scholarly journals THE ROLE OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM IN THE REJECTION OF HOMOGRAFTS: A STUDY OF LYMPH FROM RENAL TRANSPLANTS

1970 ◽  
Vol 131 (5) ◽  
pp. 936-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels C. Pedersen ◽  
Bede Morris
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Kidney Graft ◽  
Blood Capillaries ◽  
Renal Lymph ◽  
Peritubular Capillaries ◽  
Blast Cells

The rejection of renal homografts has been studied in sheep by transplanting kidneys into the neck and preserving the renal lymphatic drainage intact. Chronic fistulae were established in the transplanted renal lymphatics and lymph collected throughout the life of the graft. The changes that occurred in homografts during the process of rejection were reflected in changes in the lymph. Large numbers of basophilic, blast, lymphoid cells appeared in the lymph, and lymph production in the grafted kidney increased 20–50 fold. Over a period of about 10 days, up to 60 g wet weight of lymphoid cells and up to 10 liters of lymph were collected from the graft. Within 24 hr of grafting, the host cells present in the renal lymph had become sensitized to the graft and transformed into blast cells when cultivated in Millipore chambers in vitro. When the cells leaving the graft during the first 18–48 hr were injected into distant nonstimulated lymph nodes of the host sheep, they evoked significant cellular and antibody responses in the nodes. Within the graft, the main pathological changes were found in the vascular endothelium and many of the peritubular capillaries become plugged with emboli comprised of blast cells. There was extensive infiltration of the renal parenchyma with lymphoid cells and evidence of their transformation and proliferation within the renal blood capillaries. When all the lymph and cells leaving the homograft were diverted from the body, there was a greatly decreased reaction in the regional prescapular lymph node, and no reaction in lymph nodes distant from the graft. In these circumstances, the survival of the graft was not prolonged, and it was rejected without involvement of the lymph nodes of the host. Humoral antibody was produced in the lymph node regional to the homograft within 48–60 hr of grafting. Antibody was not detected in the blood or in the renal lymph until near to the time the graft was rejected. It was thought that this was due to the binding of antibody by the kidney graft tissue. We conclude that all the events which lead to the recognition and rejection of renal homografts can occur centrally within the graft itself.

Protoplasmic fragments in haematopoietic tissues and analysis of intranuclear vesicles in lymph node blast cells of the rabbit

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 709-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean E. Mills Westermann ◽  
Jessica L. G. Shelley ◽  
Vibeke E. Engelbert
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
Blood Smears ◽  
Blast Cells

Vesicles and cytoplasmic fragments are found in greatest numbers in the lymph node and spleen and least commonly in the thymus and bone narrow in the rabbit. Vesicles appear to originate by the extrusion of intranuclear and intracytoplasmic vesicles mostly from cells of the lymphoid series. Cytoplasmic fragments formed by the pinching off of cytoplasmic buds of blast and lymphoid cells may be either round, oval, or irregular in shape. Vesicles and cytoplasmic fragments are absent from blood smears and extremely difficult to recognize in sections or in areas of imprints where the cells are closely applied one to another. About one-third of all round to oval "naked" blast cells in imprints of mesenteric lymph nodes contain vesicles ranging to 7 μ in diameter although most are about 1 μ in diameter. Large "naked" nuclei contain more vesicles than expected although the size of the nucleus does not affect the size of the vesicles present. We suggest that chromatin from "naked" nuclei and smaller free chromatin masses may become transferred to free vesicles and this process may function in new cell formation.

scholarly journals MECHANISM OF GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST-INDUCED LYMPHADENOPATHY IN MICE

1973 ◽  
Vol 137 (5) ◽  
pp. 1293-1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene E. Emeson ◽  
Donald R. Thursh
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Thymidine Incorporation ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Popliteal Lymph Node ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Immune Reactivity ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Graft Versus Host

