The Mycobactericidal Efficacy of Ortho-Phthalaldehyde and the Comparative Resistances of Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium terrae, and Mycobacterium chelonae

AbstractObjectives:To assess the mycobactericidal efficacy of an agent relatively new to disinfection, ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) and to compare the resistances of threeMycobacteriumspecies.Mycobacterium bovis(strain BCG) was compared withMycobacterium chelonaeandMycobacterium terraeto investigate the feasibility of using either of the latter two species in tuberculocidal testing.M chelonae(a rapid grower) andM terrae(an intermediate grower) both grow faster and are less virulent thanM bovis(a slow grower).Design:The quantitative suspension protocol specified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Tuberculocidal Activity Test Method (EPA test), was used throughout this study. Standard suspensions of all three species were prepared in a similar manner. Two suspensions ofM bovis,created in different laboratories, were used. These were tested against two concentrations of alkaline glutaraldehyde to provide reference data. Two concentrations of OPA were evaluated against all mycobacterial test suspensions. Four replicates of each organism-disinfectant combination were performed.Results:Results were assessed by analysis of variance.M terraewas significantly more resistant to 0.05% OPA than eitherM bovisorM chelonae.At 0.21% OPA,M terraewas slightly more susceptible than one test suspension ofM bovis,but not significantly different from the other.M chelonaewas significantly less resistant than the other species at both OPA concentrations. At their respective minimum effective concentration, OPA achieved a 6-log10 reduction ofM bovisin nearly one sixth the time required by glutaraldehyde (5.5 minutes vs 32 minutes).Conclusions:These data, along with other recent studies, lend support to the idea thatM terraemay be a suitable test organism for use in the tuberculocidal efficacy testing of disinfectants. They also confirm the relatively rapid tuberculocidal activity of OPA.

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Immunochemical Studies on Antithrombin III

10.1055/s-0039-1684699 ◽

1979 ◽

Author(s):

E.J. McKay

Keyword(s):

Antithrombin Iii ◽

The Other ◽

Antigenic Determinants ◽

Immunochemical Analysis ◽

Paradoxical Effect ◽

Test Protocol ◽

Agar Gel ◽

High Affinity ◽

Time Required ◽

Antigen Antibody

Depressed Antithrombin III (AT) levels Increase thrombic tendency in man, therefore value in assaying this protein has been established. Immunochemical analysis of AT in clinical disease has however proved controversial, consequently systematic studies were undertaken to rationalize the requirements necessary to optimise these methods in particular electro-Immunoassay. The known binding affinity of AT for heparin has been exploited to differentiate high affinity AT from its inhibitor - protease complexes and has resulted in reports stating that heparin added to the agar gel prior to electrophoresis significantly reduces the time required for completion of antigen/antibody complexes. Our studies however have demonstrated that the antibody required for quantitative analysis must be capable of not only reacting with “native” antigenic determinants of AT but also with “neo” antigens that are exposed when inhibitor-protease complexes are formed. Heparin should not be used in the test protocol, for it has a paradoxical effect on Immunopreclpltation in gels, masking some antigenic determinants of unbound - high affinity AT on one hand, and appear to disrupt the Immunoprecipitin “rocket” formed with the inhibitor-protease complexes during electrophoresis on the other.

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Long Time Coming: Prospects for Democracy in Iraq

International Security ◽

10.1162/isec.2009.33.4.115 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 115-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Bruce E. Moon

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

The Other ◽

Democratic Transitions ◽

Quarter Century ◽

The Past ◽

Political Experience ◽

Long Time ◽

Time Required ◽

Established Democracies

Prospects for democracy in Iraq should be assessed in light of the historical precedents of nations with comparable political experiences. Saddam Hussein's Iraq was an unusually extreme autocracy, which lasted an unusually long time. Since the end of the nineteenth century, only thirty nations have experienced an autocracy as extreme as Iraq's for a period exceeding two decades. The subsequent political experience of those nations offers a pessimistic forecast for Iraq and similar nations. Only seven of the thirty are now democratic, and only two of them have become established democracies; the democratic experiments in the other five are still in progress. Among the seven, the average time required to transit the path from extreme autocracy to coherent, albeit precarious, democracy has been fifty years, and only two have managed this transition in fewer than twenty-five years. Even this sober assessment is probably too optimistic, because Iraq lacks the structural conditions that theory and evidence indicate have been necessary for successful democratic transitions in the past. Thus, the odds of Iraq achieving democracy in the next quarter century are close to zero, at best about two in thirty, but probably far less.

