MORPHOGENESIS OF THE WALL OF GLANDULAR PART OF THE STOMACH IN CHICKENS DURING POSTNATAL PERIOD OF ONTOGENESIS

Knowledge about the morphological features of the structure and functions of the digestive organs provide the basis for rational and effective use of feed, prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases in poultry. In this regard, the study of the morphogenesis of the digestive system in birds and the mechanisms of their regulation is of great importance. The object of the study was the glandular part of the stomach (proventriculus) in chickens of Shaver 579 strain. The material for macro- and microscopic examinations was selected from birds at age of 1, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, and 300 days and 1, 2, and 3 years; it was fixed in a 10% neutral formalin solution and embedded into paraffin according to conventional methods. For submicroscopic examinations, the material was selected from hens of this strain at age of 180 days. The structure of epitheliocytes in the superficial epithelium and secretory cells of the deep glands was studied in ultrathin sections. Digital indicators of research results were statistically processed by a personal computer using Microsoft Excel program. The glandular stomach in chickens is a direct extension of the esophagus and has the form of a thick-walled tube, the wall of which is formed by mucous, muscular, and serous membranes. The superficial epithelium of the mucosa is represented by cylindrical epithelial cells that are located within the basal membrane. They are linked to each other by different types of contacts and have a well-defined polar differentiation. The lobules of the deep glands are formed by cells with well-developed synthesizing organelles and secretory granules. The morphogenesis of the glandular part of the stomach in chickens according to age aspect is manifested by changes in morphometric parameters of the thickness and the area of the membranes of its wall. The wall thickness increases (between the folds 4223.23 ± 189.25 and in the area of the folds 5561.32 ± 45.01 μm) unevenly in chickens up to age of 240 days. The most developed membrane of the wall of the glandular stomach is the mucosa. Its area increases (by 82.14 ± 0.56%) in chickens up to age of 180 days, and area of muscular and serous membranes decreases (by 15.54 ± 0.65 and 2.32 ± 0.33%, respectively). In older birds, the thickness of the wall and the area of the membranes of the glandular stomach do not change significantly.

Restorative Processes in the Thyroid Gland of Russian Long-Haired Rams in Postnatal Ontogenesis

The aimof this study is to study the recovery processes in the thyroid gland of Russian long-haired sheep in postnatal ontogenesis.Material and methods. The material for the study was 77 rams of the Russian long-haired breed of various ages. Fragments of the thyroid gland were fixed in a 10% solution of neutral formalin, in liquids of Shtive and Buena. Thin paraffin sections with a thickness of 4–5 μm were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, azan according to Heydenhein, and the PAS-reaction was applied. The average area of all follicles in the field of view was determined at a magnification of ×80 (ob. 10; oc. 8) using G.G. Autandilov ocular grid (50 fields of viewfor each animal). Based on the obtained absolute values of the area of the follicles and the interfollicular epithelium (mm 2 ), the relative value (%) of the area of the follicles and the interfollicular epithelium was determined. Using a screw eyepiece micrometer, the diameter of the nuclei of thyrocytes in the follicles and thyrocytes of the interfollicular epithelium was measured. The area of the nuclei was determined by the diameter of the nuclei. The mitotic index (MI) in ‰ was calculated . The number of dividing cells per thousand thyrocytes was calculated. At least 20,000 cells were counted for each animal.Results.It was found that in rams aged 15 days, the area of interfollicular epithelium was 86.5%, microfollicles occupied an area of 13.5%. Dividing cells were common, with the MI of follicular and interfollicular thyrocytes being 0.19‰. In rams at the age of 2 months, the number of small follicles increased, the areaof which was 19.7%. MI in follicles increased to 0.21‰, in interfollicular epithelium it decreased to 0.16‰. In rams at the age of 4 months, the area of follicles almost doubled, the area of interfollicular epithelium decreased by 16.1%. In rams aged 2–3 years, the area of interfollicular epithelium decreased, while MI decreased and was 0.13‰ in 3-year-old animals. In rams at the age of 4 and 5 years, there was a decrease in the functional activity of thefollicles. MI in large follicles was higher than in small follicles (0.12–0.13‰ versus 0.09‰).