Graft-vs.-host (GVH)-induced lymphadenopathy of the popliteal lymph node has been produced in C57BL/6 x A/J F1 (BAF1) mice by injecting A/J spleen cells into the rear footpads. By giving 51Cr-labeled BAF1 lymphoid cells intravenously to the hosts, 24 h before sacrifice, we have demonstrated that a large portion of the GVH-induced lymphadenopathy is due to the trapping of circuating lymphocytes in the challenged lymph nodes. Most of the remaining enlargement can be attributed to proliferation of host cells within the reacting lymph nodes. Conditions have been defined under which the weights and [14C]thymidine incorporation of the popliteal nodes can be plotted against the dose of injected A/J spleen cells on a double-log scale to give a linear dose-response. The popliteal lymph node GVH assay is a simple and effective means of quantitating immune reactivity to histocompatibility antigens in mice.

scholarly journals THE ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE CELLS IN LYMPH FOLLOWING ANTIGENIC STIMULATION

1967 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Hall ◽  
Bede Morris ◽  
Giuliana D. Moreno ◽  
Marcel C. Bessis
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Classical Plasma ◽  
And Function

When a lymph node receives an antigenic stimulus the cell population in the efferent lymph changes and large basophilic cells appear. During a secondary immune response cells of this type may account for over 50% of the cells present in lymph. When examined by electron microscopy, many of these cells were found to be primitive undifferentiated blast cells with many free ribosomes in their cytoplasm and only an occasional piece of endoplasmic reticulum. Their nuclear chromatin was sparse and the nuclei contained several nucleoli. Many other cells which were judged to be more differentiated had large numbers of ribosomes arranged in clusters which took the form of rosettes or spirals. These cells also had more ergastoplasm but this occurred usually in the form of short pieces of disorganized endoplasmic reticulum. No cells with the ultrastructure of classical plasma cells were found in efferent lymph although these cells were abundant in the stimulated lymph nodes. It was shown that when the lymph which contained these cells was collected quantitatively no systemic immunity developed even though a vigorous immune response took place in the lymph node with the formation of many plasma cells. Failure of the systemic immune response to develop could not be explained merely in terms of the loss of antibody. It was concluded that these basophilic cells rather than antigen are responsible for propagating the immune response throughout the body and that they depend on an intact lymphatic pathway for their immediate transport. This view was supported by experiments which showed that these cells are capable of initiating immune responses in other lymph nodes of the same animal and of transferring active immunity between chimeric twins. The most likely explanation of these results is that the basophilic lymphoid cells carry out their messenger function by developing into plasma cells at sites remote from the site at which antigen is localized. However this has yet to be proven and the possibility remains that these mobile, highly motile, RNA-rich cells may express their messenger function by transferring information to other effector cells.

Scanning electron microscopy of freeze-fractured prescapular lymph node of caprine

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 244-245
Author(s):  
O. Faroon ◽  
F. Al-Bagdadi ◽  
T. G. Snider ◽  
C. Titkemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Cellular Constituent ◽  
Scanning Electron

The lymphatic system is very important in the immunological activities of the body. Clinicians confirm the diagnosis of infectious diseases by palpating the involved cutaneous lymph node for changes in size, heat, and consistency. Clinical pathologists diagnose systemic diseases through biopsies of superficial lymph nodes. In many parts of the world the goat is considered as an important source of milk and meat products.The lymphatic system has been studied extensively. These studies lack precise information on the natural morphology of the lymph nodes and their vascular and cellular constituent. This is due to using improper technique for such studies. A few studies used the SEM, conducted by cutting the lymph node with a blade. The morphological data collected by this method are artificial and do not reflect the normal three dimensional surface of the examined area of the lymph node. SEM has been used to study the lymph vessels and lymph nodes of different animals. No information on the cutaneous lymph nodes of the goat has ever been collected using the scanning electron microscope.

