Measurement and interpretation of electrical signals in transient electrical discharges

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Bilbao ◽  
Gonzalo Rodríguez Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Circuit Modeling ◽  
Measured Signal ◽  
Electrical Discharges ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Exploding Wire ◽  
Electrical Currents ◽  
Electrical Signals ◽  
Faraday’S Law ◽  
Z Pinch

Abstract Electrical discharges in experiments like Exploding Wire, Plasma Focus, or Z-pinch, involve regions where strong transient electrical currents generates magnetic flux variations within the limits of experiment and diagnostics regions. Due to different experimental conditions, time duration of the transient phase may vary from negligible to play an important role in the explanation of the measured signal of the experiment, in which case Faraday's law of induction cannot be neglected when analyzing the electrical signals. In this work the effects of circuit modeling taking into account Faraday's law will be discussed for the exploding wire experiment in a more detailed way than previous works.

Sedimentation of Substitutional Solute Atoms in Intermetallic Compound of Bi-Pb System under Ultra-Strong Gravitational Field

2005 ◽  
Vol 237-240 ◽  
pp. 1101-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masao Ono ◽  
Xin Sheng Huang ◽  
Takahiro Kinoshita ◽  
Hideto Ueno ◽  
Toyotaka Osakabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Intermetallic Compound ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Strong Gravitational Field ◽  
Weak Gravitational Field ◽  
Substitutional Solute ◽  
Starting State ◽  
Solute Atoms ◽  
Composition Changes

Ultra-strong gravitational field can induce sedimentation of even atoms in condensed matter. We had realized sedimentation of substitutional solute atoms in some miscible alloys. In this study, the ultra-centrifuge experiments were performed on an intermetallic compound of Bi-Pb system (Bi3Pb7) by changing time duration of experiment time (experimental conditions; maximum centrifugal force: 1.0x106g level, temperature: 130-150 °C, duration: 30-150h, state: solid). Composition changes were observed in the centrifuged samples. And, it was found that the Bi phase appeared from starting state of Bi3Pb7 around the weak gravitational field region of the sample. These results showed that sedimentation of substitutional solute atoms occurred, and induced the structure change in intermetallic compounds.

scholarly journals Volume correction factor in electron-Indium atom scattering experiments

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.S. Rabasovic ◽  
S.D. Tosic ◽  
V. Pejcev ◽  
D. Sevic ◽  
D.M. Filipovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correction Factor ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Target Atom ◽  
Indium Atom ◽  
Measured Signal ◽  
Atom Beam ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Volume Correction ◽  
Interaction Volume ◽  
Atom Scattering

In crossed electron beam - Indium atom beam scattering experiments the measured signal arises from a spatial region (the 'interaction volume') defined by the overlap of the electron and target atom beam and the view cone of the detector. The exchange of the interaction volume with the scattering angle, named a volume correction factor is discussed. The approach of R. T. Brinkmann and S. Trajmar (J. Phys. E 14, 245-254 (1981)) is adopted for our experimental conditions to determine the volume correction factor and accordingly to transfer angular distributions of scattered electrons to relative differential cross sections.

scholarly journals In Vitro, D-Ribose and Formaldehyde Glycating Effects on Hen Egg White Lysozyme

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Damage ◽  
Egg White ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Hen Egg White Lysozyme ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Egg White Lysozyme ◽  
Hen Egg White ◽  
Hen Egg

Background: Glycation causes severe damage to the protein structure, instigating different diseases like cataracts, nephropathy, vasculopathy, retinopathy, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disease, diabetes, and age-dependent complications. Formaldehyde, a pollutant present in human habitation, is produced endogenously or exogenously during cooking or incinerating wood, paints, furniture, chipboards, fabric etc. Its higher concentrations can cause cell damage that promotes the formation of DNA/Protein cross-links. The present study aimed to evaluate the glycating effects of formaldehyde on hen egg white lysozyme in comparison with known glycating agent D-ribose. Methods: In this, in-vitro study, hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) glycation with different concentrations of formaldehyde (0.25mM, 0.5mM, 1mM and 2mM) and D-ribose (0.01mM, 0.05mM, 0.1mM and 0.5mM) was examined using two different experimental conditions: concentration and time duration. Further cross-linking of protein was also analysed using SDS-PAGE technique. Results: Glycation of HEWL treated with formaldehyde increased with increasing concentrations (0.25mM, 0.5mM, 1mM and 2mM) and time duration (1, 3, 7 and 15 days). Cross linking of HEWL showed visible glycation at 2mM concentration. Cross-linked HEWL products gave dimer at 0.25mM and 0.5mM and trimers at 1mM and 2mMat 3, 7 and 15days. However, compared to formaldehyde, D-ribose glycation at different concentrations (0.01mM, 0.05mM, 0.1mM and 0.5mM) did not show the prominent cross linking of protein. Conclusion: Formaldehyde was found to be a more potent glycating agent compared to D-ribose. Compared to D-ribose, formaldehyde can produce protein misfolding and can be used in clinical research to establish the role of formaldehyde in patients with diseases.

