scholarly journals GALVANOTAXIS OF SLIME MOLD

1951 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Direct Current ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Lower Threshold ◽  
Current Densities ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
A Current ◽  
Plasmodium Of Physarum Polycephalum

The plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum reacts to direct current by migration toward the cathode. Cathodal migration was obtained upon a variety of substrata such as baked clay, paper, cellophane, and agar with a current density in the substratum of 1.0 µa./mm.2 Injury was produced by current densities of 8.0 to 12.0 µa./mm.2 The negative galvanotactic response was not due to electrode products. Attempts to demonstrate that the response was due to gradients or orientation in the substratum, pH changes in the mold, cataphoresis, electroosmosis, or endosmosis were not successful. The addition of salts (CaCl2, LiCl, NaCl, Na2SO4, NaHCO3, KCl, MgSO4, sodium citrate, and sea water) to agar indicated that change of cations had more effect than anions upon galvanotaxis and that the effect was upon threshold values. K ion (0.01 M KCl) increased the lower threshold value to 8.0 µa./mm.2 and the upper threshold value to 32.0 µa./mm.2, whereas the Li ion (0.01 M LiCl) increased the lower threshold to only 4.0 µa./mm.2 and the upper threshold to only 16.0 µa./mm.2 The passage of electric current produced no increase in the rate of cathodal migration; neither was there a decrease until injurious current densities were reached. With increase of subthreshold current densities there was a progressive decrease in rate of migration toward the anode until complete anodal inhibition occurred. There was orientation at right angles to the electrodes in alternating current (60 cycle) with current density of 4.0 µa./mm.2 and in direct current of 5.0 µa./mm.2 when polarity of current was reversed every minute. It is concluded that the negative galvanotactic response of P. polycephalum is due to inhibition of migration on the anodal side of the plasmodium and that this inhibition results in the limitation of the normal migration of the mold to a cathodal direction. The mechanism of the anodal inhibition has not been elucidated.

Facet Topography and Dislocation Structure as a Possible Source for Electrical Heterogeneity in [001] TILT Bicrystals of YBa2Cu3O7-δ

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 338-339
Author(s):  
I-Fei Tsu ◽  
D.L. Kaiser ◽  
S.E. Babcock
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Critical Current Density ◽  
Critical Current ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Electromagnetic Properties ◽  
Length Scale ◽  
Density Values ◽  
Current Densities ◽  
Applied Fields ◽  
A Current

A current theme in the study of the critical current density behavior of YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) grain boundaries is that their electromagnetic properties are heterogeneous on various length scales ranging from 10s of microns to ˜ 1 Å. Recently, combined electromagnetic and TEM studies on four flux-grown bicrystals have demonstrated a direct correlation between the length scale of the boundaries’ saw-tooth facet configurations and the apparent length scale of the electrical heterogeneity. In that work, enhanced critical current densities are observed at applied fields where the facet period is commensurate with the spacing of the Abrikosov flux vortices which must be pinned if higher critical current density values are recorded. To understand the microstructural origin of the flux pinning, the grain boundary topography and grain boundary dislocation (GBD) network structure of [001] tilt YBCO bicrystals were studied by TEM and HRTEM.

scholarly journals Na channel distribution in vertebrate skeletal muscle.

1986 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 907-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
J H Caldwell ◽  
D T Campbell ◽  
K G Beam
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Na Channel ◽  
Na Current ◽  
Na Currents ◽  
Current Densities ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
A Current ◽  
Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle

The loose patch voltage clamp has been used to map Na current density along the length of snake and rat skeletal muscle fibers. Na currents have been recorded from (a) endplate membrane exposed by removal of the nerve terminal, (b) membrane near the endplate, (c) extrajunctional membrane far from both the endplate and the tendon, and (d) membrane near the tendon. Na current densities recorded directly on the endplate were extremely high, exceeding 400 mA/cm2 in some patches. The membrane adjacent to the endplate has a current density about fivefold lower than that of the endplate, but about fivefold higher than the membrane 100-200 micron from the endplate. Small local variations in Na current density are recorded in extrajunctional membrane. A sharp decrease in Na current density occurs over the last few hundred micrometers from the tendon. We tested the ability of tetrodotoxin to block Na current in regions close to and far from the endplate and found no evidence for toxin-resistant channels in either region. There was also no obvious difference in the kinetics of Na current in the two regions. On the basis of the Na current densities measured with the loose patch clamp, we conclude that Na channels are abundant in the endplate and near-endplate membrane and are sparse close to the tendon. The current density at the endplate is two to three orders of magnitude higher than at the tendon.

scholarly journals Prototype Profile of Supercapactors with Activated Carbon/Fe3O4 Electrodes Natural Materials and Celgard Li-Ion Battery Separators