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Increased take-off level in automatic milking systems – effects on milk flow, milk yield and milking efficiency at the quarter level

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s002202991800078x ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

pp. 85-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sabine Ferneborg ◽

Måns Thulin ◽

Sigrid Agenäs ◽

Kerstin Svennersten-Sjaunja ◽

Peter Krawczel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

The Other ◽

Mean Flow ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Decline Phase ◽

Flow Profiles ◽

Milk Flow ◽

Automatic Milking ◽

Automatic Milking Systems ◽

Time Required

AbstractThis research communication describes how different detachment levels (0.48, 0.3 and 0.06 kg milk/min) at the quarter-level affect milk flow profiles and overall milking efficiency in automatic milking systems. We hypothesized a higher detachment level would result in greater mean flow rates without affecting the volume of harvested milk per cow during 24 h compared to lower detachment levels. The data suggest milk flow decreased to a rate below the overmilking limit within the 6-s delay time required for termination in all treatments, but the duration of overmilking was shorter for the greatest detachment level compared to the other treatments. We conclude that setting a detachment level at a greater milk flow rate reduces the duration of overmilking without affecting the amount of milk harvested when applied to cows in mid-lactation during quarter-level milking. We also suggest that the steepness of the decline phase of the milk flow curve might have a larger effect than the actual detachment level on the duration of overmilking.

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The effect of a lack of uncapped brood on social interactions between honey bee workers and the queen

Apidologie ◽

10.1007/s13592-021-00905-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sylwia Łopuch ◽

Adam Tofilski

Keyword(s):

Social Interactions ◽

Honey Bee ◽

Honey Bees ◽

High Speed ◽

Egg Production ◽

Social Contexts ◽

The Other ◽

High Speed Camera ◽

Time Required ◽

Honey Bee Workers

AbstractVibro-acoustic communication is used by honey bees in many different social contexts. Our previous research showed that workers interact with their queen outside of the swarming period by means of wing-beating behaviour. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the hypothesis that the wing-beating behaviour of workers attending the queen stimulates her to lay eggs. The behaviour of workers and the queen was recorded using a high-speed camera, at first in the presence of uncapped brood in the nest and then without one. None of the queens performed wing-beating behaviour. On the other hand, the workers attending the queen demonstrated this behaviour two times per minute, on average, even in the presence of uncapped brood in the nest. After removing the combs with the uncapped brood, the incidence of wing-beating behaviour increased significantly to an average of four times per minute. Wing-beating behaviour did not differ significantly in its characteristics when uncapped brood was present or absent in the nest. During 3 days after removing the combs with the uncapped brood, there was no significant increase in the rate of egg lying by the queen. Therefore, the results presented here do not convincingly confirm that the wing-beating behaviour of workers affects the rate of queen's egg-lying. This negative result can be related to colony disturbance and longer time required by the queen to increase egg production.

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Influence of Heating Area and Heating Power on Lithium Ion Battery Thermal Runaway Test

10.4271/2021-01-7035 ◽

2021 ◽

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Battery ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Heating Time ◽

Thermal Runaway ◽

Heating Power ◽

Test Method ◽

Battery System ◽

Important Method ◽

A Cell ◽

Time Required

Thermal propagation test of lithium-ion battery is an important method to verify the safety of battery system, and how to effectively trigger the thermal runaway of a cell and minimize the energy introduced into the system become the key of test method design. In this work, the influence of different heating area and different heating power on thermal runaway of prismatic cells and pouch cells is studied. The results show that when the heating area is fixed, the heating power increases, the heating time required to trigger the thermal runaway of the cells becomes shorter. The energy needed to be introduced becomes smaller, but there will be a minimum value of the introduced energy. On the other hand, the thermal runaway results of prismatic cells are more sensitive to the change of heating area, and the thermal runaway results of pouch cells are more sensitive to heating power.

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Let’s Spend Time Together: Text Messaging Parents to Help Math-Anxious Students

Journal for Research in Mathematics Education ◽

10.5951/jresematheduc-2020-0272 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 189-212

Author(s):

Macarena Santana ◽

Miguel Nussbaum ◽

Susana Claro ◽

Sebastián Piza ◽

Patricia Imbarack ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mathematics Anxiety ◽

Text Messaging ◽

The Other ◽

Children's Education ◽

Mathematics Tests ◽

Children’S Education ◽

Children’S Anxiety ◽

Time Required ◽

To Receive

Even when parents have the time required to support their children’s education, they can increase their children’s anxiety about school when they try to help, especially if they are not confident in their own abilities. This study measures the effects of having parents complete nonacademic schoolwork with their teenage children. Half of the 422 participating parents were randomly assigned to receive weekly assignments for nonacademic activities to complete with their children, whereas the other half received information about upcoming mathematics tests. Mathematics-anxious students benefited from working on the nonacademic assignments, performing significantly better on their mathematics tests and decreasing their mathematics anxiety after treatment. These findings highlight the importance of involving parents in ways that feel nonthreatening to their children.

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Energy distribution in globular star clusters

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900052852 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 20 ◽

pp. 358-370

Author(s):

L. H. Aller ◽

D. J. Faulkner

Keyword(s):

Energy Distribution ◽

Spectral Range ◽

Globular Clusters ◽

Broad Band ◽

Star Clusters ◽

The Other ◽

Energy Distributions ◽

Single Observation ◽

Band Pass ◽

Time Required

The present investigation is concerned with the energy distributions in globular clusters. In a sense, energy-distribution measurements are comparable with multi-colour photometry. The chief advantage is that narrower band-passes may be used and the entire spectrum traced, whereas in multi-colour photometry one is limited to effective wavelengths determined by the filter and a rather broad band-pass. On the other hand, broad band-pass photometry often permits one to cover a broader spectral range, and to work much faster. Since the time required for a single observation is much shorter, the observer is less at the mercy of the sky transparency. Hence a greater accuracy can be obtained.

