Resilience Thinking Approach to Protect Marine Biodiversity in Small Islands: A Case of Gili Trawangan, Indonesia

Abstract This paper examines the resilience thinking approach to protect marine biodiversity in small islands with the case of Gili Trawangan, Indonesia, which is part of a marine protected area. The rapid development of the world’s tourism industry, the monetary crisis in 1997, national reforms in 1998, global warming, and the irresponsibility of local governments to enforce formal rules on marine resources, have had a tremendous impact on marine biodiversity on small islands like Gili Trawangan. This study uses a qualitative method, including stakeholder interviews, participant observation, stakeholder mapping, and local document collection. The collaborative effort that was built by local residents with foreign businesspersons, academics, non-governmental organizations, and the village government of Gili Indah, started in 2001 was intended to protect the marine ecosystem on Gili Trawangan from destructive fishing practices, to prevent the further degradation of marine biodiversity on the islands. Results of this study found several collaborative work initiatives in Gili Trawangan to meet the challenges, e.g., the institutionalization of customary law called “Awig-Awig” to regulate coral reef activities, enforcement of regulations on marine biodiversity such as coral reefs, strengthening institutional capacity, and restoring the degraded coral reefs ecosystem.

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National Security Considerations for a Binding Instrument on Managing Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction

AJIL Unbound ◽

10.1017/aju.2018.43 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 112 ◽

pp. 150-154

Author(s):

James Kraska

Keyword(s):

National Security ◽

Marine Ecosystem ◽

Radical Change ◽

Customary Law ◽

Marine Biodiversity ◽

Marine Biotechnology ◽

Incremental Change ◽

National Jurisdiction ◽

Marine Ecosystem Services ◽

Middle Powers

The effort to negotiate and adopt a legally binding instrument to manage marine biodiversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction (BBNJ) implicates national security interests both directly and tangentially. First, negotiations for any agreement will contend with the long-standing concept that the oceans are reserved for “peaceful purposes.” The maritime powers will insist that the concept, which reflects customary law and the practice of virtually all states, does not demilitarize the oceans. Second, any BBNJ treaty must overcome two interrelated spatial issues: the geographic parameters of what constitutes “areas beyond national jurisdiction” when those maritime boundaries are often uncertain, and how measures to protect the environment interact with military activities in those areas. Naval powers will insist that requisite marine protected areas (MPAs) and associated protective measures do not diminish naval freedom of navigation and other military uses of the sea. Third, BBNJ negotiations will be compelled to address how a new treaty will relate to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), a host of other treaties, and customary norms. Imperfect as the contemporary global order of the oceans is, major maritime powers and even middle powers will seek to protect it and resist efforts at radical change that may destabilize existing regimes in pursuit of an ephemeral gain for BBNJ. This strategic interest in international stability, while understandable, unintentionally creates inertia that is likely to frustrate the most progressive proponents of BBNJ. Fourth, more broadly, any treaty is likely to affect marine ecosystem services and perhaps marine genetic resources (MGR), which help propel the “blue economy” and undergird national security. We may expect most coastal states to continue to jealously protect their exclusive rights to the living and nonliving resources offshore, and even to propose expansion of those rights and jurisdiction to “adjacent areas.” The most developed states, for their part, are unlikely to agree to any text that diminishes their rights to intellectual property related to marine biotechnology, which is a strategic sector for bio-weapons research and defense. In short, states with advanced military capabilities, and major maritime powers in particular, are unlikely to support more than incremental change to the regimes reflected in UNCLOS.