2021 ◽  
Vol 328 ◽  
pp. 02012
Author(s):  
Lydia Rohmawati ◽  
Damini Alfarisi ◽  
Sitiv Holisa SP ◽  
Woro Setyarsih ◽  
Tukiran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Composition Material ◽  
Li Ion Battery ◽  
Cycle Stability ◽  
Battery Separator ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Coconut Shell Activated Carbon ◽  
A Current

The electrode composition material in the supercapacitor affects the storage performance of the supercapacitor. In this study, the electrodes were made from coconut shell activated carbon and Fe3O4 from iron sand. To be used as electrodes, the two materials are mixed with PVDF and a solution of Dimethylacetamide at a temperature of 70°C; then, a coating process is carried out by layering the electrode material onto aluminium foil to obtain an electrode sheet. The coin cell assembling process was then carried out by arranging the electrode sheets and the Celgard Li-ion battery separator in the glove box and then tested for charge/discharge with a current density of 5-81 mA/g and cycle stability at a current of 20 mA/g. The study results show that the activated carbon/5 wt% Fe3O4 supercapacitor has the best capacitance value for charging at 8.03 F/g and discharging at 8.55 F/g at a current density of 5 mA/g. The activated carbon/5 wt% Fe3O4 supercapacitor has cycle stability of up to 200 cycles and can withstand up to 95% with a capacitance of 6.6 F/g.

scholarly journals The phase structure and morphology of electrodeposited nickel-cobalt alloy powders

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Spasojevic ◽  
L. Ribic-Zelenovic ◽  
A. Maricic
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Amorphous Powder ◽  
Nanocrystalline Powders ◽  
Content Increase ◽  
Nickel Powders ◽  
Electrodeposited Nickel ◽  
Current Densities ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
A Current ◽  
Deposition Current Density

Cobalt and nickel powders of three different compositions: Ni0.8Co0.2, Ni0.55Co0.45 and Ni0.2Co0.8 were obtained by electrodeposition from an ammonium chloride-sulphate solution. It was shown that the microstructure and morphology of the powders depended on the deposition current density as well as on the bath composition. Amorphous powder of Ni0.8Co0.2 was obtained at the current density higher than 200 mA cm-2, but nanocrystalline powders having the same composition were obtained at current densities lower than 200 mAcm-2. The nanocrystalline powders with lower Ni contents (0.55 and 0.2) obtained at a current density ranging from 40 mA cm-2 to 450 mA cm-2 were solid solutions of two phases, FCC (?-Ni) and HCP (?-Co) ones. The increase of the HCP phase in the powder was a result of both the Co content increase in the powder and decrease of the deposition current density.

Surgical Diathermy

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Magee ◽  
Mark Tooley
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
The Body ◽  
Heating Power ◽  
Driving Voltage ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Heating Effect ◽  
Surgical Tool ◽  
Average Current ◽  
Current Densities ◽  
A Current

As discussed in Chapter 4, when a voltage is applied across a conductor, a current will flow. If the voltage is applied across the body via suitable electrodes the body becomes part of the circuit and a current will also flow, the magnitude depending on the properties of the tissues in its path, particularly the resistance. This current can cause heating or other physiological effects, depending on the frequency of the driving voltage. The effects of the domestic mains current flowing through the body was discussed in Chapter 6, but different effects occur as the frequency of the voltage is increased. As the frequency goes up, the heating increases but the tissue stimulation decreases and, at frequencies above 100 kHz (i.e. radio frequencies), the effect is entirely heating. This heating effect in the body by electric current is called diathermy, but the location, concentration and how this heat is used is dependant on the electrode design and the current concentration or current density at any point in the circuit. For a certain applied voltage, the average current throughout the circuit will be the same. The current density is the current per unit area, and so if the material in which the current passes is smaller, the heating effect increases. The resistance of the material is proportional to its size, so as the material becomes smaller then its resistance gets larger. The heating power is the product of the current squared and the resistance (power = I2 × R). Surgical diathermy (or electrosurgery) is where either one or both of the electrodes are very small, and it is used to cut and coagulate tissue. The smaller electrode can be made into a pointed surgical tool and localised heating will occur at the tip of the instrument. The smaller and more pointed the instrument is, the greater the current density will be at the tip. This electrode is classified as the active or live one. The current densities around this electrode can be as much as 10 A cm−2, and the total heating power typically around 200 W.

Effect of alternating and direct current in an electrocoagulation process on the removal of cadmium from water

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Vasudevan ◽  
J. Lakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Electrocoagulation Process ◽  
A Current

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of AC and DC on the removal of cadmium from water using iron as anode and cathode. The various operating parameters on the removal efficiency of cadmium were investigated. The results showed that the optimum removal efficiency of 98.1 and 97.3% with the energy consumption of 0.734 and 1.413 kWh/kL was achieved at a current density of 0.2 A/dm2, at pH of 7.0 using AC and DC respectively. The adsorption process follows second order kinetics and the temperature studies showed that adsorption was endothermic and spontaneous in nature.