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Incidence of base rot and wilt, sanitary severity and influence about seed pathology by cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Arquivos do Instituto Biológico ◽

10.1590/1808-1657000112018 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 86 ◽

Author(s):

Mateus Paulino Braga ◽

Luana Machado Rezende ◽

Lucinete Martins Barbosa Estrela ◽

Natanael Marcos Lemes ◽

Anderson Rodrigues Rietjens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽

Common Bean ◽

Test Method ◽

The Other ◽

Other Hand ◽

Seed Pathology ◽

Random Samples ◽

Physiological Quality ◽

The Impact ◽

The City

ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to conduct a temporal evaluation of incidence of rot base and sanitary severity, and to relate the impact on the seed pathology of common bean cultivars. In the 2015-2016 harvest, in the city of Ipameri, Goiás, ten cultivars of common bean were evaluated (BRS Estilo©, BRS Pérola©, IPR Tangará©, IPR Tuiuiú©, IPR Uirapuru©, IAC Milênio©, Imperador©, IAC F3 R2©, IAC OTG© and IPR Campos Gerais©) and distributed into five blocks, totaling 40 experimental units. The incidence of wilt and base rot and sanitary severity were analyzed by taking ten random samples per block at 21, 28, 56, 63 and 69 days after planting. At the end of 120 days, a total of 20 plants were harvested per cultivar, and 250 seeds were harvested for application of the Blotter Test method. From 21 to 69 days after planting, the cultivars BRS Pérola© and IPR Campos Gerais© deserve to be highlighted for presenting the lowest incidence of wilt in the reproductive and vegetative cycles. The cultivar BRS Pérola© showed the lowest incidence of wilt and sanitary severity. In the analysis of harvested seeds, the cultivar BRS Pérola© presented high physiological quality for all evaluated parameters. On the other hand, Cramberry (OTG)© showed low physiological potential in germination and vigor tests.

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STUDIES ON THE ISOLATION AND NATURE OF THE 'TERREGENS FACTOR'

Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology ◽

10.1139/y54-043 ◽

1954 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 400-406 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

M. O. Burton ◽

F. J. Sowden ◽

A. G. Lochhead

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Molecular Weight ◽

Ferric Iron ◽

Test Organism ◽

The Other ◽

Inorganic Salts ◽

Low Molecular Weight ◽

Straight Chain ◽

Heat Stable ◽

Growth Promoting

A procedure is described for the production and concentration of the 'terregens factor' (TF), a bacterial growth promoting substance synthesized by Arthrobacter pascens and essential for the growth of Arthrobacter terregens. From culture filtrates of A. pascens cultivated in a medium of inorganic salts and sucrose, concentrates of TF may be obtained that are active at 0.001 μgm. Per ml., heat stable and contain about 12.7% nitrogen. Acid hydrolysis yielded a number of amino acids, including glutamic acid, glycine, α–alanine, valine, leucine, proline, lysine, and arginine, as well as some unidentified compounds; however, TF does not appear to be a low molecular weight straight chain peptide.Although TF contains no iron, it combines readily with ferrous or ferric iron to form reddish-brown complexes with this metal. Activity for A. terregens is shown by certain iron containing complexes as hemin, coprogen, and ferrichrome. On the other hand none is shown by cytochrome or pulcherrimin; however, aspergillic acid, structurally related to the latter, possesses some growth promoting activity for the test organism.

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Constraining the accuracy of flux estimates using OTM 33A

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques ◽

10.5194/amt-13-341-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 341-353 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rachel Edie ◽

Anna M. Robertson ◽

Robert A. Field ◽

Jeffrey Soltis ◽

Dustin A. Snare ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Flux Measurement ◽

Methane Emissions ◽

Test Method ◽

Release Rates ◽

Multiple Points ◽

Emission Fluxes ◽

Site Access ◽

Flux Measurements

Abstract. Other Test Method 33A (OTM 33A) is a near-source flux measurement method developed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) primarily used to locate and estimate emission fluxes of methane from oil and gas (O&G) production facilities without requiring site access. A recent national estimate of methane emissions from O&G production included a large number of flux measurements of upstream O&G facilities made using OTM 33A and concluded the EPA National Emission Inventory underestimates this sector by a factor of ∼2.1 (Alvarez et al., 2018). The study presented here investigates the accuracy of OTM 33A through a series of test releases performed at the Methane Emissions Technology Evaluation Center (METEC), a facility designed to allow quantified amounts of natural gas to be released from decommissioned O&G equipment to simulate emissions from real facilities (Fig. 1). This study includes test releases from single and multiple points, from equipment locations at different heights, and spanned methane release rates ranging from 0.16 to 2.15 kg h−1. Approximately 95 % of individual measurements (N=45) fell within ±70 % of the known release rate. A simple linear regression of OTM 33A versus known release rates at the METEC site gives an average slope of 0.96 with 95 % CI (0.66,1.28), suggesting that an ensemble of OTM 33A measurements may have a small but statistically insignificant low bias.

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