Impact of Severity of Illness Bias and Control Group Misclassification Bias in Case-Control Studies of Antimicrobial-Resistant Organisms

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony D. Harris ◽  
Yehuda Carmeli ◽  
Matthew H. Samore ◽  
Keith S. Kaye ◽  
Eli Perencevich
Keyword(s):  
Severity Of Illness ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Clinical Culture ◽  
Methodologic Problem ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
And Control ◽  
Group 1

AbstractBackground:Case-control studies often analyze risk factors for antibiotic resistance. Recently published articles have illustrated that randomly selected control-patients may be preferable to those with the susceptible phenotype of the organism. A possible methodologic problem with randomly selected control-patients is potential bias due to control group misclassification. This occurs if some control-patients did not have clinical cultures performed and thus might have been unidentified case-patients. If this bias exists, these studies might be expected to report lower odds ratios (ORs) because control-patients would be more like case-patients.Objective:To analyze potential biases that might arise due to control group misclassification and potentially larger selection biases that may be introduced if control-patients are required to have at least one clinical culture.Patients:One hundred twenty case-patients, 770 control-patients in group 1, and 510 control-patients in group 2.Methods:Two case-control studies. Case-patients had clinical cultures positive for imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The first group of control-patients were random. The second group of control-patients were identical to those in group 1 except being required to have at least one clinical culture.Results:Univariate analyses showed higher ORs for case-patients versus control-patients in group 1 (imipenem [OR, 12.5], piperacillin-tazobactam [OR, 3.7], and vancomycin [OR, 4.7]) as compared with case-patients versus control-patients in group 2 (imipenem [OR, 8.0], piperacillin-tazobactam [OR, 2.5], and vancomycin [OR, 3.0]).Conclusion:Requiring control-patients to have at least one clinical culture introduces a selection bias likely because it eliminates patients with less severe illness.

scholarly journals Herb-Drug Interaction: Effects of Relinqing® Granule on the Pharmacokinetics of Ciprofloxacin, Sulfamethoxazole, and Trimethoprim in Rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Lu ◽  
ZiPeng Gong ◽  
YuMin Xie ◽  
Jie Pan ◽  
Jia Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Interaction ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Urinary System ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Sd Rats ◽  
Chinese Patent ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
And Control ◽  
Group 1

Relinqing granule (RLQ) is the best-selling Chinese patent drug for treatment of urinary system diseases. In this study, the effects of RLQ on the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim in SD rats were investigated. Rats were randomly divided into control group 1, control group 2, RLQ group 1, and RLQ group 2. RLQ group 1 and RLQ group 2 were treated orally with RLQ for 7 days, and rats were treated with the same volume of water in control group 1 and control group 2. Then, RLQ group 1 and control group 1 were given intragastrically ciprofloxacin on day 8, while RLQ group 2 and control group 2 were given intragastrically sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim on day 8. Blood samples were collected and determined. There was no significant influence of pharmacokinetic parameters of trimethoprim on two groups. But some pharmacokinetic parameters of ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole in RLQ pretreated rats were evidently altered (P < 0.05), which indicated that absorption of ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole in RLQ pretreated rats was significantly affected. It indicated the coadministration of RLQ would have an influence on the efficacy of ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole, and the doses of ciprofloxacin tablet and compound sulfamethoxazole tablet need adjustment.