Comparison of Standard Distal Pancreatectomy and Splenectomy with Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Trottman ◽  
Katrina Swett ◽  
Perry Shen ◽  
Joseph Sirintrapun
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Distal Pancreatectomy ◽  
Tumor Staging ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lymph Node Count ◽  
Standard Resection ◽  
Lymph Node Retrieval ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy

Radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (RAMPS) has been reported to provide improved margin resection and lymph node retrieval for tumors of the body and tail of the pancreas compared with standard resection. We examined our experience with RAMPS and standard resection to determine differences in clinicopathologic outcomes. A comparison of RAMPS procedures was made to standard distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy examining various clinicopathologic variables through retrospective chart review. Twenty-six patients underwent distal pancreatectomy with or without splenectomy between November 2004 and June 2011. Twenty patients underwent standard resection and six patients underwent RAMPS procedures for a variety of histologies. As a result of the heterogeneity of diseases, which included benign lesions, margin status was not applicable in some cases and therefore was not assessed overall. Fisher's exact test and Wilcoxon rank sum tests demonstrated a significant difference in number of lymph nodes removed with mean of 4.3 and 11.2 lymph nodes obtained for standard resection and RAMPS, respectively ( P = 0.03). The RAMPS procedure for lesions of the body and tail of the pancreas retrieved significantly more lymph nodes than standard distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy. It should be the preferred surgical approach when lymph node count is important for tumor staging.

Breast Tumors: Immunoglobulins in Axillary Lymph Nodes

1986 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 575-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariano Urdiales-Viedma ◽  
Francisco Nogales-Fernandez ◽  
Sebastian Martos-Padilla ◽  
Emilio Sanchez-Cantalejo
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Breast Tumors ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Axillary Lymph Nodes ◽  
Axillary Lymph ◽  
Lymphoid Follicles ◽  
Node Metastases ◽  
High Histologic Grade

The immnuohistochemical determination of immunoglobulins IgA, IgG and IgM in axillary lymph nodes from 50 unselected breast ductal carcinomas disclosed that lymph nodes with IgG-positive lymphoid follicles and/or metastasized lymph nodes with IgM-positive lymphoid cells are statistically related to breast tumors with a high histologic grade and more than 3 lymph node metastases.

scholarly journals Anti-Cancer Immune Reaction and Lymph Node Macrophage; A Review from Human and Animal Studies

Immuno ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-230
Author(s):  
Yoshihiro Komohara ◽  
Toshiki Anami ◽  
Kenichi Asano ◽  
Yukio Fujiwara ◽  
Junji Yatsuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Antigen Presenting Cells ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Lymph Node Sinus ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Lymph nodes are secondary lymphoid organs that appear as bean-like nodules usually <1 cm in size, and they are localized throughout the body. Many antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages reside in lymph nodes, where they mediate host defense responses against pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. In cancers, antigen-presenting cells induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to react to cancer cell-derived antigens. Macrophages located in the lymph node sinus are of particular interest in relation to anti-cancer immune responses because many studies using both human specimens and animal models have suggested that lymph node macrophages expressing CD169 play a key role in activating anti-cancer CTLs. The regulation of lymph node macrophages therefore represents a potentially promising novel approach in anti-cancer therapy.

The Pro-Inflammatory IL23/IL23R/IL17 Axis Is Active in IL23R-Expressing Circulating CLL Cells in Patients with Poor Prognosis

