scholarly journals Neurological and ENT manifestations in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
S. M. Megrelishvili ◽  
◽  
Ya. L. Shcherbakova ◽  
S. B. Sugarova ◽  
A. D. Kanina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Sudden Hearing Loss ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Viral Agent ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Mechanisms Of Development ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Portal Of Entry

Along with the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, rheumatological, and neurological manifestations of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19), the effects of this virus on the ENT organs is undeniable, as the main portal of entry of any respiratory infection. It has been proven that symptoms such as hypo- and anosmia are associated with one of the ways of the virus penetration – transnasal, through the olfactory nerves into the central nervous system. Otorhinolaryngological complaints of patients are not limited only to deterioration or loss of smell, many note the appearance of dizziness, tinnitus, worsening of the course of chronic sensorineural hearing loss, and in some cases – sudden hearing loss, which may indicate damage to the auditory and vestibular analyzer by a viral agent. The mechanisms of development of the corresponding complications at the moment are still unclear. The presented article is a review of the literature data of foreign and domestic sources, which examines the central and peripheral neurological complications, the pathways and molecular features of the penetration of the virus, as well as clinical cases of hearing impairment and the appearance of tinnitus against the background of new coronavirus infection. At the moment, information on the direct effect of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on the auditory and vestibular analyzer is insufficient and scattered, which requires further observation with subsequent detailed analysis of the results.

scholarly journals Neurological manifestations and complications in patients with covid-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
I. K. Ternovyh ◽  
M. P. Topuzova ◽  
A. D. Chaykovskaya ◽  
P. Sh. Isabekova ◽  
T. M. Alekseeva
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Mechanisms Of Development ◽  
Large Groups

It becomes apparent that the neurological complications of COVID-19 are significantly common, but in some cases, establishing a causal relationship is difficult. For example, a stroke can occur for reasons unrelated to coronavirus infection, while Guillain–Barré syndrome and meningoencephalitis are likely to be a parainfection. Only long-term epidemiological studies in large groups of patients can clarify some of these issues. This will help to better understand the mechanisms of development of complications and develop schemes for their treatment and subsequent rehabilitation. The article presents the mechanisms of penetration of the coronavirus into the nervous system and systematizes the neurological manifestations and complications of COVID-19, which were described in the first 3 months of the pandemic. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of the complications of COVID-19 from the central and peripheral nervous system, the most interesting clinical examples are considered. Summing up the analysis of the literature, we can say that the clinical picture of neurological diseases and syndromes caused by coronavirus infection corresponds to the usual notions. Also considered is the assumption that SARS-CoV-2 can persist for a long time in the central nervous system in the form of inactive fragments, which means that it can recur in predisposed individuals when appropriate conditions arise. This suggestion is alarming regarding distant neurological complications in infected and cured patients.

scholarly journals Neurological diseases caused by coronavirus infection of the respiratory airways

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-343
Author(s):  
Waqas Ahmed ◽  
Adeel Khan ◽  
Wish Hal Sundar ◽  
Humaira Naseem ◽  
Wanghao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Invasion Routes ◽  
Critical Problems ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) infections are critical problems for public health. They are caused by several different organisms, including the respiratory coronaviruses (CoVs). CoVs usually infect the upper respiratory tract causing the common cold. However, in infants, and in elderly and immunocompromised persons, they can also affect the lower respiratory tract causing pneumonia and various syndromes of respiratory distress. CoVs also have neuroinvasive capabilities because they can spread from the respiratory tract to the CNS. Once infection begins in the CNS cells, it can cause various CNS problems such as status epilepticus, encephalitis, and long‐term neurological disease. This neuroinvasive properties of CoVs may damage the CNS as a result of misdirected host immune response, which could be associated with autoimmunity in susceptible individuals (virus‐induced neuro‐immunopathology) or associated with viral replication directly causing damage to the CNS cells (virus‐induced neuropathology). In December 2019, a new disease named COVID‐19 emerged which is caused by CoVs. The significant clinical symptoms of COVID‐19 are related to the respiratory system, but they can also affect the CNS, causing acute cerebrovascular and intracranial infections. We describe the possible invasion routes of coronavirus in this review article, and look for the most recent findings associated with the neurological complications in the recently published literature.

scholarly journals Pathogenetic mechanisms of sensorineural hearing loss in patients with COVID-19 and methods for their correction

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
M.A. Trishinska ◽  
O.Ye. Kononov
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Sensorineural Hearing Loss ◽  
Therapeutic Approach ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Sensorineural Hearing ◽  
Pathogenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Mechanisms Of Development ◽  
The Brain

The article describes the main pathogenetic mechanisms of acute sensorineural hearing loss, including that caused by infection. Possible risk factors and mechanisms of development of sensorineural hearing loss against the background of coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus are consi-dered. Cases of hearing loss in patients with COVID-19 have been described. The pathogenetically substantiated therapeutic approach to the treatment of such patients is presented, it is based on the optimization of acetylcholine neurotransmission in the brain structures involved in the conduction and perception of the auditory impulse.