Cytomorphometric and Morphological Analysis in Women with Trichomonas vaginalis Infection: Micronucleus Frequency in Exfoliated Cervical Epithelial Cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zehra Safi Oz ◽  
Banu Doğan Gun ◽  
Mustafa Ozkan Gun ◽  
Sukru Oguz Ozdamar
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
And Control ◽  
Group 1

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the cytomorphometric and morphological effects of Trichomonas vaginalis in exfoliated epithelial cells. Study Design: Ninety-six Pap-stained cervical smears were divided into a study group and two control groups as follows: T. vaginalis cases, a first control group with inflammation, and a second control group without inflammation. Micronucleated, binucleated, karyorrhectic, karyolytic, and karyopyknotic cells and cells with perinuclear halos per 1,000 epithelial cells were counted. Nuclear and cellular areas were evaluated in 70 clearly defined cells in each smear using image analysis. Results: The frequencies of morphological parameters in the T. vaginalis cases were higher than the values of the two control groups, and the difference among groups was found to be significant (p < 0.05). The nuclear and cytoplasmic areas of epithelial cells were diminished in patients with trichomoniasis. The mean nucleus/cytoplasm ratio in T. vaginalis patients was higher than the value in the control groups, and the difference between the study group and control group 1 was significant. However, there was no statistically significant increase between the study group and control group 2. Conclusions:T. vaginalis exhibited significant changes in the cellular size and nuclear structure of the cells. The rising frequency of micronuclei, nuclear abnormalities, and changing nucleus/cytoplasm ratio may reflect genotoxic damage in trichomoniasis.

Effect of cortexin on the quality of life in the early rehabilitative period after hemispheric ischemic stroke

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-143
Author(s):  
Ludmila A. Belova ◽  
V. V. Mashin ◽  
V. V. Abramova ◽  
A. N. Proshin ◽  
A. N. Ovsyannikova
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sf 36 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
And Control ◽  
Group 1

Aim. To study the neuroprotective effect of a repeated course of low dose cortexin therapy on the quality of life in the early rehabilitative period after hemispheric ischemic stroke (IS). Materials and methods. 90 patients were divided into group 1 treated with cortexin (10 mg i/m twice daily (morning and afternoon) in addition to basal treatment, group 2 given the repeated course of the same treatment, and control group (basal therapy alone). The standard SF-36 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. Results. Treatment of patients following acute hemispheric ischemic stroke with cortexin (10 mg i/m twice daily) and the repeated course of the same treatment after 10 days resulted in the accelerated and more complete normalization of the quality of life in the early rehabilitation petriod (starting from days 21-27 days after the onset of disease) than in the patients given a single course of cortexin therapy or basal treatment alone.

scholarly journals Comparison of the results of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in different age groups

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 3888
Author(s):  
Ali Borekoglu ◽  
Ibrahim Atilla Aridogan ◽  
Mutlu Deger ◽  
Onur Karsli ◽  
Volkan Izol
Keyword(s):  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy ◽  
Preoperative Evaluation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Perioperative Bleeding ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
And Control ◽  
Group 1

Background: Evaluation of feasibility, safety and effectiveness of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in different age groups.Methods: Between July 1997-October 2012, 233 patients who were 65 years old and older were included in this study. These patients were divided into two age subgroups used in gerontology research. Group 1 was defined as patients 65-74 years old, Group 2 was older than 74 years old. Data from patient records, including demographic characteristics, preoperative evaluation, operative details, and complications were retrospectively analyzed and compared with control group data.Results: The mean age of 233 patients was 69.7±4.6 years. The mean operative times for Group 1, group 2 and the control group were 76.2±47.3mins, 92.9±47.6mins, 77±44mins, respectively and there was no statistically significant difference between groups 1 and 2 and the control group (p>0.05). Twenty-eight of the 233 patients (12%) needed blood transfusion due to perioperative bleeding. The transfusion rates of groups 1 and 2 were 11.3% and 16.7%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the study groups and control group for blood transfusion rates (p>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in complications between the study and control groups (p>0.05).Conclusions: In geriatric patients, stone-free rates, transfusion rates and other operation parameters are similar to younger populations when experienced surgeons perform PCNL. Despite comorbidities and decreased body reserve, PCNL can be performed without a significant increase in complications in different ages.

scholarly journals Comparative study of efficacy of drotaverine hydrochloride and valethamate bromide with control in first stage of labour

