scholarly journals THE NATURAL HISTORY OF EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS INFECTION

1942 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert B. Sabin ◽  
Robert Ward
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Sympathetic Ganglia ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Nasal Secretions ◽  
Cervical Sympathetic ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Portal Of Entry

1. Eight rhesus monkeys with experimental poliomyelitis following intrasciatic inoculation of "M.V." virus were used to study the extent of virus spread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and the question of its elimination in the nasal secretions. 2. Tests on nasal secretions collected on absorbent cotton plugs daily and continuously from the moment of inoculation to the end of the disease failed to reveal virus. 3. No virus was found in the olfactory bulbs, nasal mucosa, tonsils and adjacent pharyngeal tissue, salivary glands, adrenals, superior cervical sympathetic ganglia, abdominal celiac ganglia, and small intestine. 4. Elimination of virus by the nasal route was not one of the consequences of poliomyelitis infection resulting from invasion of the "M.V." virus by way of a peripheral nerve in rhesus monkeys. 5. No indiscriminate widespread dissemination of virus occurred in the central nervous system of the intraneurally inoculated rhesus monkeys nor did the virus spread outward sufficiently to involve the collateral sympathetic ganglia or the collections of nerve cells in various peripheral tissues. Under certain circumstances, therefore, the presence of virus in these ganglia and tissues may be used as an index to the portal of entry of the virus.

scholarly journals THE NATURAL HISTORY OF HUMAN POLIOMYELITIS

1941 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 771-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert B. Sabin ◽  
Robert Ward
Keyword(s):  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Sympathetic Ganglia ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Olfactory Pathway ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cervical Sympathetic ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Descending Colon ◽  
Portal Of Entry ◽  
Primary Localization

1. Studies on a large number of tissues obtained from fatal cases of human poliomyelitis have revealed that the virus is distributed predominantly in two systems: (a) certain regions of the nervous system, and (b) the alimentary tract. 2. Poliomyelitis virus was demonstrated in the walls of the pharynx, ileum, and only once in those of the descending colon, while the contents of the descending colon regularly contained the virus. 3. The presence of virus in the walls of the alimentary tract appears to be the result neither of generalized dissemination of the virus nor of secondary centrifugal spread, but rather that of primary localization or portal of entry. 4. In the absence of evidence of any demonstrable centrifugal spread to peripheral collections of nerve cells (e.g., in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia, suprarenals, salivary glands), the presence of virus in the abdominal sympathetic plexus of one case may be indicative of at least one pathway of centripetal virus progression. 5. The absence of demonstrable virus in the nasal mucosa, olfactory bulbs, and anterior perforated substance suggests that neither the upper respiratory tract nor the olfactory pathway were affected in the cases of human poliomyelitis studied in the present investigation.

scholarly journals Neurological and ENT manifestations in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
S. M. Megrelishvili ◽  
◽  
Ya. L. Shcherbakova ◽  
S. B. Sugarova ◽  
A. D. Kanina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Sudden Hearing Loss ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Viral Agent ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Mechanisms Of Development ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Portal Of Entry

Along with the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, rheumatological, and neurological manifestations of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19), the effects of this virus on the ENT organs is undeniable, as the main portal of entry of any respiratory infection. It has been proven that symptoms such as hypo- and anosmia are associated with one of the ways of the virus penetration – transnasal, through the olfactory nerves into the central nervous system. Otorhinolaryngological complaints of patients are not limited only to deterioration or loss of smell, many note the appearance of dizziness, tinnitus, worsening of the course of chronic sensorineural hearing loss, and in some cases – sudden hearing loss, which may indicate damage to the auditory and vestibular analyzer by a viral agent. The mechanisms of development of the corresponding complications at the moment are still unclear. The presented article is a review of the literature data of foreign and domestic sources, which examines the central and peripheral neurological complications, the pathways and molecular features of the penetration of the virus, as well as clinical cases of hearing impairment and the appearance of tinnitus against the background of new coronavirus infection. At the moment, information on the direct effect of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on the auditory and vestibular analyzer is insufficient and scattered, which requires further observation with subsequent detailed analysis of the results.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of the effects of fenfluramine on type II diabetes mellitus in combination with obesity

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
M. I. Balabolkin ◽  
O. M. O.M. Novikov
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Anorectic Drugs ◽  
Peripheral Effect ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System

