scholarly journals HOMOTYPIC COMPLEMENT-FIXING ANTIBODY IN MONKEYS INFECTED WITH TYPE 2 POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS BY THE ORAL ROUTE

1952 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Casals ◽  
Peter K. Olitsky ◽  
Albert B. Sabin
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Serum Dilution ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽  
Inapparent Infection ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

CF tests with Type 2 poliomyelitis antigen (MEF1) were performed on the pre- and postinfection sera of 20 cynomolgus monkeys which developed paralytic, non-paralytic, or inapparent infection following oral administration of a Type 2 strain of virus (Y-SK). All the monkeys developed neutralizing antibody, and 17 developed CF antibody in an original serum dilution titer of 1:4 or greater. The 3 monkeys which did not develop this level of CF antibody were in a group of 7 which died within 8 days after onset of paralysis. The CF titers were as high at 2 to 6 days after onset of paralysis in the other 4 moribund or dead monkeys as in the surviving animals tested 4 weeks after the first dose of virus and the CF titers were of the same order of magnitude in the groups with paralytic, non-paralytic, or inapparent infection. The Type 2 poliomyelitis CF titers developed in monkeys as a result of infection with homotypic virus were not greater than those found in human beings infected with heterotypic Type 1 poliomyelitis strains.

scholarly journals LEVELS OF HOMOTYPIC NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY IN HUMAN POLIOMYELITIS THREE YEARS AFTER INFECTION

1952 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. 477-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Winsser ◽  
Albert B. Sabin
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Serum Dilution ◽  
Poliomyelitis Virus ◽  
Previous Infection ◽  
Virus Produce ◽  
Very High

Quantitative neutralization tests in monkeys were carried out on sera obtained from 7 patients, 3 months, and 3 years after an attack of poliomyelitis. The serum specimens were tested against 100 to 1000 PD50 of the patient's own strain of virus, recovered during the acute phase of the illness; all the strains were Type 1. The 6 patients, aged 6 months to 13 years, who had a paralytic attack of the disease, all exhibited very high levels of neutralizing antibody at 3 years as well as at 3 months after onset. The 50 per cent serum dilution titers ranged from about 1:180 to at least 1:860. Since the maximum titers were not established, it is not known to what extent, if any, the level of antibody may have dropped over the 3 year period. One of the patients, with a diagnosis of non-paralytic poliomyelitis, had a negligible or questionable antibody response during convalescence and no demonstrable antibody at 3 years; there is justifiable doubt as to whether the Type 1 poliomyelitis virus recovered from this patient had actually caused infection. Tests for Lansing neutralizing antibody indicated that the 5 patients who had no evidence of previous infection with Type 2 poliomyelitis virus had not become infected with it during the 3 year period. This suggested that these patients did not live in an environment in which infection with poliomyelitis virus is frequent. It is concluded, therefore, that in human beings, paralytic infections due to Type 1 poliomyelitis virus produce large amounts of homotypic neutralizing antibody, which persists at high levels for a period of at least 3 years.

The pseudomalachite-ludjibaite-reichenbachite conundrum: OD description

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 571-581
Author(s):  
Emil Makovicky
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crystal Chemical ◽  
Layer System ◽  
Coordination Polyhedra

Abstract Crystal structures of the three polymorphs of Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4, namely pseudomalachite, ludjibaite, and reichenbachite, can be described as being composed of rods perpendicular to their crystal-chemical layering. Two different sorts of rods can be defined. Type 1 rods share rows of Cu coordination polyhedra, forming a series of slabs. Slab boundaries and slab interiors represent alternating geometric OD layers of two kinds, with layer symmetries close to P21/m and , which make up two different stacking schemes of geometric OD layers in the structures of ludjibaite and pseudomalachite. Such OD layers, however, are not developed in reichenbachite. Type 2 rods are defined as having columns of PO4 tetrahedra in the corners of the rods. In the Type 2 slabs composed of these rods, geometric Pg OD layers of glide-arrayed tetrahedra alternate with more complex OD layers; in ludjibaite this system of layers is oriented diagonally with respect to the Type 1 OD layer system. Two different OD stackings of Type 2 OD layers form the ludjibaite and reichenbachite structures but not that of pseudomalachite. Thus, ludjibaite might form disordered intergrowths with either of the other two members of the triplet but reichenbachite and pseudomalachite should not form oriented intergrowths. Current knowledge concerning formation of the three polymorphs is considered.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Genotypes and Antibody against those Viral Genotypes in Fetal Bovine Serum

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven R. Bolin ◽  
Julia F. Ridpath
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Fetal Bovine Serum ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Fetal Bovine ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