Amorphous and Crystalline TiO2 Nanotube Arrays for Enhanced Li-ion Intercalation Properties

2010 ◽  
Vol 1266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongsheng Guan ◽  
Chuan Cai ◽  
Ying Wang
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Nanotube Arrays ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Compact Layer ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
Battery Electrode ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Ion Intercalation ◽  
A Current

AbstractWe have employed anodic oxidation of Ti foils to prepare self-organized TiO2 nanotube arrays which show enhanced electrochemical properties for applications as Li-ion battery electrode materials. The lengths and pore diameters of TiO2 nanotubes can be finely tuned by varying voltage, electrolyte composition, or anodization time. The as-prepared nanotubes are amorphous and can be converted into anatase nanotubes with heat treatment at 480oC and nanotubes of mixed anatase/rutile phases by heating at 580oC. The morphological features of nanotubes remain unchanged after annealing. Amorphous nanotubes with a length of 3.0 μm and an outer diameter of 125 nm delivers a capacity of 91.2 μA h cm-2 at a current density of 400 μA cm-2, while those with a length of 25 μm and an outer diameter of 158 nm display a capacity of 533 μA h cm-2. The 3-μm long anatase nanotubes and nanotubes of mixed phases show lower capacities of 53.8 μA h cm-2 and 63.1 μA h cm-2, respectively at the same current density. The amorphous TiO2 nanotubes with a length of 1.9 μm exhibit a capacity five times higher than that of TiO2 compact layer even when the nanotube array is cycled at a current density 80 times higher than that for the compact layer. The amorphous nanotubes show excellent capacity retention ability over 50 cycles. Cycled nanotubes show little change in morphology compared to the nanotubes before cycling, indicating the high structural stability of TiO2 nanotubes.

Electromigration Reliability of Electroplated Gold Interconnects

2014 ◽  
Vol 1692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve H. Kilgore ◽  
Dieter K. Schroder
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Constant Current ◽  
Measured Temperature ◽  
Lifetime Distributions ◽  
Current Densities ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Equipment Application ◽  
A Current

ABSTRACTThe electromigration lifetimes of a very large quantity of passivated electroplated Au interconnects were measured utilizing high-resolution in-situ resistance monitoring equipment. Application of moderate accelerated stress conditions with current density limited to 2 MA/cm2 and oven temperatures in the range of 300°C to 375°C prevented large Joule-heated temperature gradients and electrical overstress failures. A Joule-heated Au film temperature increase of 10°C on average was determined from measured temperature coefficients of resistance (TCRs). A failure criterion of 50% resistance degradation was selected to avoid thermal runaway and catastrophic open circuit failures. All Au lifetime distributions followed log-normal statistics. An activation energy of 0.80 ± 0.05 eV was measured from constant-current electromigration tests at multiple temperatures. A current density exponent of 1.91 ± 0.03 was extracted from multiple current densities at a single constant temperature.

Electrically Assisted Compression of Tungsten Carbide and its Implications for Electrically Assisted Machining

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandt J. Ruszkiewicz ◽  
Laine Mears
Keyword(s):  
Tungsten Carbide ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Machining Processes ◽  
Electrically Assisted ◽  
Maximum Current ◽  
Current Densities ◽  
Improve Surface Finish ◽  
A Current

It has been shown that electrically assisted machining has the ability to reduce cutting force, change chip type, and improve surface finish. However, the effect of electricity on tungsten carbide has not been examined, a material often used to create cutting tools used in electrically assisted machining. During machining processes, depending on the type of cut, a small amount of the tool may be in contact with the workpiece. This will lead to an increased current density at that point on the tool which could lead to undesired effects with respect to tool wear and life. This paper conducts electrically assisted compression tests on uncoated tungsten carbide rod to examine the effect of electricity on the material and determine if there are any current densities that cause large magnitude weakening of the tungsten carbide. It is concluded that there is a maximum current density that can be passed through tungsten carbide before thermal softening becomes a problem. At a current density lower than this threshold, electricity has little effect on the strength of the carbide. This work is related to past electrically assisted turning experimentation.

scholarly journals Monodisperse CoSb nanocrystals as high-performance anode material for Li-ion batteries

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (89) ◽  
pp. 13872-13875
Author(s):  
Shutao Wang ◽  
Meng He ◽  
Marc Walter ◽  
Kostiantyn V. Kravchyk ◽  
Maksym V. Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Anode Material ◽  
Current Density ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Ion Storage ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
A Current

20 nm CoSb NCs delivered a high initial Li-ion storage capacity of 544 mA h g−1 at a current density of 660 mA g−1, and at least 82% of this capacity was retained after 1000 cycles.

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