Litter origins, accumulation rates, and hierarchical composition on urban roadsides of the Inland Empire, California

Urban areas are the primary source of human-made litter globally, and roadsides are a primary accumulation location. This study aimed to investigate how litter arrives at roadsides and determine the accumulation rate and composition of roadside litter. We monitored select roadsides in the Inland Empire, California, for litter abundance (count) and composition (material, item, and brand type). Receipt litter with sale time and location information was used to investigate whether wind, runoff, or human travel were dominant transport agents. Only 9% of the receipts could have experienced runoff, and wind direction was not correlated with receipt transport direction. However, human travel and receipt transport distances were similar in magnitude and distribution, suggesting that the displacement of litter from the place of purchase was predominantly affected by human travel. The median distance receipts traveled from the sale location to the litter observation location was 1.6 km, suggesting that most sources were nearby to where the litter was found. Litter accumulation rates were surprisingly stable (mean 40,349 (33,255-47,865) #/km/year or 1170 (917-1447) kg/km/year) despite repeated cleanups and the COVID-19 stay-at-home orders. A new approach was employed to hierarchically bootstrap litter composition proportions and estimate uncertainties. The most abundant materials were plastic and paper. Food-related items and tobacco products were the most common item types. The identified branded objects were from the primary manufacturers (Philip Morris (4, 2-7 %), Mars Incorporated (2, 1-3 %), RJ Reynolds (2, 1-3 %), and Jack in The Box (1, 1-3 %)), but unbranded objects were prevalent. Therefore, identifiable persistent labeling on all products would benefit future litter-related corporate social responsibility efforts. High-resolution monitoring on roadsides can inform urban litter prevention strategies by elucidating litter source, transport, and accumulation dynamics.

Understanding an Epic Song of the Hmong in Laos From The Perspective of Oral Composition

This article looks at an epic song performed by Hmong in Laos from a perspective of oral composition by analyzing a wedding song Leuangtengdong. Through detailed musical and textual transcription, several compositional devices are identified and discussed. My study explores oral composition of the song focusing on its material and structure. I argue that music plays an important role in its oral composition: material-wise, music functions both as formulaic music-text association/unity and by careful music-text interactions; structure-wise, the song is organized in a multi-layered framework realized by the hierarchical music-text formulas, with music-text ‘theme’ in critical structural positions.

Analisis Kemampuan Pemahaman Konsep Matematis Siswa Pada Materi Komposisi Fungsi

<p>Aspek pemahaman konsep matematis menjadi dasar utama siswa dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan matematika. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memberikan deskripsi kemampuan pemahaman konsep matematis siswa kelas XI SMKN 1 Kudus dalam menyelesaikan soal komposisi fungsi. Indikator pemahaman matematis pada penelitian ini mengacu kriteria mengukur kemampuan pemahaman matematis Thompson, sehingga peneliti dapat mengukur dan mengetahui bagaimana kemampuan pemahaman matematis subjek penelitian. Penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah 3 siswa kelas XI Tata Boga 3 dengan menggunakan teknik <em>purposive sampling</em>. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan 3 buah soal materi komposisi fungsi berupa tes tertulis berbentuk uraian yang telah disesuaikan dengan indikator pemahaman matematis yang digunakan. Setelah rangkaian proses analisis data dilakukan, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan pemahaman matematis dari ketiga subjek penelitian tergolong sangat tinggi berdasarkan tabel klasifikasi kemampuan pemahaman matematis, yaitu sebesar 86%. Secara garis besar, subjek menyelesaikan soal tes yang diberikan sesuai dengan aturan konsep, notasi, dan istilah dalam materi komposisi fungsi, meskipun masih terdapat kesalahan miskonsep yang dilakukan.</p><p><em><br /></em></p><p><em>The aspect of understanding mathematical concepts is the main basis for students in solving math problems. The purpose of this research is to describe the ability of students to understand mathematical concepts in class XI SMKN 1 Kudus in solving the composition of functions. Indicators of mathematical understanding in this study refer to the criteria for measuring Thompson's mathematical understanding so that researchers can measure and find out how the subject's mathematical understanding ability. This research used a qualitative descriptive method. The subjects in this study were 3 students of class XI “Tata Boga” 3 using the purposive sampling technique. The research instrument used 3 questions about the composition of the function in the form of a written test in the form of a description which has been adjusted to the indicators of mathematical understanding. After a series of data analysis processes were carried out, the results of this study indicated that the mathematical comprehension ability of the three research subjects was classified as very high based on the classification table of mathematical comprehension abilities, which was 86%. The subject completed the test questions given in accordance with the concept rules, notations, and terms in the function composition material, although there were still misconceptions that were made.</em></p>

Prototype Profile of Supercapactors with Activated Carbon/Fe3O4 Electrodes Natural Materials and Celgard Li-Ion Battery Separators

The electrode composition material in the supercapacitor affects the storage performance of the supercapacitor. In this study, the electrodes were made from coconut shell activated carbon and Fe3O4 from iron sand. To be used as electrodes, the two materials are mixed with PVDF and a solution of Dimethylacetamide at a temperature of 70°C; then, a coating process is carried out by layering the electrode material onto aluminium foil to obtain an electrode sheet. The coin cell assembling process was then carried out by arranging the electrode sheets and the Celgard Li-ion battery separator in the glove box and then tested for charge/discharge with a current density of 5-81 mA/g and cycle stability at a current of 20 mA/g. The study results show that the activated carbon/5 wt% Fe3O4 supercapacitor has the best capacitance value for charging at 8.03 F/g and discharging at 8.55 F/g at a current density of 5 mA/g. The activated carbon/5 wt% Fe3O4 supercapacitor has cycle stability of up to 200 cycles and can withstand up to 95% with a capacitance of 6.6 F/g.