One thousand lots of pooled fetal bovine serum (FBS) were tested for contamination with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and/or for contamination with neutralizing antibody against BVDV. Noncytopathic or cytopathic BVDV was isolated from 203 lots of FBS. Analysis of the viral isolates identified 115 type 1 and 65 type 2 BVDV isolates. An additional 23 virus isolates were mixtures of >2 BVDV isolates and were not classified to viral genotype. Further characterization of the type 1 viruses identified 51 subgenotype 1a and 64 subgenotype 1b BVDV isolates. Viral neutralizing antibody was detected in 113 lots of FBS. Differential viral neutralization indicated that type 1 BVDV induced the antibody detected in 48 lots of FBS and type 2 BVDV induced the antibody detected in 16 lots of FBS.

scholarly journals Type 1 Immunity Provides Optimal Protection against Both Mucosal and Systemic Trypanosoma cruzi Challenges

2002 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 6715-6725 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Hoft ◽  
C. S. Eickhoff
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Interleukin 12 ◽  
Intracellular Pathogens ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Culture Techniques

ABSTRACT Chagas' disease results from infection with Trypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan parasite that establishes systemic intracellular infection after mucosal invasion. We hypothesized that ideal vaccines for mucosally invasive, intracellular pathogens like T. cruzi should induce mucosal type 2 immunity for optimal induction of protective secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) and systemic type 1 immunity protective against intracellular replication. However, differential mucosal and systemic immune memory could be difficult to induce because of reciprocal inhibitory actions between type 1 and type 2 responses. To test our hypotheses, we investigated the protective effects of type 1 and type 2 biased vaccines against mucosal and systemic T. cruzi challenges. Intranasal vaccinations were given with recombinant interleukin-12 (IL-12)- and IL-4-neutralizing antibody (Ab) for type 1 immune bias, or recombinant IL-4 and gamma interferon-neutralizing Ab for type 2 immune bias. Cytokine RNA and protein studies confirmed that highly polarized memory immune responses were induced by our vaccination protocols. Survival after virulent subcutaneous T. cruzi challenge was used to assess systemic protection. Mucosal protection was assessed by measuring the relative inhibition of parasite replication in mucosal tissues early after oral T. cruzi challenge, using both PCR and quantitative culture techniques. As expected, only type 1 responses protected against systemic challenges (P < 0.01). However, contrary to our original hypothesis, type 1 responses optimally protected against mucosal challenges as well (P < 0.05). Type 1 and type 2 biased vaccines induced similar secretory IgA responses. We conclude that future vaccines for T. cruzi and possibly other mucosally invasive, intracellular pathogens should induce both mucosal and systemic type 1 immunity.

Comparing the Arrangements of Governance and Sustainable Development in OECD Countries: Coupled or Decoupled?

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-117
Author(s):  
Huh Taewook
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type Analysis ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This study attempts to analyze to what extent governance and sustainable development (SD) empirically appear compatible in the thirtyfive OECD countries through the fuzzy-set ideal type analysis, and identify which ideal types appear coupled or decoupled, and then reveal which countries belong to the coupled types or to the decoupled types. In short, twenty-two countries (including Sweden (fuzzy score, 0.953), Denmark (0.920), Finland (0.914), Norway (0.911) in Type 1 (G*S, ‘strong G-S coupled countries’); and Turkey (0.906), Greece (0.833), Mexico (0.828) in Type 4 (g*s, ‘lite g-s coupled countries’) are in line with the accepted conventions regarding the compatible relationship between governance and SD. On the other hand, the rest of thirteen countries (including USA (fuzzy score, 0.815), Luxembourg (0.721), Australia (0.660) in Type 2 (G*s, ‘G-s decoupled countries’); and Slovenia (0.728), France (0.644), Czech Rep. (0.625) in Type 3 (g*S, ‘g-S decoupled countries’) may indicate that the relationship of governance and SD is in fact experiencing tensions in the national contexts. These findings are characterized by the substance (of SD) and procedure (of governance) divide. Considering the results, this study focuses on the idea of reflexivity or reflexive capacity.

