scholarly journals OBSERVATIONS ON THE PHAGOCYTOSIS OF THE PNEUMOCOCCUS BY HUMAN WHOLE BLOOD

1930 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 675-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh K. Ward

1. The phagocytic titre of whole human blood against the three types of pneumococcus was determined in a number of individuals. The titre varied over a considerable range in different subjects. 2. Contrary to expectation, the titre in early cases of untreated pneumonia was quite high against the infecting organism, pointing to a local rather than a general lowering of resistance in infection with this organism. 3. Sia's work was confirmed, that the specific carbohydrate has a specific anti-phagocytic action on the blood. This action is more marked in the case of Type III than in Type I.

1930 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 685-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh K. Ward

1. In vitro phagocytic experiments with human blood, antipneumococcus serum, pneumococcus specific soluble substance, and living virulent pneumococci show that there is a definite phagocytic inhibition zone when strong antiserum is used. 2. If the antiserum is further diluted, there is a zone where phagocytosis is effective. If the serum is diluted still more, phagocytosis gradually falls off, as the very dilute antiserum fails to neutralize the specific carbohydrate, which has a specific antiphagocytic action. 3. The inhibition zone is apparently caused by the specific precipitate (formed by the antiserum and the specific carbohydrate) interfering, perhaps mechanically, with the ingestion of the pneumococci by the leucocytes. 4. The inhibition zone is better marked with Type III than with Type I pneumococcus. 5. As the concentration of antiserum in the zone of effective phagocytosis in vitro does not correspond with the concentration of antiserum generally used in vivo in the serum therapy of pneumonia, this question is discussed.


1928 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 791-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Tillett

1. Rabbits, vaccinated by repeated intravenous injections of suspensions of heat-killed R pneumococci, acquire a marked degree of active immunity to infection with the virulent S forms of Pneumococcus Types I and II. Previously (1) it was shown that the immunization of rabbits with R cells induces active resistance to Type III infection. This immunity is effective when the infecting organisms are injected either intravenously, intraperitoneally, or intradermally. 2. Whole citrated blood or serum of rabbits immunized with R pneumococci, under the experimental conditions described, is capable of passively protecting normal rabbits against Type I and Type III infection. Whole blood appears to be more effective than an equivalent amount of serum. 3. Passive protection of mice by the use of whole blood or serum of the immune rabbits has been entirely ineffectual. This is in striking contrast to the results obtained with type-specific immune serum. 4. This form of acquired resistance to pneumococcus infection, elicited by R organisms which are devoid of type specificity, and exemplified in animals whose sera possess no demonstrable type-specific antibodies, has many characteristics strongly suggesting that the underlying mechanism differs from that concerned in type-specific immunity.


1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 791-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin Lee ◽  
Alice Dong ◽  
Joyce Yano

When 75Se, as selenite, is added to human blood it is rapidly taken up by the cells (50–70% within 1–2 min) and is then released into the plasma so that most of the radioactivity is in the plasma by 15–20 min. Uptake is inhibited by 10−3 M cyanide. The release of radioactivity from the cells is inhibited by 10−3 M para-chloromercuribenzoate and by 10−3 M iodoacetamide, although these agents do not affect uptake. Azide and 2,4-dinitrophenol (at 10−3 M) do not affect either process. Large quantities of sulfite, sulfate, and selenate (1000 times as much S or Se as 75Se) do not affect uptake or release, but large amounts of selenite (1000 times) inhibit release. The release rate follows first-order kinetics and increases with temperature. 75Se released from cells is bound by a plasma protein but can be removed from the protein by treatment with cysteine. Studies suggest that the released selenium is in an altered form or state, although this product has not been characterized. A hypothetical pathway for the metabolism of selenium is presented to account for the observations.


2008 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 292-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Seib ◽  
D. Serruto ◽  
F. Oriente ◽  
I. Delany ◽  
J. Adu-Bobie ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Factor H-binding protein (fHBP; GNA1870) is one of the antigens of the recombinant vaccine against serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis, which has been developed using reverse vaccinology and is the basis of a meningococcal B vaccine entering phase III clinical trials. Binding of factor H (fH), an inhibitor of the complement alternative pathway, to fHBP enables N. meningitidis to evade killing by the innate immune system. All fHBP null mutant strains analyzed were sensitive to killing in ex vivo human whole blood and serum models of meningococcal bacteremia with respect to the isogenic wild-type strains. The fHBP mutant strains of MC58 and BZ83 (high fHBP expressors) survived in human blood and serum for less than 60 min (decrease of >2 log10 CFU), while NZ98/254 (intermediate fHBP expressor) and 67/00 (low fHBP expressor) showed decreases of >1 log10 CFU after 60 to 120 min of incubation. In addition, fHBP is important for survival in the presence of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 (decrease of >3 log10 CFU after 2 h of incubation), most likely due to electrostatic interactions between fHBP and the cationic LL-37 molecule. Hence, the expression of fHBP by N. meningitidis strains is important for survival in human blood and human serum and in the presence of LL-37, even at low levels. The functional significance of fHBP in mediating resistance to the human immune response, in addition to its widespread distribution and its ability to induce bactericidal antibodies, indicates that it is an important component of the serogroup B meningococcal vaccine.