Selected Parameters of Anaerobic Fitness and Somatic Components Among Super-league Team Handballers Playing Various Positions

Study aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the relative mechanical work (J/kg), maximal power (W/kg) and the time to attain (s) and of maintaining (s) power in the Wingate test among super-league handballers playing different positions. Additionally, the somatic components of the body were assessed, based on measuring body composition. Material and methods: Participants: 20 players of the super-league handball team. Mean age of the subjects - 25.84 ± 3.36 years, mean body height - 191.89 ± 12.82 cm, mean body mass - 97.99 ± 7.18 kg, mean BMI - 25.85 ± 1.91. Anaerobic fitness was assessed in accordance via the Wingate-30 s test procedure, on a Monark 824E cycle ergometer, using the MCEv5.0 software program, while body composition was assessed with the Tanita SC 330, Japan body composition analyser. Results: The mean value of the maximum power among the participants was - 11.45 ± 0.86 W/kg., mean value of the work - 256.78 ± 15.93 J/kg., the mean value of the time to attain power - 4.63 ± 0.80 s., mean value of time maintaining power - 2.91 ± 1.05 s., power decrease index - 26.17 ± 3.52%. The mean value of the FAT% index - 12.92 ± 3.27% and the mean percentage of water in the body composition - TBW% - 60.94 ± 1.99. Conclusions: The selected parameters of anaerobic fitness obtained by the participants in the Wingate test were at a good and average level, which certainly did not guarantee the achievement of high sports results in the men's handball super-league competition. Higher values of the parameters regarding anaerobic fitness were obtained by the players playing in the positions: centre and winger, relative to pivots and goalkeepers. The values of body composition tissue components were within the limits of the results for referencing.

Pemanfaatan Jejaring Sosial dalam Mencari Referensi Resep Makanan Pendamping ASI bagi Working Mom

The babies are six months and over enter the fulfillment phase of complementary food. Working Mom often has difficulty in preparing the child's food, due to limited time and knowledge of food recipes, so using frozen food is an easy way to provide food. Apart from being considered more economical, cleanliness is also more guaranteed, and the most important thing is that nutrition is fulfilled and fresh when consumed even though you have to struggle with time. The purpose of this Community Service is to educate working mom in utilizing social media as a means of finding information, as well as a verified, trusted source. The method used was a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with approximately 30 participants from the Mom Blogger Community and the City of Pelangi in Pancoran, South Jakarta. The FGD’s result, the Working Mom utilizes social media because of their network and the ease of making food, no longer looking for trusted sources because of their lack of understanding in using smartphones, so that even though the making of MPASI recipes is accessed through a number of mass media and social media, it is necessary to consider, composition, material handling, processing techniques, sanitation and

Análise das superfícies de saída e de folga de ferramentas de corte empregadas no torneamento de ferro fundido cinzento perlítico com diferentes adições de nióbio

Cast iron corresponds to the second most used metallic material worldwide. However, its production has shown reductions, mainly due to the development of lighter materials. In this sense, metallurgical efforts have been made to add elements to obtain different solid solutions that would lead to the improvement and guarantee of the diversity of this alloy. However, modifications of any kind to the properties of a material have an impact on its machinability. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the influence of the addition of niobium (0.21-0.24% by weight) in a pearlitic gray cast iron alloy (equivalent to the EN-GJL-250 class) on the wear of the tools of cemented carbide (class K20) during the turning. The wear on the rake and clearance surfaces was qualitatively evaluated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray dispersive energy spectroscopy (EDS). Together, the chemical composition variation occurred with the chip breaker geometry: tools with chip breaker (GH) or without chip breaker (Flat Top). All these variations were indifferent in relation to the wear of the tools and their mechanisms. Regardless of the chemical composition, material of the machined part was found adhered to both the rake surface and the clearance of all cutting tools. In addition, grooves were found in the flank, suggesting the abrasion mechanism.

THE PROBLEM OF OPTIMIZATION OF THE STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF WOOD COMPOSITION MATERIAL FOR TRANSPORT CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS

The article deals with the problem of finding the necessary properties of a polymer composite material for the production of sleepers, which is solved by an experimental statistical method. Solving this problem of multiple-criteria optimization, the necessary values of the mass coefficient and the bend of the railway sleeper were determined in natural and coded scales, respectively. The obtained properties of the material for a polymer composite sleeper are selected by reducing the parameters to the minimum permissible values that characterize the stress-strain state of the structure. Optimising the task of finding optimal properties of a sleeper structure made of composite material using this method, we obtain properties of the sleeper that can vary. The response of functions that depend on variable factors is presented in the form of second-order polynomial models in which the coefficients were determined by experiment planning methods. The bending coefficient is necessary to determine the elastic modulus of a polymer-composite sleeper in the longitudinal direction. The mass value is determined from the operating conditions in the railway track block and is 145-154 kg, the value of the elastic modulus in the longitudinal direction is 6200-7600 MPa, and in the transverse direction-not less than 1000 MPa.

Damage Analysis of Broken Orthopedic Implants

Joint implants and fixings are subject to many stresses throughout their life cycle. Despite careful design, material selection, manufacturing technology and proper surgical technology, implant damage and, in extreme cases, fracture can occur. Investigation of injuries is important from the perspective of the patient, the care provider and the manufacturer, among other things, by exploring the cause of the fracture to prevent similar cases. In the present study we performed failure analysis of a hip implant and a bone fixation plate. Fracture surfaces, material composition, material structure and hardness were also investigated. Based on the work done, we determined what might have led to the fracture in both cases.