Comparison of Cerebral Effects of Thiopental and Propofol Infusion in Traumatic Brain Injured Rats

Objective: To compare the cerebral effects of propofol and thiopental infusions in rats with experimental head trauma.Methods: This experimental study included a total of 30 rats, and the animals were randomly divided into 3 groups; as control group (Group C), propofol group (Group P) and thiopental group (Group T). Blood samples were taken 4 hours following infusion. A craniotomy was performed, the brain was removed, and it was placed in 10% neutral formalin for histopathological examination. The materials were examined biochemically and histopathologically, and then compared between the groups.Results: The S100B value between the groups was significantly lower in the thiopental group compared to the control group (p = 0.018). Tau protein levels were significantly lower in the propofol group compared to the control group (p = 0.07).In histological examinations, the numbers of apoptotic cells in the propofol and thiopental groups were significantly lower than in the control group (p = 0.02). There was no significant difference between the propofol and thiopental groups in terms of apoptotic cell numbers (p = 0.3). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that thiopental and propofol infusions following a head trauma reduce apoptotic cell death and cause decreases in trauma markers.

Evaluation of histochemical and molecular markers in the placenta of sows during pregnancy complicated by isoimmunization

It is known that the pathological course of pregnancy is associated with a disturbance in the interdependent “mother-fetus” complex and leads to specific clinical consequences at the molecular-cellular, tissue, organ, organismal and population levels of organization. In case of violation of placentation (placental barrier), a state of immune conflict occurs, characterized by an antigen-antibody reaction, carried out through the placenta (in relation to the fetus), or through colostrum after birth (in relation to the newborn offspring). Therefore, immunological relations at the population level should be considered both the consequences of the action of the maternal organism’s antigens on the fetus, and the effects of the allogeneic action of the fetus on the mother’s body. According to the results of the experiment, the placentas of 10 sows of Large White breed were used as the material, which showed signs of isoimmunization to the resulting offspring. For histological examination, immediately after delivery, pieces of placenta up to 0.5 cm thick were selected, which were fixed in a 10% aqueous solution of neutral formalin. The fixed material after wiring through alcohols of increasing concentration, xylene, xylene-paraffin, was poured into paraffin. The obtained preparations were stained with conventional methods-hematoxylin and eosin. d (fibrinoid masses).

Botanical studies, antimicrobial activity and cytotoxity of Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb

The use bulbs of Eleutherine bulbosa for treatament of diseases caused by malaria, amoeba and bacteria. This study accomplished the botanical and phytochemical characterization, antimicrobial activity and cytotoxic of E. bulbosa. For the anatomical studies, the studied material was fixed in formaldehyde – acetic acid and ethanol and it was dyed in safranin and in astra blue. For histochemistry, was fixed in buffered neutral formalin and in ferrous sulphate in formalina. Ethanolic Extract (EE) was submitted to fractionation in a chromatographic column and four (4) fractions were obtained from it. The Dichloromethane Fraction (DF) was submitted to a new fractionation. The biological activity was evalueted by diffusion in agar, microdilution and celular viability MTT. The bulb of E. bulbosa is characterized by a reduced caulinar axis and by succulent amiliferous cataphylls, epidermis with the presence of anthocyanins, homogeneous mesophyll with idioblasts of prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate and phenolic compounds. In agar diffusion it was observed that EE, DF and ethyl acetate fraction (ACF) were active for Staphylococcus aureus. In microdilution, DF (Inhibitory minimum concentration= 125 µg/ mL) was more active. For all samples the Minimous Bactericidal Concentration was >1000 µg/ mL. The fractionation contributes positively with the citotoxicity, being subfractions S1 and S2 the most citotoxic ones. The Fraction Dichloromethane was the most active one for S. aureus and more citotoxicity to VERO cells. Probably the less citotoxicity of EE is related to the presence of anthocyanins that are present on bulbs epidermis.