scholarly journals Skin manifestations of a new coronovirus infection COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-62
Author(s):  
Aleksey A. Khryanin ◽  
Viktor G. Sturov ◽  
Alexander P. Nadeev ◽  
Valentina К. Bocharova
Keyword(s):  
Complement System ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Skin Manifestations ◽  
Skin Symptoms ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Mechanisms Of Development ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Secondary Consequence

The review is devoted to the skin manifestations of new coronovirus infection (SARS-CoV-2), information about which is constantly updated. However, this information has not been systematized yet. The purpose of this review is to analyze the dermatological manifestations of a new coronavirus infection. On average, 12.520.4% of patients with confirmed COVID-19 have developed skin manifestations. The question of whether the skin symptoms are a secondary consequence of a respiratory infection or a primary infection of the skin itself remains open at the moment. The possible mechanisms of development of skin lesions and the role of diseases of complement system and blood hypercoagulation in the pathogenesis of the disease are discussed in the article. The review also provides descriptive and clinical examples of skin manifestations in COVID-19. Since COVID-19 tends to be asymptomatic within 14 days, skin manifestations can be an indicator of infection, which leads to the timely diagnosis. In addition, doctors' awareness about skin symptoms associated with COVID-19 infection plays a big role in preventing misdiagnosis of the disease. The authors cite their own clinical сase of a patient with COVID-19 and associated skin angiitis.

scholarly journals THE NATURAL HISTORY OF EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS INFECTION

1942 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert B. Sabin ◽  
Robert Ward
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Sympathetic Ganglia ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Nasal Secretions ◽  
Cervical Sympathetic ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Portal Of Entry

1. Eight rhesus monkeys with experimental poliomyelitis following intrasciatic inoculation of "M.V." virus were used to study the extent of virus spread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and the question of its elimination in the nasal secretions. 2. Tests on nasal secretions collected on absorbent cotton plugs daily and continuously from the moment of inoculation to the end of the disease failed to reveal virus. 3. No virus was found in the olfactory bulbs, nasal mucosa, tonsils and adjacent pharyngeal tissue, salivary glands, adrenals, superior cervical sympathetic ganglia, abdominal celiac ganglia, and small intestine. 4. Elimination of virus by the nasal route was not one of the consequences of poliomyelitis infection resulting from invasion of the "M.V." virus by way of a peripheral nerve in rhesus monkeys. 5. No indiscriminate widespread dissemination of virus occurred in the central nervous system of the intraneurally inoculated rhesus monkeys nor did the virus spread outward sufficiently to involve the collateral sympathetic ganglia or the collections of nerve cells in various peripheral tissues. Under certain circumstances, therefore, the presence of virus in these ganglia and tissues may be used as an index to the portal of entry of the virus.

A Case of Arachnoid Cyst Causing Unilateral Sudden Hearing Loss

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Wook Kwak ◽  
Su Jin Lim ◽  
Young-Ho Hong ◽  
Seog-Kyun Mun
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Arachnoid Cyst ◽  
Sudden Hearing Loss

A Case of Scrub Typhus with Bilateral Sudden Hearing Loss

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 738
Author(s):  
Yoon Seok Choi ◽  
Si-Youn Song ◽  
Yong-Dae Kim ◽  
Chang Hoon Bae
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Scrub Typhus ◽  
Sudden Hearing Loss

A Retrospective Assessment of 741 Patients with Sudden Hearing Loss

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Canis ◽  
D. Osterkorn ◽  
K. Osterkorn ◽  
M. Suckfuell
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Sudden Hearing Loss ◽  
Retrospective Assessment

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 and the Nervous System: From Clinical Features to Molecular Mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Pennisi ◽  
Giuseppe Lanza ◽  
Luca Falzone ◽  
Francesco Fisicaro ◽  
Raffaele Ferri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Acute Polyneuropathy ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Impact

Increasing evidence suggests that Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) can also invade the central nervous system (CNS). However, findings available on its neurological manifestations and their pathogenic mechanisms have not yet been systematically addressed. A literature search on neurological complications reported in patients with COVID-19 until June 2020 produced a total of 23 studies. Overall, these papers report that patients may exhibit a wide range of neurological manifestations, including encephalopathy, encephalitis, seizures, cerebrovascular events, acute polyneuropathy, headache, hypogeusia, and hyposmia, as well as some non-specific symptoms. Whether these features can be an indirect and unspecific consequence of the pulmonary disease or a generalized inflammatory state on the CNS remains to be determined; also, they may rather reflect direct SARS-CoV-2-related neuronal damage. Hematogenous versus transsynaptic propagation, the role of the angiotensin II converting enzyme receptor-2, the spread across the blood-brain barrier, the impact of the hyperimmune response (the so-called “cytokine storm”), and the possibility of virus persistence within some CNS resident cells are still debated. The different levels and severity of neurotropism and neurovirulence in patients with COVID-19 might be explained by a combination of viral and host factors and by their interaction.

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