1974 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 595-603
Author(s):  
Francis D Griffith ◽  
Robert V Blanke

Abstract Improvements in the microcoulometric halogen system allow analysis of as little as 1 ppb chlorinated pesticides with specificity and linearity. Modifications were made in the sulfuric acid method of extracting pesticides from human whole blood to obtain recovery of 24 pesticides and 7 industrial chemicals. Recovery data were tabulated. Retention time and response tables for OV-210 and SE-30/QF-1 columns were prepared for these compounds, using the microcoulometric detector.


1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 2400-2409 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kwant ◽  
B. Oeseburg ◽  
A. Zwart ◽  
W. G. Zijlstra

The proton Bohr factor (phi H = alpha log PO2/alpha pH), the carbamate Bohr factor (phi C = alpha log PO2/alpha log PCO2), the total Bohr factor (phi HC = d log PO2/dpH[base excess) and the CO2 buffer factor (d log PCO2/dpH) were determined in the blood of 12 healthy donors over the whole O2 saturation (SO2) range. All three Bohr factors proved to be dependent on SO2, although to a lesser extent than reported in some of the recent literature. At SO2 = 50% and 37 degrees C, we found phi H = -0.428 +/- 0.010 (SE), phi C = 0.054 +/- 0.006, and phi HC = -0.488 +/- 0.007. The values obtained for phi H, phi C, and d log PCO2/dpH were used to calculate phi HC. Calculated and measured values of phi HC proved to be in good agreement. In an additional series of 12 specimens of human blood we determined the influence of PCO2 on phi H and the influence of pH on phi C. At SO2 = 50%, phi H varied from -0.49 +/- 0.009 at PCO2 = 15 Torr to -0.31 +/- 0.010 at PCO2 = 105 Torr and phi C from 0.157 +/- 0.015 at pH = 7.80 to 0.006 +/- 0.009 at pH = 7.00. When on the basis of these data a second-order term is taken into account, a still slightly better agreement between measured and calculated values of phi HC can be attained.


2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 332-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maaike de Fost ◽  
Rudy A. Hartskeerl ◽  
Martijn R. Groenendijk ◽  
Tom van der Poll

ABSTRACT Heat-killed pathogenic Leptospira interrogans serovar rachmati induced the production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and the IFN-γ-inducing cytokines interleukin-12p40 (IL-12p40) and tumor necrosis factor alpha in human whole blood in vitro. The production of IFN-γ was largely dependent on IL-12. These data establish that pathogenic leptospires can stimulate the production of type I cytokines involved in cellular immunity.


2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 316-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing He ◽  
Hua Gao ◽  
Li-ming Xu ◽  
Yan Lu ◽  
Chong Wang ◽  
...  

To overcome the lack of availability of fresh human whole blood for pyrogen detection, we explored the feasibility of utilizing cryopreserved pooled human blood to detect the responses of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β to LPS. Whole blood was obtained from five donors and incubated with LPS. The quantities of pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured using ELISA, and the results were compared among the samples. After the blood was cryopreserved with Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (10% v/v) and stored for 4 mo at –196℃, the detection limits of the IL-6/IL-1β responses to LPS were 0.2/0.4 endotoxin units (EU)/ml, respectively, and IL-6/IL-1β release increased in response to LPS in a dose-dependent manner. When these experiments were performed in three separate laboratories, the within-laboratory reproducibility of the IL-6/IL-1β responses was 100%/86.7%, 93.3%/100%, and 86.7%/80%, and the inter-laboratory reproducibility was 92.9%/85.7%, 64.3%/63.6%, and 57.1%/66.7%, respectively. The sensitivity (the probability of correctly classifying positive samples) and specificity (the probability of correctly classifying negative samples) of the IL-6/IL-1β tests were 81.7%/82.5% and 100%/100%, respectively. The results of this study suggest that cryopreserved pooled blood is a convenient and viable alternative for evaluating in vitro pyrogenicity. Additionally, maintaining cryopreserved pooled blood promotes safety for the user because it is released only after pretesting for infection parameters and has lower variation than fresh donations from a variety of donors.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silke Machata ◽  
Sravya Sreekantapuram ◽  
Kerstin Hünniger ◽  
Oliver Kurzai ◽  
Christine Dunker ◽  
...  

Murine infection models are widely used to study systemic candidiasis caused by C. albicans. Whole-blood models can help to elucidate host-pathogens interactions and have been used for several Candida species in human blood. We adapted the human whole-blood model to murine blood. Unlike human blood, murine blood was unable to reduce fungal burden and more substantial filamentation of C. albicans was observed. This coincided with less fungal association with leukocytes, especially neutrophils. The lower neutrophil number in murine blood only partially explains insufficient infection and filamentation control, as spiking with murine neutrophils had only limited effects on fungal killing. Furthermore, increased fungal survival is not mediated by enhanced filamentation, as a filament-deficient mutant was likewise not eliminated. We also observed host-dependent differences for interaction of platelets with C. albicans, showing enhanced platelet aggregation, adhesion and activation in murine blood. For human blood, opsonization was shown to decrease platelet interaction suggesting that complement factors interfere with fungus-to-platelet binding. Our results reveal substantial differences between murine and human whole-blood models infected with C. albicans and thereby demonstrate limitations in the translatability of this ex vivo model between hosts.


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