Relational problems are not fully solved by a temporal sequence of statistical learning episodes

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vinter ◽  
P. Perruchet
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Learning ◽  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Temporal Sequence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Learning Research ◽  
The One

Clark & Thornton's conception finds an echo in implicit learning research, which shows that subjects may perform adaptively in complex structured situations through the use of simple statistical learning mechanisms. However, the authors fail to draw a distinction between, on the one hand, subjects' representations which emerge from type-1 learning mechanisms, and, on the other, their knowledge of the genuine abstract “recoding function” which defines a type-2 problem.

The pseudomalachite-ludjibaite-reichenbachite conundrum: OD description

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 571-581
Author(s):  
Emil Makovicky
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crystal Chemical ◽  
Layer System ◽  
Coordination Polyhedra

Abstract Crystal structures of the three polymorphs of Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4, namely pseudomalachite, ludjibaite, and reichenbachite, can be described as being composed of rods perpendicular to their crystal-chemical layering. Two different sorts of rods can be defined. Type 1 rods share rows of Cu coordination polyhedra, forming a series of slabs. Slab boundaries and slab interiors represent alternating geometric OD layers of two kinds, with layer symmetries close to P21/m and , which make up two different stacking schemes of geometric OD layers in the structures of ludjibaite and pseudomalachite. Such OD layers, however, are not developed in reichenbachite. Type 2 rods are defined as having columns of PO4 tetrahedra in the corners of the rods. In the Type 2 slabs composed of these rods, geometric Pg OD layers of glide-arrayed tetrahedra alternate with more complex OD layers; in ludjibaite this system of layers is oriented diagonally with respect to the Type 1 OD layer system. Two different OD stackings of Type 2 OD layers form the ludjibaite and reichenbachite structures but not that of pseudomalachite. Thus, ludjibaite might form disordered intergrowths with either of the other two members of the triplet but reichenbachite and pseudomalachite should not form oriented intergrowths. Current knowledge concerning formation of the three polymorphs is considered.

Comparing the Arrangements of Governance and Sustainable Development in OECD Countries: Coupled or Decoupled?

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-117
Author(s):  
Huh Taewook
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type Analysis ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This study attempts to analyze to what extent governance and sustainable development (SD) empirically appear compatible in the thirtyfive OECD countries through the fuzzy-set ideal type analysis, and identify which ideal types appear coupled or decoupled, and then reveal which countries belong to the coupled types or to the decoupled types. In short, twenty-two countries (including Sweden (fuzzy score, 0.953), Denmark (0.920), Finland (0.914), Norway (0.911) in Type 1 (G*S, ‘strong G-S coupled countries’); and Turkey (0.906), Greece (0.833), Mexico (0.828) in Type 4 (g*s, ‘lite g-s coupled countries’) are in line with the accepted conventions regarding the compatible relationship between governance and SD. On the other hand, the rest of thirteen countries (including USA (fuzzy score, 0.815), Luxembourg (0.721), Australia (0.660) in Type 2 (G*s, ‘G-s decoupled countries’); and Slovenia (0.728), France (0.644), Czech Rep. (0.625) in Type 3 (g*S, ‘g-S decoupled countries’) may indicate that the relationship of governance and SD is in fact experiencing tensions in the national contexts. These findings are characterized by the substance (of SD) and procedure (of governance) divide. Considering the results, this study focuses on the idea of reflexivity or reflexive capacity.

scholarly journals The Computational Strength of Extensions of Weak König’s Lemma

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (41) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Kohlenbach
Keyword(s):  
Natural Number ◽  
Arbitrary Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Binary Trees ◽  
Subsequent Paper ◽  
Bounded Functions ◽  
The One ◽  
Weak König’S Lemma ◽  
König’S Lemma

The weak König's lemma WKL is of crucial significance in the study of fragments of mathematics which on the one hand are mathematically strong but on the other hand have a low proof-theoretic and computational strength. In addition to the restriction to binary trees (or equivalently bounded trees), WKL<br />is also `weak' in that the tree predicate is quantifier-free. Whereas in general the computational and proof-theoretic strength increases when logically more complex trees are allowed, we show that this is not the case for trees which are<br />given by formulas in a class Phi where we allow an arbitrary function quantifier prefix over bounded functions in front of a Pi^0_1-formula. This results in a schema Phi-WKL.<br />Another way of looking at WKL is via its equivalence to the principle<br /> For all x there exists y<=1 for all z A0(x; y; z) -> there exists f <= lambda x.1 for all x, z A0(x, fx, z);<br />where A0 is a quantifier-free formula (x, y, z are natural number variables). <br /> We generalize this to Phi-formulas as well and allow function quantifiers `there exists g <= s'<br />instead of `there exists y <= 1', where g <= s is defined pointwise. The resulting schema is called Phi-b-AC^0,1.<br />In the absence of functional parameters (so in particular in a second order context), the corresponding versions of Phi-WKL and Phi-b-AC^0,1 turn out to<br />be equivalent to WKL. This changes completely in the presence of functional<br />variables of type 2 where we get proper hierarchies of principles Phi_n-WKL and<br />Phi_n-b-AC^0,1. Variables of type 2 however are necessary for a direct representation<br />of analytical objects and - sometimes - for a faithful representation of<br />such objects at all as we will show in a subsequent paper. By a reduction of<br />Phi-WKL and Phi-b-AC^0,1 to a non-standard axiom F (introduced in a previous paper) and a new elimination result for F relative to various fragment of arithmetic in all finite types, we prove that Phi-WKL and Phi-b-AC^0,1 do<br />neither contribute to the provably recursive functionals of these fragments nor to their proof-theoretic strength. In a subsequent paper we will illustrate the greater mathematical strength of these principles (compared to WKL).