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An interactive atlas for marine biodiversity conservation in the Coral Triangle

Earth System Science Data ◽

10.5194/essd-11-163-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 163-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Irawan Asaad ◽

Carolyn J. Lundquist ◽

Mark V. Erdmann ◽

Mark J. Costello

Keyword(s):

Biodiversity Conservation ◽

Marine Protected Areas ◽

Spatial Information ◽

Marine Protected Area ◽

Marine Ecosystem ◽

Marine Biodiversity ◽

Coral Triangle ◽

Biodiversity Informatics ◽

Conservation Values ◽

Mpa Network

Abstract. An online atlas of the Coral Triangle region of the Indo-Pacific biogeographic realm was developed. This online atlas consists of the three interlinked parts: (1) Biodiversity Features; (2) Areas of Importance for Biodiversity Conservation; (3) recommended priorities for Marine Protected Area (MPA) Network Expansion (http://www.marine.auckland.ac.nz/CTMAPS). The first map, Biodiversity Features, provides comprehensive data on the region's marine protected areas and biodiversity features, threats, and environmental characteristics. The second provides spatial information on areas of high biodiversity conservation values, while the third map shows priority areas for expanding the current Coral Triangle MPA network. This atlas provides the most comprehensive biodiversity datasets that have been assembled for the region. The datasets were retrieved and generated systematically from various open-access sources. To engage a wider audience and to raise participation in biodiversity conservation, the maps were designed as an interactive and online atlas. This atlas presents representative information to promote a better understanding of the key marine and coastal biodiversity characteristics of the region and enables the application of marine biodiversity informatics to support marine ecosystem-based management in the Coral Triangle region.

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Simulation of sub-basin sediment yields and river runoffs into Davao Gulf, Philippines

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-588 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Adonis Gallentes ◽

Peter Jeffrey Maloles ◽

Cesar Villanoy

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Sediment Yield ◽

Land Surface ◽

River Discharge ◽

Marine Protected Area ◽

Marine Ecosystem ◽

The Philippines ◽

Marine Biodiversity ◽

Surface Erosion ◽

Sediment Yields

The Philippines is a country within the Coral Triangle which is known to be the center of the most biologically diverse marine ecosystem in the world. Despite being a crucial area for marine biodiversity, discharge measurements of many rivers in the country are either sparse or non-existent. Such data are important in assessing aspects such as sedimentation which is highly related to the health of the reef community.Here, we applied SWAT hydrological model in order to simulate the sediment yield of sub-basins and river discharge surrounding Davao Gulf, one of the country&#8217;s richest zones in terms of fish production. Monthly-averaged results of the model from 2001 to 2018 indicate that the relative maxima of sediment yield coincide with precipitation maxima, and that consecutive rainfall events which start around midyear results to higher erodibility and thus, higher peaks in sediment yield during the second half of each year until the early part of the following year. Dependence of sediment yield on slope class/angle and land use was also observed, identifying the northwestern catchments as critical sources of land surface erosion. Good agreement was obtained between simulations of river discharge and the sparse observed streamflow values during model validation (Davao River: NSE=0.61, R2=0.61, PBIAS = 2.87, r= 0.78; Hijo River: NSE=0.62, R2=0.90, PBIAS = -2.1630, r= 0.95).Overall, this modeling study helped fill in the temporal gaps of observed streamflow data from river gauges, and provided estimates of the historical streamflow pattern of those rivers with no river gauges. Outputs of this study can also be used as science-based reference in crafting laws and ordinances for proper land use and Marine Protected Area (MPA) management plans, with emphasized consideration of the likely effects of climate change such as the latitudinal shift of typhoon tracks, increasing temperature, and more pronounced precipitation events which have already been observed in the area during the past two decades.&#160;

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Species diversity and status of key marine habitats in Cu Lao Cham Marine Protected Area, Quang Nam province

Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ Biển ◽

10.15625/1859-3097/15078 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 201-213

Author(s):

Long Nguyen Van ◽

Tuan Vo Si ◽

Vu Nguyen Van

Keyword(s):