With obesity-related diabetes, it is possible to use biguanides, which have a slight anorectic effect. The presence of side effects in biguanides often complicates their long-term use, especially in elderly patients who have a history of chronic diseases of the lungs, heart, kidneys, and liver. In such cases, it is advisable to prescribe anorectic drugs that simultaneously affect carbohydrate metabolism.One of these drugs is p-ethyl-a-methyl-3-fluoromethylphenethylamine hydrochloride (minifage, ponderal), which has a stimulating effect on the central nervous system. Fenfluramine reduces the supply and synthesis of monoamines (5-hydroxytryptamine) in the diencephalic regions of the brain, due to which there is a decrease in food requirements and a decrease in body weight.A number of researchers have shown that the hypoglycemic effect of the drug occurs due to peripheral action. Fenfluramine affects the extraneuronal oxidation of monoamins and reduces the level of tryptophan in the blood. T. Pssquire in experiments on rats confirmed that this effect of the drug is achieved by improving the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin, especially muscles.Some researchers observed a decrease in plasma fatty acids and cholesterol levels during treatment with ferfluramine.However, the issue of the effect of the drug on the residual secretion of the C-peptide of b-cells of the pancreas during treatment with fenfluramine is not covered in the literature available to us.In our study, 26 patients with obesity (the control group consisted of 18 healthy subjects who had previously impaired glucose tolerance) showed that fenfluramine restores phase I of insulin secretion on the background of an intravenous load with glucagon or glucose, and compensation for diabetes mellitus during treatment fenfluramine is apparently associated not only with a direct stimulating effect on the -cells of the islets of Langerhans but also with its peripheral effect.

scholarly journals Salmonella Typhimurium - associated meningoencephalomyelitis in a foal

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jéssica Guerra de Oliveira ◽  
Carolina Pantuzza Ramos ◽  
Izabela de Assis Rocha ◽  
Sóstenes Apolo Correia Marcelino ◽  
Felipe Pierezan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Portal Of Entry ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT: A 10-day old foal presented with a history of acute recumbency and generalized weakness, that progressed to seizure episodes and death. Post mortem examination revealed necrotizing and purulent omphalophlebitis and fibrinopurulent meningoencephalomyelitis. Salmonella Typhimurium was isolated from the central nervous system and determined to be the cause of the meningoencephalomyelitis. Due to the lack of evidence of gastrointestinal disease, the umbilical cord was considered the most likely portal of entry of the bacteria. The isolated S. Typhimurium was resistant to ampicillin and cephalotin, and partially resistant to enrofloxacin. These drugs are commonly used in the treatment of salmonellosis. This is the first report of S. Typhimurium affecting the brain and spinal cord of a foal. Salmonellosis should be considered a differential diagnosis in foals with neurologic signs, even in the absence of enterocolitis.

scholarly journals POLIOMYELITIS IN THE CYNOMOLGUS MONKEY

1944 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold K. Faber ◽  
Rosalie J. Silverberg ◽  
Luther Dong
Keyword(s):  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Sympathetic Ganglia ◽  
The Body ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Gasserian Ganglion ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽  
Afferent Fibers ◽  
Cervical Sympathetic ◽  
Droplet Nuclei

1. Poliomyelitis virus suspensions were atomized so as to produce dry droplet nuclei which, suspended in air, were introduced into a special infecting chamber and inhaled by test animals, both rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys. 2. Without olfactory blockade, 5 of 7 rhesus and 6 of 7 cynomolgus monkeys developed poliomyelitis of the CNS with entry through the olfactory nerves. 3. With olfactory blockade, 2 of 35 rhesus and 4 of 10 cynomolgus monkeys developed this form of the disease by routes proved by serial sections of the olfactory bulbs not to have been olfactory. 4. The neural pathways of infection from the mucous surfaces to the CNS in the 4 cynomolgus monkeys with blockade were shown in 2 instances to have been the afferent fibers of the trigeminal nerve into the Gasserian ganglion and thence to its central connections in the pons-medulla; in another case this was the probable route. In one instance the pathway consisted of the sympathetic fibers of the nose or nasopharynx into the cervical sympathetic ganglia and thence into the uppermost levels of the thoracic cord. The routes in the 2 rhesus monkeys with non-olfactory takes were not accurately determined but in one there was suggestive evidence of entry through the trigeminal nerve. 5. Study of the peripheral ganglia in a number of exposed cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys, including several with no demonstrated involvement of the CNS, revealed lesions most constantly in the Gasserian ganglia; less so in the cervical sympathetics and still less so in the celiac. In 2 rhesus monkeys dying of other causes a few days after exposure, lesions were limited to the Gasserian ganglia. No evidence was found in any case of passage of infection from the celiac ganglia into the CNS. 6. The importance of the peripheral ganglia as intermediate stations in the centripetal passage of infection from the body surface is again emphasized. 7. Comparison of the present with a previous study suggests that infection by inhalation of virus occurs with greater ease than by ingestion.