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Dahal ◽  
B Banerjee ◽  
DK Uprety ◽  
BP Das ◽  
A Thakur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Fetal Outcome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Drotaverine Hydrochloride ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
And Control ◽  
Group 1

Background: Labour is the most perilous journey a woman has to undertake. Painless and short labour is desired by every woman and is a constant aim for obstetrician.Objective: To analyze and compare the efficacy and safety of drotaverine and valethamate with control group on improving cervical dilatation and promoting progress of labour. Method: Three hundred demographically similar women, both primigravida and multigravida with a term pregnancy in established labour were randomly divided into three groups. One hundred women (group 1) were given injection valethamate intramuscularly,100 women (group 2) were given drotaverine and the rest 100 (group 3) were not given any drug. Comparative analysis was carried out as regards to duration of first stage of labour, mode of delivery, maternal side effects and fetal outcome. Results: The mean duration of active phase of labour in group 1, 2 and 3 was 254.29±96.621 min, 178.31±73.412 min and 346.31±123.351 min respectively. The duration of injection to end of first stage of labour in valethamate and Drotaverine group was 228.12±84.626min and 168.89±69.576min respectively (p value<0.0001). The duration of injection to delivery in Valethamate was 249.13± 88.321 min and in Drotaverine was 192.56±75.479min (p value<0.0001). There were no serious maternal and fetal adverse effects in any group but minor side effects were more common in valethamate group. Conclusion: The reduction of the duration of the first stage of labour was apparently more in drotaverine group as compared to valethamate and control group. Drotaverine was found to be safe with minimal or no adverse effect on the mother and the fetus. Health Renaissance, January-April 2013; Vol. 11 No.1; 38-42 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v11i1.7600

Evaluation of oxidant and antioxidant status in infants with hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1751-1760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Doğan ◽  
Erdal Peker ◽  
Ercan Kirimi ◽  
Ertan Sal ◽  
Sinan Akbayram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Sulfhydryl Group ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
And Control ◽  
And Oxidative Stress ◽  
Group 1

Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine oxidant and antioxidant status in infants with hyperbilirubinemia and/or kernicterus and to find whether there is a relationship between bilirubin level and oxidant/antioxidant status. Patients: The study includes 69 full-term newborns (neonates with hyperbilirubinemia needing phototherapy [Group 1, n = 36] and neonates with kernicterus [Group 2, n = 33]) and 25 age-matched healthy newborn. Results: Plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and serum total oxidant status (TOS) were significantly higher in Groups 1 and 2 than the control group. There was a significant difference between Group 1 and control cases for malondialdehyde (MDA; p < 0.001). Total free sulfhydryl group (TTHI) values were significantly elevated in Group 1 compared to Group 2 and control cases. Correlation analysis showed that the correlation between total bilirubin (TB) and TAC, TOS, MDA and oxidative stress index may be expressed by a quadratic curve. After phototherapy, a statistically significant increase in nitrite level was observed. Conclusion: We demonstrated that the relationship between serum TB and antioxidants and oxidative stress could be expressed by a quadratic correlation curve.

scholarly journals Effect of deslorelin on the induction of estrus in anestrous bitches

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.L. Lanna ◽  
A.P. Marques Jr. ◽  
R.H. Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Clinical Evaluations ◽  
Injectable Formulation ◽  
Vaginal Cytology ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
And Control ◽  
Group 1

The efficacy of one or multiple doses of an injectable formulation of deslorelin (a GnRH agonist) was evaluated to induce estrus in anestrous bitches. Thirteen animals composed three groups: group 1 (n=5, single IM injection of 2mg deslorelin), group 2 (n=5, four IM injections of 2mg deslorelin in alternate days), and control group (n=3, four IM saline injections in alternate days). Daily clinical evaluations, sexual behavior, vaginal cytology, plasma progesterone concentration, ovaryhysterectomy and macroscopic evaluation of the uterus and ovaries were done. In group 1, none of the bitches showed signs of estrus, while two developed clinical signs and vaginal cytology of proestrus. In group 2, all animals presented proestrus, four presented estrus, and three ovulated; resulting in a functional corpus luteum and high progesterone concentration until day 25 of diestrus, when ovaryhysterectomy was performed. The duration of the stages of deslorelin induced cycles and the progesterone profile were similar to those described in the literature, and no side effects were observed. In conclusion, injectable formulation of deslorelin in multiple injections was effective to induce fertile estrus in anestrous bitches.