Wear Behavior of Cr2O3/Cu Composite under Electrical Sliding

2010 ◽  
Vol 97-101 ◽  
pp. 861-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Xing Song ◽  
Xiu Hua Guo ◽  
Yong Peng Wang ◽  
Qing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Wear Rate ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Solid Alloy ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Electrical Currents ◽  
Electrical Erosion ◽  
Cr2o3 Content ◽  
Sliding Distance ◽  
Composite Wires

The Cr2O3/Cu composites with different Cr2O3-content performed in this paper were prepared by surface internal oxidation of Cu-Cr solid alloy. The Cr2O3/Cu composite wires were slid against a copper-based powder metallurgy strip under unlubricated conditions. The wear behavior of Cr2O3/Cu composite was researched under different currents from 0-50A and sliding distance from 0-72Km. Worn surfaces of the Cr2O3/Cu composite were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). The results indicate that the wear rate of Cr2O3/Cu composite increases with the increase in electrical current and sliding distance. The wear rate increases abruptly at the beginning and smoothly subsequently. And the variety of electrical currents has slight influence on the wear rate. The wear rate of the Cr2O3/Cu composites decreases with the increase in Cr2O3-content. The wear rate of 0.478 Cr2O3/Cu composite is 2-3 times that of 1.25Cr2O3/Cu composite at the same experimental conditions. Abrasive wear and electrical erosion wear are the dominant wear mechanisms during the electrical sliding wear processes.

Affective State and Voice: Reproducibility and Sensitivity of Speech Parameters

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (02) ◽  
pp. 87-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Stassen ◽  
G. Bomben
Keyword(s):  
Speech Processing ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Human Speech ◽  
Adaptive Procedures ◽  
Nonverbal Information ◽  
The Stability

SummaryIn 1986, we started an extensive investigation into the nonverbal information transmitted in human speech. As part of this investigation, we had designed a study of healthy subjects -stratified according to sex, age and education - in order to gain valuable insights into the “typical” nonverbal activities of a speaker. The specific design of this study with 3 different types of texts and 2 repeated measurements at an interval of 14 days was used to test the stability of speech parameters over time as well as their sensitivity to form and content of text. In a first approach, we directed our efforts towards a set of major scalar quantities which earlier investigators had described as playing a key role in modelling affect in terms of directly measurable speech parameters.Based on a sample of 97 persons and with the help of a fully computerized digital approach to speech processing, we found that the four major speech parameters “mean vocal pitch”, “time duration of pauses”, “time duration of utterances”, and “energy” are sufficiently reproducible under constant experimental conditions, whereas some significant differences showed up with regard to the sensitivity of these parameters to form and content of the spoken text. No substantial impact originated from the external factors sex, age and education, except for the tonal shift of one octave between males and females.On the other hand, the overwhelming variety of individual voice patterns obviously excludes any simple model (which applies in general) of the nonverbal component of human speech. However, our analyses offered some important clues as to how appropriate models may be derived by means of adaptive procedures.

Effects of Laterality and Visual Angle on Time Judgments: A Phenomenological Investigation of Time Durations

1984 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 307-310
Author(s):  
Evans Mandes
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Visual Angle ◽  
Left Visual Field ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Undergraduate Class

20 students from an undergraduate class participated in an experiment designed to study the effects of laterality and visual angle on time judgments. Using a standard two-field tachistoscope, subjects were exposed to two experimental conditions, (1) stimulus cards with a single red or blue dot in the center and several dots clustered on both sides near the center and equidistant from it (visual angle of .6°) and (2) stimulus cards with a single red or blue dot in the center and several dots clustered on both sides away from the center on the edge of the card (visual angle of 2.6°). Five cards containing a single red or blue dot were used to control for response bias. The subjects were asked to indicate whether they saw dots in the left, right, or both fields, and whether they perceived a time duration between fields. No difference in time duration exisited, however, as all cards were exposed to both fields for equal durations. The predictions that the judged duration of dot patterns would be more accurate favoring the left visual-field and more accurate where the distance between the point of fixation and stimulus was larger were supported.

scholarly journals Green Synthesis of Stable Spherical Monodisperse Silver Nanoparticles Using a Cell-Free Extract of Trichoderma reesei

Materials ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 481
Author(s):  
Orlin Gemishev ◽  
Marinela Panayotova ◽  
Gospodinka Gicheva ◽  
Neli Mintcheva
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Trichoderma Reesei ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Impact

In the current study, a green method for the preparation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is presented as an alternative to conventional chemical and physical approaches. A biomass of Trichoderma reesei (T. reesei) fungus was used as a green and renewable source of reductase enzymes and metabolites, which are capable of transforming Ag+ ions into AgNPs with a small size (mainly 2–6 nm) and narrow size distribution (2–25 nm). Moreover, extracellular biosynthesis was carried out with a cell-free water extract (CFE) of T. reesei, which allows for facile monitoring of the bioreduction process using UV–Vis spectroscopy and investigation of the effect of experimental conditions on the transformation of Ag+ ions into AgNPs, as well as the simple isolation of as-prepared AgNPs for the study of their size, morphology and antibacterial properties. In continuation to our previous results about the influence of media on T. reesei cultivation, the amount of biomass used for CFE preparation and the concentration of Ag+ ion solution, herein, we present the impact of temperature (4, 20, 30 and 40 °C), agitation and time duration on the biosynthesis of AgNPs and their properties. A high stability of AgNPs in aqueous colloids was observed and attributed to the capping effect of the biomolecules as shown by the zeta potential (−49.0/−51.4 mV) and confirmed by the hydrodynamic size of 190.8/116.8 nm of AgNPs.