Coral Reefs ◽

Protected Area ◽

Marine Protected Area ◽

Good Condition ◽

Marine Biodiversity ◽

Rocky Shores ◽

Seagrass Beds ◽

Soft Bottom ◽

Marine Habitats ◽

Submerged Reefs

In recent years, several studies relating to assessments of marine biodiversity conducted in the Cu Lao Cham Marine Protected Area. However, the data and information from these studies have not been synthesized. This study was based on analyses of data and information from 22 sites of coral reefs, ten sites of rocky shores, five sites of seagrass beds, eight sites of Sargassum beds, and four sites on soft-bottom communities conducted in 1994, 2004, 2008, 2016 and 2017. A total of 976 species belonging to 223 families of 9 common groups (330 species corals, 277 species of fishes, 156 species mollusks, 91 species seaweeds, 71 species of polychaetes, 24 species crustaceans, 22 species of echinoderms and five species of seagrasses) were found. Coral reefs supported the highest number of species (779 species) compared to that of the soft- bottom (135 species), seagrass beds (124 species), and rocky shores (58 species). In general, most of the coral reefs and seagrass beds were not in good condition, with a low mean cover of hard corals (24,8 ± 15,7%) and of seagrasses (11,9 ± 11,6%). Densities of target macro-invertebrates and fishes with large sizes and high value were extremely low, giving exception of a high density of large fishes of fusiliers, snappers, emperors, rabbitfishes, queenfishes, barracuda) found at Bai Dau Tai, Bai Bac, Hon Mo, Hon Tai and the submerged reefs (Ran La, Ran Manh).

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Digital map of the Coral Triangle: An online atlas for marine biodiversity conservation

10.5194/essd-2018-80 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Irawan Asaad ◽

Carolyn J. Lundquist ◽

Mark V. Erdmann ◽

Mark J. Costello

Keyword(s):

Biodiversity Conservation ◽

Spatial Information ◽

Marine Protected Area ◽

Marine Ecosystem ◽

Marine Biodiversity ◽

Coral Triangle ◽

Digital Map ◽

Digital Maps ◽

Conservation Values ◽

Mpa Network

Abstract. An online atlas of the Coral Triangle region of the Indo Pacific biogeographic realm was developed. This online atlas consists of the three interlinked digital maps: (1) Biodiversity Features; (2) Areas of Importance for Biodiversity Conservation; (3) Recommended Priorities for Marine Protected Area (MPA) Network Expansion (www.marine.auckland.ac.nz/CTMAPS). The first map, Biodiversity Features, provides comprehensive data on the region's marine protected areas and biodiversity features, threats and environmental characteristics. The second provides spatial information on areas of high biodiversity conservation values, while the third map shows priority areas for expanding the current Coral Triangle MPA network. This digital map provides the most comprehensive biodiversity datasets yet assembled for the region. The datasets were retrieved and generated systematically from various open-access sources. To engage a wider audience and to raise participation in biodiversity conservation, the maps were designed as an interactive and online atlas. This digital map presents representative information to promote a better understanding of the key marine and coastal biodiversity characteristics of the region and enables the application of marine biodiversity informatics to support marine ecosystem-based management in the Coral Triangle region.

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Transformative and Emancipatory Environmental Education by Marine Ecotourism in the Marine Environmental Protection Area of Armação dos Búzios (RJ, Brazil)

Revista Brasileira de Ecoturismo (RBEcotur) ◽

10.34024/rbecotur.2016.v9.6531 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Alexandre de Gusmão Pedrini ◽

Daniel Shimada Brotto ◽

Douglas de Souza Pimentel ◽

Eric Behrends ◽

Alenne Alves Junqueira de Moraes

Keyword(s):

Environmental Education ◽

Protected Areas ◽

Marine Protected Area ◽

Marine Ecosystem ◽

Holistic Approach ◽

Biological Species ◽

Marine Biodiversity ◽

Marine Biota ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Marine Ecotourism