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (21) ◽  
pp. 3889-3889
Author(s):  
Fortunato Morabito ◽  
Giovanna Cutrona ◽  
Anna Grazia Recchia ◽  
Sonia Fabris ◽  
Serena Matis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Fish Analysis ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Abstract 3889 Inflammatory cytokines play a biological role in the pathogenesis of Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). IL23 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in T-cell responses and in tissue remodeling. It has been shown that the IL23 receptor (IL23R) is up-regulated in primary acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells, and that IL23 inhibits ALL cell growth. Nevertheless, the anti-tumor function of IL23 still remains controversial. The role of the IL23R/IL23 axis in CLL has not been investigated so far. Herein we evaluated the expression pattern of IL23R/IL23 axis and its correlation with progression free survival (PFS) in CLL patients. A total of 233 newly diagnosed Binet stage A CLL cases from Italian institutions (clinicaltrials.gov NCT00917540) were studied for IL23R expression by flow-cytometry (FC) (median percentage IL23R expression=22.7, range 1.2–91.1). The median follow-up was 23 months (range 1–47). PFS information was obtained in 203 patients. Using the median value of 23% of IL23R as threshold, 8/102 IL23Rneg and 23/101 IL23Rpos CLL cases progressed with therapy requirement. The 2-year PFS probability of IL23Rneg patients was 89.7% as compared to 80.7% of IL23Rpos cases [χ2 7.7, P=.006; HR=3.0, 95%CI (1.3–6.6)]. Cases were then stratified according to IL23R positivity [IL23Rneg (102 cases) versus IL23Rpos (101 cases)]. No significant difference in terms of CD38 and ZAP-70 positive cases was observed, however, the IGVH mutational status could distinguish the two groups: IGHV-mutated in 92 (78.6%) of IL23Rneg vs 70 (61.9%) IL23Rpos and IGHV-unmutated in 25 (21.4%) vs 43 (38.1%), p=.006]. FISH analysis showed that IL23Rneg and IL23Rpos cases carrying 13q14.3 were respectively 53 (51.4%) and 44 (42.7%), while the number of patients with trisomy 12 were 8 and 10 respectively in cases with low and high IL23R expression. Deletion of 11q was detected in 3.9% (4/103) of IL23Rneg and in 8.7% (9/103) of IL23Rpos cases. Only 3 cases with 17p deletion were seen in this cohort of early CLL patients and all belonged to the IL23Rpos group. Overall, no significant differences in the incidence of the major genetic lesions were observed between the two groups. Il23R expression still remained independently associated with PFS also in multivariate analysis. In situ expression analysis of IL23R and of its ligand IL23 was then performed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 16 CLL samples [10 lymph node (LN) and 6 bone marrow (BM) biopsies] collected on diagnosis and in 8 control biopsies (4 lymph nodes with reactive follicular hyperplasia and 4 normal BM biopsies). IL23R was variably expressed in CLL and significantly expressed in the neoplastic clones of 9 (6 lymph nodes and 3 BM biopsies) of the 16 cases tested; IL23R was diffusely present along the membrane and cytoplasm of neoplastic cells effacing the lymph node or BM architecture (Fig. 1, upper-left). In CLL cases with low IL23R expression, IL23R was detected in few scattered lymphoid cells intermingling with neoplastic lymphocytes (Fig. 1, upper-right). IL23 was also detected, with a variable staining intensity (Fig. 1, middle-left), paralleling in part that of IL23R. Double-marker analysis confirmed the concomitant expression of IL23 and IL23R in CLL neoplastic infiltrates highlighting the co-localization of the two markers (Fig.1 middle-right) and suggesting the possibility of an autocrine IL23/IL23R loop in CLL clones. We speculated that the microenvironment of CLL cases rich in IL23R and IL23 could be enriched in IL17-producing cells. The IHC expression of IL17 in CLL cases with low or high IL23R and IL23 expression showed that CLL cases rich in IL23Rpos cells, also characterized by high IL23 expression, displayed significantly higher numbers of IL17pos infiltrating cells (Fig. 1 bottom-left), as compared with CLL cases with no or low expression of IL23R or IL23 (Fig. 1 bottom-right). In conclusion, our study shows that high IL23R expression predicts a worse PFS. Furthermore, we linked this picture with, the in situ engendering of a clone-related microenvironment characterized by the preponderancy of pro-inflammatory signals such as those of the IL23/IL23R/IL17 axis, and its correlates in the peripheral blood (i.e. IL23R expression on circulating CLL cells), may endorse its strong prognostic significance. This analysis prompts further investigation into the specific function of the IL23/IL23R/IL17 axis and its targets in the context of CLL. Figure 1. Figure 1. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Histopathological Evaluation of Lymph Node Biopsies: A Hospital Based Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
Md Atiqur Rahman ◽  
Md Mamun Ali Biswas ◽  
Syeda Tasfia Siddika ◽  
Abdul Mannan Sikder
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cervical Lymph Nodes ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Histopathological Evaluation