scholarly journals Transdermal neuromodulation of noradrenergic activity suppresses psychophysiological and biochemical stress responses in humans

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Tyler ◽  
Alyssa M. Boasso ◽  
Hailey M. Mortimore ◽  
Rhonda S. Silva ◽  
Jonathan D. Charlesworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Sympathetic Activity ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Sympathetic Tone ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Afferent Pathways ◽  
Electrical Currents ◽  
Human Volunteers ◽  
The Right

We engineered a transdermal neuromodulation approach that targets peripheral (cranial and spinal) nerves and utilizes their afferent pathways as signaling conduits to influence brain function. We investigated the effects of this transdermal electrical neurosignaling (TEN) method on sympathetic physiology in human volunteers under different experimental conditions. In all cases, the TEN involved delivering high-frequency pulsed electrical currents to ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the right trigeminal nerve (V1/V2) and cervical spinal nerve afferents (C2/C3). Under resting conditions when subjects were not challenged or presented with environmental stimuli, TEN significantly suppressed basal sympathetic tone compared to sham as indicated by functional infrared thermography of facial temperatures. In a different experiment conducted under similar resting conditions, subjects treated with TEN reported significantly lower levels of tension and anxiety on the Profile of Mood States scale compared to sham. In a third experiment when subjects were experimentally stressed by a classical fear conditioning paradigm and a series of time-constrained cognitive tasks, TEN produced a significant suppression of heart rate variability, galvanic skin conductance, and salivary α-amylase levels compared to sham. Collectively these observations demonstrate TEN can dampen basal sympathetic tone and attenuate sympathetic activity in response to acute stress induction. Our physiological and biochemical observations are consistent with the hypothesis that TEN modulates noradrenergic signaling to suppress sympathetic activity. We conclude that dampening sympathetic activity in such a manner represents a promising approach to managing daily stress.

Improving Single-Molecule Experiments With Feedback Control of Optical Traps

2012 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Feedback Control ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Force Feedback ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Optical Traps ◽  
Measured Signal ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Rate Feedback ◽  
Position Feedback ◽  
Integral Feedback

This article explores various types of feedback control—position feedback, which was shown to be equivalent to force feedback, rate feedback, and integral feedback—for the purpose of improving instrument performance for single-molecule experiments. The ability of each of each types of feedback to lower the measurement signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is evaluated and compared to the open-loop case. While position feedback does not result in any improvement in the SNR, the cases of rate feedback and integral feedback both resulted in improvements in the measurement's SNR. Rate feedback is shown to effectively “cool” the beads held in the optical trap, thereby limiting the effect that Brownian disturbances have on the beads’ motion. Integral feedback is shown to improve the SNR of the measured signal of interest and is robust and easy to implement. It is also shown that integral feedback acts as an exogenous force estimator. Ultimately, feedback does not provide better resolution as measured by SNR than an open-loop filtering approach can but does provide other advantages, including the ability to control other variables and to make a more robust instrument that can be easily adapted to changes in experimental conditions or the environment.

Radiative signatures of Z-pinch plasmas at UNR: from X-pinches to wire arrays

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 1460316 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Safronova ◽  
V. L. Kantsyrev ◽  
A. A. Esaulov ◽  
U. I. Safronova ◽  
V. V. Shlyaptseva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wire Array ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Plasma Parameters ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Cross Point ◽  
Wire Arrays ◽  
Z Pinch ◽  
Pinch Axis

University-scale Z-pinch generators are able to produce High Energy Density (HED) plasmas in a broad range of plasma parameters under well-controlled and monitored experimental conditions suitable for radiation studies. The implosion of X-pinch and wire array loads at a 1 MA generator yields short (1-20 nsec) x-ray bursts from one or several bright plasma spots near the wire cross point (for X-pinches) or along and near Z-pinch axis (for wire arrays). Such X- and Z-pinch HED plasma with scales from a few µm to several mm in size emits radiation in a broad range of energies from 10 eV to 0.5 MeV and is subject of our studies during the last ten years. In particular, the substantial number of experiments with very different wire loads was performed on the 1 MA Zebra generator and analyzed: X-pinch, cylindrical, nested, and various types of the novel load, Planar Wire Arrays (PWA). Also, the experiments at an enhanced current of 1.5-1.7 MA on Zebra using Load Current Multiplier (LCM) were performed. This paper highlights radiative signatures of X-pinches and Single and Double PWAs which are illustrated using the new results with combined wire loads from two different materials.

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