scholarly journals Influence of coupling agent on the Bound rubber and Dynamic Properties of aluminum sodium silicates filled HNBR composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 692 (2) ◽  
pp. 022019
Author(s):  
Weina Bi ◽  
Yu Guangshui ◽  
Jujie Sun ◽  
Christoph Goegelein ◽  
Martin Hoch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Sodium Silicates

INFLUENCES OF THE COMPATIBILITY OF NR/SSBR AND PHASE-SELECTIVE DISTRIBUTION OF SILICA ON ITS STATIC AND DYNAMIC PROPERTIES

2019 ◽  
pp. 000-000
Author(s):  
Qing-Yuan Han ◽  
Xu Li ◽  
Yu-Chun Li ◽  
You-Ping Wu
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

ABSTRACT The compatibility between solution polymerized styrene–butadiene rubber (SSBR 2466) and natural rubber (NR) is characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The single glass transition in the entire temperature range of all NR/SSBR blends and good correlation between Tg and SSBR fraction prove the excellent compatibility between SSBR 2466 and NR. With increasing SSBR content, a reduced Payne effect, more homogeneous dispersion of silica, stronger rubber–filler interaction, and more silica selectively distributed in the SSBR phase were determined via rubber-processing analysis, transmission electron microscopy, bound rubber, and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The high vinyl content, low styrene content, and end-functionalized structure of SSBR play vital roles in promoting its compatibility with NR and a stronger rubber–silica linkage. The resulting increased tan δ at 0 °C and low tan δ at 60 °C indicates good wet-skid resistance and low rolling resistance by blending SSBR 2466, and 70/30 NR/SSBR is the best balance for producing a “green tire” tread.

PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF VARIOUS SURFACE MODIFYING AGENTS ON PROPERTIES OF SILICA-FILLED CHLOROPRENE RUBBER

2017 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chomsri Siriwong ◽  
Pongdhorn Sae-Oui ◽  
Chakrit Sirisinha
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Coupling Efficiency ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Cross Link ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Link Density ◽  
Cross Link Density ◽  
Chloroprene Rubber ◽  
Filler Dispersion ◽  
Rubber Filler

ABSTRACT Influence of the surface modifying agents (SMAs) polyethylene glycol (PEG), 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES), and bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide (TESPT) on properties of silica-filled chloroprene rubber (CR) was investigated. Results reveal that the presence of SMAs greatly improves mechanical and dynamic properties of the silica-filled CR because of the reduced filler–filler interaction and improved rubber–filler interaction as evidenced by the Payne effect and bound rubber content results, respectively. When compared at the same SMA dosage, TESPT gives the best overall vulcanizate properties. This effect is attributed to high coupling efficiency of TESPT and its ability to donate sulfur atoms during vulcanization, leading to the improved filler dispersion, rubber–filler interaction, and cross-link density. APTES gives high coupling efficiency, but because of the lack of sulfur atoms, its performance is slightly inferior to that of TESPT. In contrast, PEG can only reduce filler–filler interaction, with no significant impact on rubber–filler interaction and cross-link density; therefore, PEG provides lower property improvement.

Flocculation in Silica Reinforced Rubber Compounds

2009 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 524-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mihara ◽  
R. N. Datta ◽  
J. W. M. Noordermeer
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Physical Phenomenon ◽  
Interfacial Interaction ◽  
Shielding Effect ◽  
Interaction Layer ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Flocculation Rate

Abstract Flocculation plays an important role in reinforcement of silica filled rubber compounds, even if coupling agents are applied. It is well known that silica tends to flocculate during the early stages of vulcanization, when no dense rubber network has been formed yet. In the present study, flocculation was monitored by following the change in storage modulus at low strain, the so-called Payne effect, using a RPA2000 dynamic mechanical tester. The kinetic parameters: the rate constant and the activation energy of the silica flocculation were calculated according to the well-known Arrhenius equation. On basis of the value of the activation energy obtained for flocculation, it can be concluded that the silica flocculation is a purely physical phenomenon. Bound rubber measurements were also done in order to estimate the interfacial interaction layer between silica and polymer resulting from the coupling agent. The silica flocculation rate decreases with increasing interfacial interaction layer on the silica surface. This indicates that the decrease of the flocculation rate is due to the shielding effect of the coupling agent. It is argued that the attractive flux from forces related to polarity differences between the silica and the rubber is the determining factor for silica flocculation.