scholarly journals HOMOTYPIC COMPLEMENT-FIXING ANTIBODY IN MONKEYS INFECTED WITH TYPE 2 POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS BY THE ORAL ROUTE

1952 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Casals ◽  
Peter K. Olitsky ◽  
Albert B. Sabin
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Serum Dilution ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽  
Inapparent Infection ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

CF tests with Type 2 poliomyelitis antigen (MEF1) were performed on the pre- and postinfection sera of 20 cynomolgus monkeys which developed paralytic, non-paralytic, or inapparent infection following oral administration of a Type 2 strain of virus (Y-SK). All the monkeys developed neutralizing antibody, and 17 developed CF antibody in an original serum dilution titer of 1:4 or greater. The 3 monkeys which did not develop this level of CF antibody were in a group of 7 which died within 8 days after onset of paralysis. The CF titers were as high at 2 to 6 days after onset of paralysis in the other 4 moribund or dead monkeys as in the surviving animals tested 4 weeks after the first dose of virus and the CF titers were of the same order of magnitude in the groups with paralytic, non-paralytic, or inapparent infection. The Type 2 poliomyelitis CF titers developed in monkeys as a result of infection with homotypic virus were not greater than those found in human beings infected with heterotypic Type 1 poliomyelitis strains.

scholarly journals A Decomposable Branching Process in a Markovian Environment

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Vatutin ◽  
Elena Dyakonova ◽  
Peter Jagers ◽  
Serik Sagitov
Keyword(s):  
Survival Probability ◽  
Branching Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Variable Environment ◽  
Markovian Environment ◽  
Constant Environment ◽  
Environment Type

A population has two types of individuals, with each occupying an island. One of those, where individuals of type 1 live, offers a variable environment. Type 2 individuals dwell on the other island, in a constant environment. Only one-way migration () is possible. We study then asymptotics of the survival probability in critical and subcritical cases.

scholarly journals The role of glucocorticoid in the regulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis in non-pregnant bovine endometrium

2007 ◽  
Vol 193 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hwa-Yong Lee ◽  
Tomas J Acosta ◽  
Michiyo Tanikawa ◽  
Ryosuke Sakumoto ◽  
Junichi Komiyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Endometrial Tissue ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Factor Α

To determine whether glucocorticoids (GCs) play a role in regulating uterine function in cow, the present study examined the expression of mRNA encoding GC receptor (GC-R) α, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11-HSD) type 1 and type 2, and the activity of 11-HSD1 in bovine endometrial tissue throughout the estrous cycle. We also studied the effects of cortisol on basal, oxytocin (OT)- and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)-stimulated prostaglandin (PG) production. A quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that GC-Rα mRNA was expressed more strongly in the mid-luteal stage (days 8–12) than in the other stages. In contrast to GC-Rα mRNA expression, 11-HSD1 mRNA expression was greater in the follicular stage than in the other stages, whereas 11-HSD2 mRNA expression was lowest in the follicular stage. The activity of 11-HSD1 was greater in the follicular stage and estrus than in the other stages and was lowest in the mid-luteal stage. Cortisone was dose-dependently converted to cortisol in the cultured endometrial tissue. Although cortisol did not affect either the basal or OT-stimulated production of PGs in the cultured epithelial cells, the production of PGs stimulated by TNFα in the stromal cells was suppressed by cortisol (P < 0.05). Cortisol suppressed basal prostaglandin (PG)F2α without affecting basal PGE2 production in the stromal cells. The overall results suggest that the level of cortisol is locally regulated in bovine endometrium throughout the estrous cycle by 11-HSD1, and that cortisol could act as a luteoprotective factor by selectively suppressing luteolytic PGF2α production in bovine endometrium.

Diachronic extension of Linguistic Inventory Mightiness

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenlei Shi
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Sequence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Action Verb ◽  
Modern Chinese ◽  
Conceptual Organization ◽  
Static Action ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cognitive Principles ◽  
The One ◽  
Diachronic Changes