Background: Lymphadenopathy is a common manifestation of a large variety of disorders,both benign and malignant. It is essential to define the pattern of disorders presenting primarily as lymph node enlargement in a particular environment. Histopathological examination of the lymph node biopsies is a gold standard test in the distinction between reactive and malignant lymphoid proliferations as well as for detailed subtyping oflymphomas. We designed this study in our population for histopathological evaluation of lymph nodes that might be helpful for clinical management of these lesions. Objective: Histopathological evaluation of lymphadenopathy from excised specimen, in relation to ageand sex of the patients, and distribution of the lymph nodes. Materials and Methods: It was a retrospective cross sectional study conducted in the department of Pathology, Enam MedicalCollege & Hospital, Savar, Dhaka during the period from January 2006 to December 2010. Lymph node biopsies of all patients of both sexes and all age groups were included.Metastatic lymph nodes associated with evidence of primaries elsewhere in the body were excluded from the study. Total 191 lymph node biopsies were selected for histopathological evaluation. Among these 90 (47.12%) were from males and 101 (52.88%) were from females with male to female ratio being 1:2.1. The age of the patients ranged from 2 to 85 years with a mean age of 35.73 ± 18 years. Results: Cervical lymph nodes were the most common (56%) biopsied group. Of the 191 cases 59 cases (30.89%) were reactive lymphadenitis, 64 cases (33.5%) were tuberculosis, 2 cases (1.05%) were non-caseous granuloma, 11 cases (5.76%) were Hodgkin lymphoma, 22 cases (11.52%) were non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 24 cases (12.57%) were metastatic neoplasm and 9 cases (4.7%) were other lesions.Conclusion: Tuberculosis was the most common cause of lymphadenopathy, followed by reactive lymphadenitis and the cervical group of lymph nodes was most frequently affected. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v2i1.11915 J Enam Med Col 2012; 2(1):8 -14

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF PRIMARY EXTRANODAL NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA: A RECORD BASE STUDY

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Bipin Gandhi
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
The Body ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cervical Lymph Nodes ◽  
Head And Neck Region ◽  
Common Diagnosis ◽  
Common Group

INTRODUCTION: Lesions in head and neck have always been a diagnostic dilemma for a pathologist and a treating clinician. Being on the exposed part of body, they become cosmetically unacceptable. These include lesions arising from the regional group of lymph nodes. Most commonly lymphadenopathy is a common clinical presentation. The diagnostic probability ranges from infections to developmental abnormalities, from inflammatory to malignant lesions. None the less all the lesions in lymph nodes of the head and neck region cannot be limited to a particular age group and gender. Routine staining procedures like PAP, Giemsa, Field and even H & E has been used to clinch the pathogenesis of the lesion. It can be said without any fear of contradiction that FNAC is certainly a very important tool for an early diagnosis of not only head and neck lesions but also other lesions elsewhere in the body. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a comparative study which was conducted in the department of pathology. The patients were subjected to detailed history and thorough clinical examination according to the working proforma. Patients were subjected to FNAC after written informed concent. The slides were stained using PAP, Giemsa and H&E stain and examined for underlying pathology. A detailed gross examination was done and 3-15 sections were selected from the representative areas for routine paraffin sections.  RESULTS: Amongst the total of 296 patients aspirated, 127 were from Lymph Nodes of head and neck region. Cervicallymph nodes were the most common group of lymph nodes aspirated, followed by submandibular and submental lymph nodes. Age wise tabulation shows maximum frequency of inflammatory lesions at younger age, of  which reactive hyperplasia was more common in pediatric age group and tuberculous lesions were more common in 20-40years of age. CONCLUSION: Cervical lymph nodes were the most common group of lymph nodes aspirated, followed by submandibular and submental lymph nodes. Reactive lymphadenitis is the most frequent diagnosis amongst the lymph node lesions and tuberculous lesions was the second most common diagnosis amongst all the lymph node lesions. 35 cases out of 127, as tuberculous lymphadenitis. Histopathology correlation could be done in 36 cases, of which 32 were found be correctly diagnosed in cytology.

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