The Management of Marine Protected Areas (MMPA) has been a complex task in Brazil. Transformative and Emancipatory Environmental Education (TEEE) inspired on Paulo Freire’s ideas should be based primarily on individual and collective political and financial independence. The Marine Ecotourism (ME) could make the MMPA at Marine Protected Area of Armação de Búzios (MPAAB) with the aid of TEEE. Ecoturismar project tested the hypothesis that ME would provide a feasible proposal for MPAAB. The sample consisted on 85 persons present at the area during the summer season, as also local residents. The methodology and the main results were: a) Identification of the main stakeholders involved in the tourism chain of the municipality to establish partnerships; b) Obtaining the approval and support of local authorities; c) Getting sponsorship for accommodation and food; d) Contact with local security, touristic and environmental authorities; e) Route selection on rocky shore to develop the underwater interpretive trail between the beaches of João Fernandes and João Fernandinho; f) Taxonomic survey of marine biodiversity; g) Elaboration of a contextualized poster; h) Selection of attractive biological species; i) Formulation of four dialogical and interpretative lectures; j) Formulation of interpretative cards with photographs of local biodiversity; k) Elaboration of support rafts with plastic bottles and other materials. The evaluation of the marine trail as an ecotouristic product was done by the confrontation of pre / pos tests. On the beach, the tourists filled a form with their data, authorized the test and answered a pre-test. Before that, they received an interpretative lecture on local marine biota. At the end of the trail, they responded to the post-test. The evaluation of tourist perceptions presented: a) Significant increase in the perception of the environment on an holistic approach; b) Increase in the perception of social and environmental interactions in relation to the marine ecosystem; c) Increase in the perception of negative effects of conventional marine tourism on the environment and marine organisms. The hypothesis that the TEEE could be developed through a product of ME by aims of underwater trails in protected areas was approved. The ME can be implemented in MPAAB replacing the current massive, excluding and predatory forms of tourism. KEYWORDS: Sustainability; Environmental Awareness; Ecotourism Products; Marine Trails; Education Educação Ambiental Transformadora e Emancipatória pelo Ecoturismo Marinho em Área de Proteção Ambiental Marinha de Armação dos Búzios (RJ) RESUMO A Gestão de Áreas Protegidas Marinhas (GAPM) tem sido tarefa complexa no Brasil. A Educação Ambiental Transformadora e Emancipatória (EATE), de inspiração freiriana, baseia-se prioritariamente na independência política e financeira do cidadão. A GAPM na Área de Proteção Ambiental Marinha de Armação dos Búzios (APAMAB) poderia ser mais efetiva com a EATE pelo ecoturismo marinho (EM). O projeto Ecoturismar testou a hipótese de que o EM seria uma proposta viável para a APAMAB. Os sujeitos estudados foram 85 cidadãos presentes a área na época de verão e os moradores locais. A metodologia e seus resultados principais foram: a) seleção de uma área com costões rochosos marinhos; b) Identificação dos principais atores sociais envolvidos na cadeia turística do município para estabelecer parcerias; c) contato com as autoridades municipais de segurança, turismo e meio ambiente, obtendo autorização de pesquisa local e apoio no mar; d) parceria com Pousadas Ville La Plage/La Foret que concedeu estadia e alimentação; e) seleção do percurso em costão rochoso para a trilha interpretativa submarina entre as praias de João Fernandes e João Fernandinho; f) levantamento taxonômico da biodiversidade marinha; g) formulação de pôster de uma teia trófica contextualizada com os organismos locais; h) seleção de espécies biológicas para atrativos ecoturísticos; i) produção de quatro preleções interpretativas dialógicas e problematizadoras; j) formulação de fichas interpretativas com fotografias da biodiversidade local; k) confecção de balsa com garrafas pet e rede de plástico para levar equipamentos na trilha e descanso. A avaliação dos ecoturistas foi através da confrontação de pré/pós testes. No início da trilha, ainda na areia da praia, o ecoturista preencheu dados de sua caracterização, autorizou o teste, respondeu ao pré-teste e recebeu uma preleção interpretativa. Na trilha submarina conheceu a biodiversidade marinha e recebeu preleções dialógicas problematizadoras em três áreas interpretativas. Fora da água respondeu ao pós-teste e fez a avaliação do produto. O ecoturista registrou: a) aumento significativo no principal indicador de mudança de percepção de que o ambiente é o todo; b) incremento no número de interações entre os componentes do ecossistema marinho; c) aumento na percepção de que o turismo marinho aumenta os efeitos negativos sobre o mar e seus organismos. A capacitação em EM ocorreu como uma disciplina no curso para guias de turismo do Ministério do Turismo para moradores locais. Fica aprovada a hipótese de que a EATE poderia ser desenvolvida através de um produto de EM por trilhas subaquáticas em áreas protegidas.. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Sustentabilidade; Unidade de Conservação; Ecoturismo Marinho; Trilha Subaquática; Educação Ambiental.