Evaluation of concomitant gynecological pathology in group of patients of reproductive age with tumors and tumor formations

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
N. V. Spiridonova ◽  
A. A. Demura ◽  
V. Yu. Schukin
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Errors ◽  
Ovarian Tumors ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Ovarian Tumours ◽  
Preoperative Diagnostic ◽  
Neoplastic Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment

According to modern literature, the frequency of preoperative diagnostic errors for tumour-like formations is 30.9–45.6%, for malignant ovarian tumors is 25.0–51.0%. The complexity of this situation is asymptomatic tumor in the ovaries and failure to identify a neoplastic process, which is especially important for young women, as well as ease the transition of tumors from one category to another (evolution of the tumor) and the source of the aggressive behavior of the tumor. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the history of concomitant gynecological pathology in a group of patients of reproductive age with ovarian tumors and tumoroid formations, as a predisposing factor for the development of neoplastic process in the ovaries. In our work, we collected and processed complaints and data of obstetric and gynecological anamnesis of 168 patients of reproductive age (18–40 years), operated on the basis of the Department of oncogynecology for tumors and ovarian tumours in the Samara Regional Clinical Oncology Dispensary from 2012 to 2015. We can conclude that since the prognosis of neoplastic process in the ovaries is generally good with timely detection and this disease occurs mainly in women of reproductive age, doctors need to know that when assessing the parity and the presence of gynecological pathology at the moment or in anamnesis, it is not possible to identify alarming risk factors for the development of cancer in the ovaries.

The Goal of the Moment (Summary of the Lecture Delivered by Ivan Ilyin in May 1917)

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 424-428
Author(s):  
Alexandra I. Vakulinskaya
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
October Revolution ◽  
Legal Consciousness ◽  
New Order ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment

This publication is devoted to one of the episodes of I. A. Ilyin’s activity in the period “between two revolutions”. Before the October revolution, the young philosopher was inspired by the events of February 1917 and devoted a lot of time to speeches and publications on the possibility of building a new order in the state. The published archive text indicates that the development of Ilyin’s doctrine “on legal consciousness” falls precisely at this tragic moment in the history of Russia.

Primary Melanocytoma of the Lower Thoracic Spinal Cord: Case report and review of the literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Panagopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Total Resection ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Meningeal Melanocytoma ◽  
Melanocytic Tumors ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Thoracolumbar Region ◽  
Rare Benign Tumor ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Background: Meningeal melanocytoma is a rare benign tumor, most frequently located in the posterior fossa and spinal canal. Our objective is to illustrate a case of this tumor that originated in the thoracolumbar area of the spine and had an uneventful clinical course after total resection. Case description: We present the case of a 59 years old woman who presented with a medical history of ongoing neurological deterioration due to spastic paresis of the lower extremities. MRI of the thoracolumbar region identified a melanocytic melanoma as the underlying cause. Conclusions: Melanocytic tumors of the central nervous system have a typical appearance on MRI scans, varying with the content and distribution of melanin. However, the differential diagnosis between malignant melanoma and melanocytoma still depends on pathological criteria. Spinal meningeal melanocytoma has a benign course, and it is amenable for gross total resection. The outcome is favorable following complete resection.

SARS-CoV-2 Invades the Central Nervous System via the Olfactory Route in Rhesus Monkeys

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Jiao ◽  
Yun Yang ◽  
Wenhai Yu ◽  
Yuan Zhao ◽  
Haiting Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Decolonization and the aesthetics of disorder: Naipaul, Evaristo, Boland

2021 ◽  
pp. 002198942199605
Author(s):  
Matthew Whittle
Keyword(s):  
European History ◽  
Resistance Movements ◽  
Eavan Boland ◽  
History Of ◽  
Paul Gilroy ◽  
Orderly Transition ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Bear Witness ◽  
Formal Features

Decolonization is presented in dominant accounts as an orderly transition and not the culmination of anticolonial resistance movements. This in turn contributes to what Paul Gilroy terms an endemic “post-imperial melancholia” across contemporary European nations and the removal of empire and its demise from understandings of European history. Drawing on Bill Schwarz’s reconceptualization of a Fanonian commitment to disorder, this article focuses on Britain’s history of colonialism and post-imperial immigration and argues for the mapping of a disorderly aesthetics in works by V. S. Naipaul, Bernardine Evaristo, and Eavan Boland. The three formal features of non-linearity, polyvocality, and environmental imagery enable these writers to bear witness to the complex histories of empire, transatlantic slavery, decolonization, and immigration from the colonial “margins”. These “aesthetics of disorder” counter a dominant narrative of decolonial order and challenge conceptions of British exceptionalism that were reinforced at the moment of imperial decline.

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