]. No significant difference in terms of CD38 and ZAP-70 positive cases was observed, however, the IGVH mutational status could distinguish the two groups: IGHV-mutated in 92 (78.6%) of IL23Rneg vs 70 (61.9%) IL23Rpos and IGHV-unmutated in 25 (21.4%) vs 43 (38.1%), p=.006]. FISH analysis showed that IL23Rneg and IL23Rpos cases carrying 13q14.3 were respectively 53 (51.4%) and 44 (42.7%), while the number of patients with trisomy 12 were 8 and 10 respectively in cases with low and high IL23R expression. Deletion of 11q was detected in 3.9% (4/103) of IL23Rneg and in 8.7% (9/103) of IL23Rpos cases. Only 3 cases with 17p deletion were seen in this cohort of early CLL patients and all belonged to the IL23Rpos group. Overall, no significant differences in the incidence of the major genetic lesions were observed between the two groups. Il23R expression still remained independently associated with PFS also in multivariate analysis. In situ expression analysis of IL23R and of its ligand IL23 was then performed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 16 CLL samples [10 lymph node (LN) and 6 bone marrow (BM) biopsies] collected on diagnosis and in 8 control biopsies (4 lymph nodes with reactive follicular hyperplasia and 4 normal BM biopsies). IL23R was variably expressed in CLL and significantly expressed in the neoplastic clones of 9 (6 lymph nodes and 3 BM biopsies) of the 16 cases tested; IL23R was diffusely present along the membrane and cytoplasm of neoplastic cells effacing the lymph node or BM architecture (Fig. 1, upper-left). In CLL cases with low IL23R expression, IL23R was detected in few scattered lymphoid cells intermingling with neoplastic lymphocytes (Fig. 1, upper-right). IL23 was also detected, with a variable staining intensity (Fig. 1, middle-left), paralleling in part that of IL23R. Double-marker analysis confirmed the concomitant expression of IL23 and IL23R in CLL neoplastic infiltrates highlighting the co-localization of the two markers (Fig.1 middle-right) and suggesting the possibility of an autocrine IL23/IL23R loop in CLL clones. We speculated that the microenvironment of CLL cases rich in IL23R and IL23 could be enriched in IL17-producing cells. The IHC expression of IL17 in CLL cases with low or high IL23R and IL23 expression showed that CLL cases rich in IL23Rpos cells, also characterized by high IL23 expression, displayed significantly higher numbers of IL17pos infiltrating cells (Fig. 1 bottom-left), as compared with CLL cases with no or low expression of IL23R or IL23 (Fig. 1 bottom-right). In conclusion, our study shows that high IL23R expression predicts a worse PFS. Furthermore, we linked this picture with, the in situ engendering of a clone-related microenvironment characterized by the preponderancy of pro-inflammatory signals such as those of the IL23/IL23R/IL17 axis, and its correlates in the peripheral blood (i.e. IL23R expression on circulating CLL cells), may endorse its strong prognostic significance. This analysis prompts further investigation into the specific function of the IL23/IL23R/IL17 axis and its targets in the context of CLL. Figure 1. Figure 1. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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