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Pemetaan Pulau Kecil Gelasa Kabupaten Bangka Tengah

Journal of Tropical Marine Science ◽

10.33019/jour.trop.mar.sci.v2i1.909 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 11-14

Author(s):

Wahyu Adi

Keyword(s):

Coral Reefs ◽

Vegetation Index ◽

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽

Image Interpretation ◽

Vegetation Coverage ◽

Small Island ◽

Shallow Waters ◽

Small Islands ◽

Seagrass Beds ◽

Cover Density

Pulau Kecil Gelasa merupakan daerah yang belum banyak diteliti. Pemetaan ekosistem di pulau kecil dilakukan dengan bantuan citra Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS). Penelitian terdahulu diketahui bahwa ALOS memiliki kemampuan memetakan terumbu karang dan padang lamun di perairan dangkal serta mampu memetakan kerapatan penutupan vegetasi. Metode interpretasi citra menggunakan alogaritma indeks vegetasi pada citra ALOS yaitu NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), serta pendekatan Lyzengga untuk mengkoreksi kolom perairan. Hasil penelitian didapatkan luasan Padang Lamun di perairan dangkal 41,99 Ha, luasan Terumbu Karang 125,57 Ha. Hasil NDVI di daratan/ pulau kecil Gelasa untuk Vegetasi Rapat seluas 47,62 Ha; luasan penutupan Vegetasi Sedang 105,86 Ha; dan penutupan Vegetasi Jarang adalah 34,24 Ha. Small Island Gelasa rarely studied. Mapping ecosystems on small islands with the image of Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS). Previous research has found that ALOS has the ability to map coral reefs and seagrass beds in shallow water, and is able to map vegetation cover density. The method of image interpretation uses the vegetation index algorithm in the ALOS image, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), and the Lyzengga approach to correct the water column. The results of the study were obtained in the area of Seagrass Padang in the shallow waters of 41.99 ha, the area of coral reefs was 125.57 ha. NDVI results on land / small islands Gelasa for dense vegetation of 47.62 ha; area of Medium Vegetation coverage 105.86 Ha; and the coverage of Rare Vegetation is 34.24 Ha.

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Traditional and Customary Law: Adat

10.1093/oso/9780199677740.003.0007 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Simon Butt ◽

Tim Lindsey

Keyword(s):

Judicial Review ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Small Proportion ◽

Local Governments ◽

The State ◽

Customary Law ◽

Constitutional Court ◽

The Past ◽

Statutory Protection ◽

Traditional Communities

Many Indonesians—primarily those living in rural areas—still follow customary law (adat). The precise rules and processes of that adat differ significantly from place to place, even within short distances. This chapter shows that for many decades, adat has been subservient to national law. State-made law overrode it, leaving it applicable only in a very small proportion of cases where no national law applied, where judges could apply it as ‘living law’. Even in these cases, many judges ignored adat or distorted it when deciding cases. The 1945 Constitution was amended in 2000 to require the state to formally recognize and respect customary law, as practised in traditional communities. The Constitutional Court has given effect to this in various judicial review cases, as have some statutes enacted in the past decade or so. However, this constitutional and statutory ‘protection’ has been impeded in practice by requirements for traditional communities to be formally ‘recognized’ by their local governments, many of whom have been unresponsive to calls for recognition.

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