Pathomorphological changes in the bursal sac of chickens vaccinated against Newcastle disease using adjuvants

The article presents the results of a study of pathomorphological changes in the bursal sac of chickens vaccinated against Newcastle disease. The experiment was carried out in the conditions of Sabinsky IPS LLC in the Sabinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan during the period of raising chickens of the Lomann LSL cross. For research, 60 chickens of 8 weeks of age were taken, which were divided into 4 groups of 15 chickens in each. The birds of the first group were immunized with a once inactivated emulsified vaccine against Newcastle disease with the addition of squalene in the form of emulsion at a dose of 0.5 cm3. The second group was inactivated by the emulsified vaccine against Newcastle disease containing Montanide ISA-71VG adjuvant. The third group was immunized with a vaccine against Newcastle disease without adjuvant, and the remaining 15 chickens were intact. The vaccine in various embodiments was administered to the chickens in a volume of 0.5 cm3 subcutaneously in the dorsal surface of the middle part of the neck. Slaughter of experimental birds of groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 was carried out on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days after vaccination, 6 animals for each study period. Pieces of the bursal sac were preserved in a 10% solution of neutral formalin. After dehydration and compaction of the taken material, the prepared histological sections with a thickness of 8 μm were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined under a microscope. Studies of involutional changes in the microstructure of the bursal sac of chickens showed its dependence not only on hereditary mechanisms, but also on additional antigenic stimulation. It has been established that the vaccine against Newcastle disease has reactogenic and immunogenic qualities. In this connection, the most pronounced involutional processes were noted in the bursal sac in chickens of the 3rd group, and the maximum immunogenic qualities of the vaccine preparation were manifested in the structure of the bursal sac in chickens of the 2nd and especially the 1st group. The lowest level of alterative changes in the bursal sac was observed in birds of the 4th group. Involutional processes in these birds were determined by hereditary factors, while the chickens of the remaining groups noted the incidental nature of the manifestation of involution.

Pathology of Fowl Typhoid and Molecular Detection of its Pathogen

Salmonellae are important group of pathogens responsible for human and animal diseases. The present study was undertaken with the aim to study pathology of fowl typhoid caused by Salmonella entarica subsp. enteric serovar Gallinarum and to identify Salmonella serovars by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based molecular method isolated from commercial layer, broiler and sonali chickens of Gazipur district, Bangladesh. A total of 150 cloacal, intestinal and liver swab samples were collected in sterie nutrient and tetrathionate broth from apparently healthy, sick and dead chicken the necropsy. Organ samples were collected in 10% buffered neutral formalin. The collected tissues were fixed, processed, sectioned, stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and examined at low and high power microscopic fields. Grossly, the liver appeared larger and hemorrhagic with focal necrosis. Catarrhal inflammation on intestinal mucosa was seen. The ova were deformed, discolored and cystic. Microscopically, focal necroses with the infiltration of mononuclear cells were seen with congestion of the central vein. Spleen showed severe depletion of lymphoid cells in white pulp along with reticuloendothelial cell hyperplasia. The section of ovary showed deformed ova with hemorrhages. Samples were subjected to various cultural, biochemical, and molecular examinations and the prevalence was identified 28% cases. Isolated bacteria appeared gram (-)ve, and arranged in short chain. PCR was performed targeting invA gene of Salmonella Gallinarum and amplified 184-bp fragment of the isolates confirmed specific infectivity. Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2019) 23(2) : 49-60

PSVI-26 Cytological picture of the lymphoid tissue in the inguinal node with calval leptospirose