It is widely believed that the order of morphosyntactic elements in Modern Chinese is to a large extent constrained by the Principle of Temporal Sequence (PTS) proposed by Tai (1985, 2002, 2007). However, there are indeed some constructions in this language apparently deviating from PTS, e.g. 蹲到 dūn-dào ‘squat-to; go to squat’, with the two elements reverse-chronological. In the present paper I provide instead a new diachronic perspective, in the framework of Linguistic Inventory Mightiness (LIM) developed recently by Liu (2011, 2012), to account for constructions of this kind. I argue that it is the diachronic extension of the directional resultative-verb-compound (DRVC) pattern, since it shows the property of LIM that motivates the emergence of reverse-chronological constructions. It is argued that the LIM approach can also explain other related diachronic changes in the history of Chinese, e.g. 摸进 mō-jìn ‘touch-enter; enter accompanied by action of touching’, with the first verb being an static action verb originally but now having a manner-of-motion meaning in the construction, as well as the constructions of 回到 huí-dào ‘return-to’ and 进来 jìn-lái ‘enter-come’ which do not exist before Pre-Modern Chinese but emerge to be in use thereafter. The approach proposed in the present paper favors a two-fold standpoint, i.e. the organization of linguistic structure on the one hand follows cognitive principles, but on the other impact and constrain related conceptual organization in discourse as well.

scholarly journals Insulin therapy in the hospital setting: a time for a change?

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Ada Maffettone ◽  
Massimo Rinaldi ◽  
Luigi Ussano ◽  
Andrea Fontanella
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Setting ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hospital Inpatient ◽  
Insulin Administration ◽  
Diabetes Treatment ◽  
Successful Management ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Insulin Pens

The number of people with diabetes mellitus worldwide is expected to be more than double from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million in 2030. Approximately 25% of all hospital inpatient days are affected by diabetes. In Italy there are more than 12,000 hospitalizations excesses for 100,000 people per year, with a huge economic impact. Ever since its discovery in the 1920s, insulin has been the milestone of type 1 diabetes treatment and its use is increasingly necessary for the successful management of type 2 diabetes. Often patients believe that injecting insulin can be painful, inconvenient and embarrassing; generally they are afraid of gaining weight and of hypoglycemia. On the other side, physician’s concerns regarding insulin administration include potential dosing errors and patient non-compliance. Ever since its discovery in the mid-1920s, insulin was administered subcutaneously using a vial and syringe. In 1985 the first pen device was launched. Currently disposable insulin pens are the most used and preferred by patients in the daily use, but are not routinely used for diabetic inpatients. In this paper we will focus on the pros and cons of insulin administration with pens in the hospital setting.

Bounds for discounted stochastic scheduling problems

1991 ◽  
Vol 28 (04) ◽  
pp. 791-801
Author(s):  
K. D. Glazebrook
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Policy Evaluation ◽  
Stochastic Scheduling ◽  
Upper Bounds ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stochastic Environment ◽  
Scheduling Problems ◽  
Total Reward

Suppose that π is a policy for resource allocation in a stochastic environment and π ∗ is an optimal policy. Two existing procedures for policy evaluation are described and compared. Both of these evaluate π by means of upper bounds on R(π ∗) – R(π), the total reward lost when making resource allocations according to π rather than π∗. The bounds developed by these two methods are called Type 1 and Type 2. We demonstrate by example that neither of these procedures dominates the other in the sense of always yielding tighter bounds. A modification to Type 2 bounds is proposed resulting in an improved procedure which always dominates the Type 1 approach.

scholarly journals Bacteriological and Clinical Study of One Hundred Cases of Scarlet Fever

1928 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Gunn ◽  
Fred Griffith
Keyword(s):  
Scarlet Fever ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Heterogeneous Group ◽  
New Type ◽  
Change Of Type ◽  
The One ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Positive Results

1. The bacteriological examination of the throat or nose in 100 cases of scarlet fever on admission to hospital showed the following incidence of the different serological types of streptococci. Of 91 cases yielding positive results on the first examination, haemolytic streptococci of Type 1 were found in 8, Type 2 in 14, Type 3 in 26 and Type 4 in 12; the remaining 31 fell into the heterogeneous group. In the 9 patients who gave a negative swab on admission a later test showed Type 1 in 2 cases, Type 2 in 4 cases, Type 3 in 1 case and heterogeneous strains in 2 cases.2. The heterogeneous group comprised individualistic strains, none of which occurred with sufficient frequency to form a fifth type.3. In 50 out of the 100 cases examined at weekly intervals the type of streptococcus remained the same throughout the attack.4. In 50 cases there was a change of type during the course of the disease; a second type appeared in 38, a third in 10 and a fourth in 2.5. The change of type was considered to be a reinfection since it appeared most often in the youngest children and after the 3rd week of treatment; the source of reinfection was traced in two instances.6. In 3 patients, in whom the Dick reaction remained positive, the appearance of the new type coincided with a second attack of clinical scarlatina.7. Of the 50 patients in whom no change of type was demonstrated 20 still carried the haemolytic streptococci on discharge after periods in hospital ranging from 4 to 8 weeks.8. Of the total 100 cases there were on discharge 49 throat carriers of haemolytic streptococci and 6 nose carriers. None of the 55, so far as was ascertained, gave rise to “return cases” of scarlet fever.9. There was evidence of correlation between serological type of streptococcus on the one hand and severity of scarlatinal attack and occurrence of complications on the other. The importance of this in hospital practice is emphasised.10. The Dick test and Schultz-Charlton reaction were carried out on all cases in the series; the results indicated that the four serological types have different immunological values.11. The evidence in favour of qualitative as opposed to quantitative differences in toxin production by the different types is discussed.

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