Interaction between Carboxylated Nitrile Rubber and Precipitated Silica: Role of (3-Aminopropyl)Triethoxysilane

1996 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumanda Bandyopadhyay ◽  
P. P. De ◽  
D. K. Tripathy ◽  
S. K. De
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Spectroscopic Studies ◽  
Nitrile Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Precipitated Silica ◽  
Silica Filler ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Rubber Filler

Abstract On the basis of measurements of bound rubber and physical properties and the results of Monsanto rheometer, dynamic mechanical and infrared spectroscopic studies, it is observed that strong rubber-filler interaction occurs between XNBR and precipitated silica filler. During molding, XNBR was found to be crosslinked by the filler surface through the formation of primary bonds. The coupling agent, namely (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane facilitates the formation of rubber-filler bonds at the expense of filler-filler networks, leading to improved dispersion and enhanced degree of crosslinking.

scholarly journals OPTIMIZATION OF MIXING CONDITIONS FOR SILICA-REINFORCED NATURAL RUBBER TIRE TREAD COMPOUNDS

2012 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Kaewsakul ◽  
K. Sahakaro ◽  
W. K. Dierkes ◽  
J. W. M. Noordermeer
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Silane Coupling Agent ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Mixing Conditions ◽  
Rubber Tire ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Silane Coupling ◽  
Good Agreement ◽  
Key Parameter

Abstract The dump temperature and mixing interval between rubber, silica, and silane coupling agent for silica-filled natural rubber (NR) tire tread compounds using bis-triethoxysilylpropyl tetrasulfide (TESPT) as silane were optimized. The dump temperature turns out to be the key parameter governing the properties of the silica-filled NR compounds. The increase in viscosity of the compounds by changing the dump temperature from 100 to 150 °C indicates that inevitably some cross-linking of NR occurs by sulfur contained in TESPT, simultaneous with the silanization reaction between silica and silane. However, the viscosity decreases again when dump temperatures above 150 °C are applied, indicating a dominant occurrence of degradation of the NR molecules. The results are in good agreement with bound rubber contents. The overall properties indicate that a dump temperature in the range of 135–150 °C and a silica–silane–rubber mixing interval of 10 min are the most appropriate mixing conditions for silica-filled NR compounds with TESPT as coupling agent.

scholarly journals MORPHOLOGY OF SILICA-REINFORCED NATURAL RUBBER: THE EFFECT OF SILANE COUPLING AGENT

2015 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Salina Sarkawi ◽  
Wilma K. Dierkes ◽  
Jacques W. M. Noordermeer
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Silane Coupling Agent ◽  
Phase Imaging ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Silane Coupling ◽  
Deproteinized Natural Rubber

ABSTRACT A good dispersion of silica in a rubber vulcanizate is important as it influences the filler-to-rubber interaction and consequently the final properties. This article presents an investigation into the morphology of silica-reinforced natural rubber (NR) in the presence and absence of a silane coupling agent, bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT). Micro- and nano-dispersion morphologies of silica in NR and deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) are studied by using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Using a special network visualization technique based on transmission electron microscopy (TEM), insight into the silica and rubber interaction in the NR and DPNR is gained. In the absence of silane, vacuoles around the silica particles are formed as a result of a weak filler–polymer interaction, whereas the presence of silane leads to strong filler-to-rubber bonding, which prevents formation of vacuoles. Improvement of the micro-dispersion of silica in the NR and DPNR vulcanizates with the use of TESPT is observed from AFM phase imaging. The correlation between the filler-to-rubber interaction as analyzed by TEM and AFM and bound rubber contents as well as the Payne effect is discussed.

THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE KINETICS OF BOUND-RUBBER FORMATION ON SURFACE-MODIFIED SILICA

2014 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuk Yu Law ◽  
Donald L. Feke ◽  
Ica Manas-Zloczower
Keyword(s):  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Polymer Chain ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Silica Surface ◽  
Modified Silica ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Direct Binding ◽  
Surface Modified ◽  
Kinetics Of

ABSTRACT Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) has been used to study the kinetics of bound-rubber formation on the surface of silica modified with a bi-functional alkoxysilane coupling agent (CA) over the temperature range of 110 to 150 °C. The bound-rubber formation is attributed to the direct binding of a polymer chain with a number of nonpolar interactive sites provided by the CA molecules on the silica surface. A kinetic model developed for the reaction process suggests that the bound-rubber morphology is altered at temperatures above 110 °C.

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