In this regard, the cytological picture of the lymphoid tissue in calves’ inguinal lymph node with spontaneous leptospirosis was studied. The study material was taken from the inguinal lymph node of the 11 calves who died of leptospirosis during the enzootic period in Azerbaijan. The study material samples were fixed in 10% neutral formalin solution, followed by pouring in paraffin, coloring azur sections with 2-eosin and counting 13 cell types (lymphoblast, prolymphocyte, lymphocyte, free reticular cell, process sinus reticular cell, endothelium, fibroblast, histiocyte, macrophage, polyblast, plasmablast, protoplasmocyte, plasmacyte) using MOV-15. It was established that the number of lymphoblasts in the inguinal lymph node with subacute leptospirosis decreased 2.2 times, the number of prolymphocytes decreased 1.4 times, the number of lymphocytes decreased 4.4 times. The number of free reticular cells from the cells of the reticuloendothelium decreased 3.7 times. However, the number of grown sinus reticular cells and the endothelium of the sinuses fluctuated within the normal range. The number of fibroblasts increased 1.7 times, histiocytes - 6.6 times, macrophages - 11.8 times, and polyblasts - 11 times (Table 1). At the same time, there was a sharp increase in the number of cells in the plasma row. Of those, the number of plasmablasts increased 8.5 times, protoplasmocytes - 30.4 times, plasma cells - 17 times. Overall, the cytological picture in the inguinal lymph node during spontaneous leptospirosis in calves was characterized by an increase in the number of plasma cells, fibroblasts, histiocytes, macrophages, polyblasts and a decrease in the number of lymphoblasts, prolymphocytes, lymphocytes and free reticular cells.

Structural features of face and neck skin in intraoperative cylinder tension

Objective: Recently, significant attention has been paid to the aesthetics of the skin, which has led to the emergence and development, in addition to traditional medical cosmetology, of areas such as aesthetic and plastic skin surgery, surgical cosmetology, and others. Methods: For light microscopy, samples from various sections of the skin of the face and neck (total 57 samples) subjected to stretching, obtained during surgery, were fixed in a 10–12% solution of neutral formalin. After appropriate treatment, the samples were poured into paraffin and 5–7-[Formula: see text]m-thick sections were prepared. The general morphology was studied of the sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results: In the spiky layer, the integrity of keratinocyte rows is ensured by numerous desmosomes located at the contacting ends of the processes of neighboring cells. Balloon cell stretching does not lead to disruption of contacts in the forms of interdigitations of the plasma membranes of neighboring cells of the basal layer and ruptures of desmosomes at the ends of processes of neighboring cells of the prickly layer. Conclusion: Intraoperative stretching of the skin does not cause a violation of its general architectonics. In all the studied sections in the epidermis, integrity violations in the form of tears, cracks, etc. are not determined. It was noted with a decrease in the number of rows of cells of the prickly layer. However, no phenomena of acantholysis and cytolysis were noted.

MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURAL FEATURE OF THE SPERMATIC VEINS IN VARICOCELE

Varicocele is pathological expansion and tortuosity of the scrotum. The term Varicocele refers mainly to the expansion and tortuosity of the components of the venous plexus draining the testicles. This plexus is located on the back of the testicles and epididymis. The morphological method is one of the most objective in assessing the state of varicose and convoluted veins with Varicocele. Knowledge of the morphological status of varicose veins of the scrotum can serve as a determining factor in choosing the method of surgery. However, there is a small number of studies of structural changes in v. spermatica with Varicocele. To study varicose veins of the seminal veins, their fragments were obtained during surgical excision of persons aged 15-20 years. Samples were fixed in 10-12 % solution of neutral formalin. After appropriate treatment, the pieces were poured into paraffin and sections were prepared 5-7 μm thick. The general morphological picture was studied on sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. For scanning electron microscopy the preparations after fixing in 2.5 % solution of glutaraldehyde on phosphate buffer were subjected to dehydration in alcohol-acetone. Among the identified accumulations of blood cells, erythrocytes dominate, and their pathological forms are echinocytes. Identified features should be considered when conducting surgical treatment of Varicocele.