scholarly journals Effects of phenol, glycerin and acetic acid on the liver of guinea pigs

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 436-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogério Saad-Hossne ◽  
William Saad Hossne ◽  
Mario Rubens Guimarães Montenegro
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Hepatic Tissue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Median Laparotomy ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Tissue Recovery ◽  
And Control ◽  
Group 1

PURPOSE: To investigate the histolytic action of a solution composed of phenol, glycerin and acetic acid for irresectable hepatic metastasis. METHODS: Thirty-two (n=32) guinea pigs were randomly distributed into two groups of 16 animals. The animals in group 1 (experimental) and group 2 (control) were redistributed in two subgroups of eight animals each, according to the day of sacrifice (24 hours and four weeks after injection). All the animals were submitted to median laparotomy, which was followed by the injection of solution E and saline into the livers of subjects in both the experimental and control groups, respectively. The animals were evaluated for biochemical and anatomopathological (liver) alterations after 24 hours and four weeks of the experiment. RESULTS: It was observed that solution E produced necrosis limited to the injected area and that hepatic tissue recovery occurred after four weeks with the formation of a small necrosis area. No biochemical parameters were altered either in the experimental or in the control group. CONCLUSION: In view of the obtained results, the possibility of using the proposed solution can be considered in cases of irresectable metastasis.

Relationship of Allergy, Enuresis, and Urinary Infection in Children 4 to 7 Years of Age

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 526-528
Author(s):  
Sharon Siegel ◽  
Leslie Rawitt ◽  
Burton Sokoloff ◽  
Bernard Siegel
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Urinary Infection ◽  
Respiratory Allergy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
And Control ◽  
Day Wetting ◽  
Group 1

A group of 234 children, 4 to 7 years old, in a middle- to upper-middle-class Caucasian population, were divided into four groups and matched for age and sex. Group 1 consisted of 50 children previously treated for urinary infection; control group 1 contained 55 well children; group 2 consisted of 69 children treated for respiratory allergy; and control group 2 contained 60 well children. There was no statistical difference in persistent enuresis (night wetting every week), persistent day wetting (every week), allergy, or family history of enuresis, when group 1 and control group 1 were compared. A family history of urinary infection was higher (P &lt; .05) in group 1. There was no statistical difference in persistent enuresis, persistent day wetting, previous urinary infection, or family history of enuresis or urinary infection when group 2 and control group 2 were compared. This study suggests that there is no relationship between respiratory allergy, enuresis, and urinary infection.

Control of Puerperium in a Dairy Farm using an Intrauterine Suspension

2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Daniel BEREAN ◽  
Liviu Marian BOGDAN ◽  
Ileana BOGDAN ◽  
Ovidiu GIURGIU ◽  
Anamaria Blaga PETREAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Service Period ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Group Group ◽  
Group 1

The purpose of this research was to evaluate a product developed at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Cluj Napoca and his efficiency in the control of the puerperium at cows. The study was carried out between January 2017 to December 2018 in a dairy farm from Mures county, Romania. In this study were enclosed 60 cows, randomly divided in 3 groups: Puerperal group (group 1), Puerperal and Estrumate group (group 2), and control group (group 3). For each group the treatment applied for the control of puerperium was different. For each group were followed: the evolution of puerperium, the appearance of the first postpartum estrous cycle, the interval of service period and the number of artificial inseminations necessary for one gestation. For the puerperium control and to avoid the postpartum complications Puerperal intrauterine suspension it’s a good option.

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