Relational problems are not fully solved by a temporal sequence of statistical learning episodes

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vinter ◽  
P. Perruchet
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Learning ◽  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Temporal Sequence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Learning Research ◽  
The One

Clark & Thornton's conception finds an echo in implicit learning research, which shows that subjects may perform adaptively in complex structured situations through the use of simple statistical learning mechanisms. However, the authors fail to draw a distinction between, on the one hand, subjects' representations which emerge from type-1 learning mechanisms, and, on the other, their knowledge of the genuine abstract “recoding function” which defines a type-2 problem.

scholarly journals A Decomposable Branching Process in a Markovian Environment

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Vatutin ◽  
Elena Dyakonova ◽  
Peter Jagers ◽  
Serik Sagitov
Keyword(s):  
Survival Probability ◽  
Branching Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Variable Environment ◽  
Markovian Environment ◽  
Constant Environment ◽  
Environment Type

A population has two types of individuals, with each occupying an island. One of those, where individuals of type 1 live, offers a variable environment. Type 2 individuals dwell on the other island, in a constant environment. Only one-way migration () is possible. We study then asymptotics of the survival probability in critical and subcritical cases.

scholarly journals The role of glucocorticoid in the regulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis in non-pregnant bovine endometrium

2007 ◽  
Vol 193 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hwa-Yong Lee ◽  
Tomas J Acosta ◽  
Michiyo Tanikawa ◽  
Ryosuke Sakumoto ◽  
Junichi Komiyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Endometrial Tissue ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Factor Α

To determine whether glucocorticoids (GCs) play a role in regulating uterine function in cow, the present study examined the expression of mRNA encoding GC receptor (GC-R) α, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11-HSD) type 1 and type 2, and the activity of 11-HSD1 in bovine endometrial tissue throughout the estrous cycle. We also studied the effects of cortisol on basal, oxytocin (OT)- and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)-stimulated prostaglandin (PG) production. A quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that GC-Rα mRNA was expressed more strongly in the mid-luteal stage (days 8–12) than in the other stages. In contrast to GC-Rα mRNA expression, 11-HSD1 mRNA expression was greater in the follicular stage than in the other stages, whereas 11-HSD2 mRNA expression was lowest in the follicular stage. The activity of 11-HSD1 was greater in the follicular stage and estrus than in the other stages and was lowest in the mid-luteal stage. Cortisone was dose-dependently converted to cortisol in the cultured endometrial tissue. Although cortisol did not affect either the basal or OT-stimulated production of PGs in the cultured epithelial cells, the production of PGs stimulated by TNFα in the stromal cells was suppressed by cortisol (P < 0.05). Cortisol suppressed basal prostaglandin (PG)F2α without affecting basal PGE2 production in the stromal cells. The overall results suggest that the level of cortisol is locally regulated in bovine endometrium throughout the estrous cycle by 11-HSD1, and that cortisol could act as a luteoprotective factor by selectively suppressing luteolytic PGF2α production in bovine endometrium.

scholarly journals Insulin therapy in the hospital setting: a time for a change?

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Ada Maffettone ◽  
Massimo Rinaldi ◽  
Luigi Ussano ◽  
Andrea Fontanella
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Setting ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hospital Inpatient ◽  
Insulin Administration ◽  
Diabetes Treatment ◽  
Successful Management ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Insulin Pens

The number of people with diabetes mellitus worldwide is expected to be more than double from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million in 2030. Approximately 25% of all hospital inpatient days are affected by diabetes. In Italy there are more than 12,000 hospitalizations excesses for 100,000 people per year, with a huge economic impact. Ever since its discovery in the 1920s, insulin has been the milestone of type 1 diabetes treatment and its use is increasingly necessary for the successful management of type 2 diabetes. Often patients believe that injecting insulin can be painful, inconvenient and embarrassing; generally they are afraid of gaining weight and of hypoglycemia. On the other side, physician’s concerns regarding insulin administration include potential dosing errors and patient non-compliance. Ever since its discovery in the mid-1920s, insulin was administered subcutaneously using a vial and syringe. In 1985 the first pen device was launched. Currently disposable insulin pens are the most used and preferred by patients in the daily use, but are not routinely used for diabetic inpatients. In this paper we will focus on the pros and cons of insulin administration with pens in the hospital setting.

Bounds for discounted stochastic scheduling problems

1991 ◽  
Vol 28 (04) ◽  
pp. 791-801
Author(s):  
K. D. Glazebrook
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Policy Evaluation ◽  
Stochastic Scheduling ◽  
Upper Bounds ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stochastic Environment ◽  
Scheduling Problems ◽  
Total Reward

Suppose that π is a policy for resource allocation in a stochastic environment and π ∗ is an optimal policy. Two existing procedures for policy evaluation are described and compared. Both of these evaluate π by means of upper bounds on R(π ∗) – R(π), the total reward lost when making resource allocations according to π rather than π∗. The bounds developed by these two methods are called Type 1 and Type 2. We demonstrate by example that neither of these procedures dominates the other in the sense of always yielding tighter bounds. A modification to Type 2 bounds is proposed resulting in an improved procedure which always dominates the Type 1 approach.

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